فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 33 (بهار 1398)

The level of competitiveness of the countries of the world is one of the important criteria that takes into account many variables of micro and macro economies. This indicator plays an important role in preserving the survival of any country. This study aims to measure and analyze the spatial distribution model of competitiveness indicators (GCIs) in the Region Western Asia with emphasis on the country of Iran. The type of research and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data collection tool was compiled to examine the spatial distribution of infrastructure indicators in the form of 12 major components and their data from the report (GCI). For analyzing information from models such as entropy model Shannon, Topsis multi-criteria decision making technique (TOPSIS), Dispersion coefficient model, Moran's I spatial correlation method, and ArcGis software. The results of this study indicate that the UAE, Israel and Qatar, ranked first to third with the highest points of the TOPSIS rating, while Iran with a rating of 0.51 in the eighth place and the country of Yemen With the lowest score it is in the last place. Other findings, using the dispersion coefficient (cv) model, showed that among the twelve components of global competitiveness, the highest levels of inequality in the labor market performance component (0.742) and the lowest level of inequality in the components of institutions and higher education and education Manpower (0.390). Also, Moran index in all twelve components of competitiveness is less than one. We conclude that the distribution pattern of components in West Asian countries is a random pattern and this is a random and unplanned indicator of spatial distribution Competitiveness.

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature , importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006 - 2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as developed, less developed and undeveloped based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level so that this effect in undeveloped provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’s provinces in the period of study.

Create a balance between social, Environmental and economic activities of human society, Sustainable development and find ways and means to achieve this balance, the theme environmental planning and its ultimate goal Achieve sustainable development. Achieving sustainable development, one of the main issues countries, especially developing countries. Today, sustainable development, one of the main issues countries, especially developing countries. Developing countries to catch up on, freedom from poverty, political, economic, cultural, etc. And to achieve all-round development of temperature and that can improve the lives of all people lead, In recognition of the potential power and limitations in all areas and regions need. Therefore, this study Iran is conducted in order to measure sustainable development. He study, a combination of descriptive and analytical by nature practical development. The population consisted of 31 provinces of Iran is based on the 2012 census. 4 factors to assess the institutional, economic, environmental and social and 30 indicators used a combination of positive and negative ANP model to express the relative importance of each indicator is used. PROMETHEE V model used to analyze the data is taken. The results showed that Isfahan Province Phi + (0.612), Phi- (0.359) and Phi (0.253) in the first place and Sistan and Baluchistan Phi + (0.355), Phi- (0.619) and Phi (-0.264) is in last place.Create a balance between social, Environmental and economic activities of human society, Sustainable development and find ways and means to achieve this balance, the theme environmental planning and its ultimate goal Achieve sustainable development. Achieving sustainable development, one of the main issues countries, especially developing countries. Today, sustainable development, one of the main issues countries, especially developing countries.

The perceived risk of villagers against drought can be seen in their mental judgment regarding the degree of drought risk and the change in their unconstructive behaviors. Due to the devastating effects on rural communities, drying of Lake Urmia requires understanding of the behaviors and reactions of villagers in order to increase their susceptibility to drought. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of drought risk perception of Urmia Lake in changing the behavior of villagers. For this purpose, a combination of personal and social psychology was used. The research method was descriptive-analytic. For analyzing the conceptual model and the experimental model, the path analysis method was used. From 83 villages located 30 km from the east coast of Lake Urmia, random sampling method was used to select 43 villages as sample size. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was 0.88-0.95 using Cronbach's alpha formula. The findings of the study showed that the level of risk perception was higher than the median with a theoretical mean (7> 4.87>1). The results of the path analysis method on the dependent variable of practical risk reduction behaviors showed that varieties of drought-resistant agricultural product selection, knowledge and skills, income, age, length of stay, participation in training programs, renovation and improvement of irrigation canals on behaviors Drastic risk reduction measures have a direct effect. Also, the results of path analysis on the dependent variable of intention to reduce risk behaviors in the future showed that drought-tolerant crop varieties, self-efficacy, age, education level, trust, previous experience of risk and accountability had positive effect and variables of optimistic bias, income and age The variables of risk perception have had a negative effect. Also, in the study of indirect effects through the medium of risk perception, two variables of beliefs and income are influenced by influencing the variable on the intention and intention of reducing the risk of drought risk.

The rapid growth of the population and the city of cities has always caused the optimal distribution of urban public services to be disrupted. This has led to spatial imbalances of the regions over time. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to "study and analyze the extent of development and spatial inequality in Kerman province" in two completely different time periods (2011 and 2015). This research has a descriptive-analytical nature. For data collection from documentary and field studies, for analyzing raw data and zoning of Kerman province, multivariate decision making and GIS software in the form of a model Merge was used. In this research, the province's cities were based on 48 components in the form of eight general indicators (health, educational, cultural, demographic, employment, infrastructure, urban services, agriculture and livestock), which was carried out using the multi-criteria decision making model of Topsis. To measure the combined weight of the research indicators, we used the VIKOR and AHPF models. Finally, the integration method was used to combine the above models. The findings of the survey on the status of Kerman province in terms of the extent of development and spatial inequality indicate the lack of distribution and equality of cities. As the city of Kerman has reached the highest level of development with the desired level, the cities of Rafsanjan and Jiroft are relatively favorable and the Bam and Sirjan cities are in the middle position and other cities are at an unfavorable level.; Development indicators in the province of Kerman province are not favorable. Also, the comparison of the situation in Kerman province from 2011 to 2015 in terms of developmental status shows that all the cities have no significant changes and remain at the same level except for the city of Zarand, which is in the unfavorable level in 2011, in 2015, it has been promoted to a rather desirable position.

Recently, annexation of villages to cities is one of the most important reasons for planners , which is influenced by complex sets of various factors, such as Political division and sometimes political decisions. Aim of these research is examination annexation of rural settlements of Periphery to cities on the base of the interpretative paradigm is based on framework of Political divisions in the Urmia metropolis area. Rural settlements around Urmia metropolis up to 7 km radius are divided into five categories based on the Height variable. 71.85% of the villages on the first group, 20.39% on the second group, 5.82% on the third group and 1.94 percent on the fourth group. On the fifth group with a height of 2201-1924 m, no villages are located. This study is practical and is based on Qualitative method. In this regard, a case study is used for operations research. Research Participants, 42 professionals and experts from related organizations in rural and urban affairs (including municipality, Agricultural - Jihad Organization, Governor General of Western Azerbaijan Province, and Governor and etc.). Data collection method has been using deep and semi-structured interviews. The sampling method was also snowball sampling. Finally, the collected data are analyzed using the Grounded theory as a qualitative approach. The results of the research showed that first, annexation of rural settlements to the City, as a complex process, Multidimensional and in accordance with spatial and temporal conditions, under the direct influence of the centralized territorial division system of Iran. centralized territorial division. Then focussed territorial divisions, in the form of factors such as Weaknesses in Political divisions, Geographical proximity, inefficient management centralized economic system and ultimately, causes migration to the villages around the metropolis, and has led to the annexation of villages to Urmia. Ultimately, the weakening of the foundations of rural activity and economy, scattering of rural management, the formation of informal living spaces, and social capital changes are the main consequences of the annexation of villages to the city of Urmia.

The two approaches of instrumental rationalism and collaborative have so far been addressed in the framework and process of development planning which in Iran's planning system has overcome the instrumental rationalism approach in the planning process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the rural planning status and its impacts on the sustainable development of rural settlements in Pakdasht and Rye districts by descriptive-analytic method on 54 villages from 124 villages of the studied area. To determine the relationship between the variables, the model of equations of Structure and the graphic AMOS software were used. The results of Pearson test showed that according to the governing approach of the planning system and the characteristics of the villages, none of the rural empowerment indices have been effective in promoting these indicators in the process of sustainable rural development. Also, based on the standard communication model (path analysis), the current planning approach to improve the rural empowerment indices in the sustainable rural development process based on the goodness fit index is undesirable. In fact, planning in the present situation has failed to create meaningful sense, trust, competence, self-esteem, self-determination and transparency among villagers and the "Unproductive Empowerment" is still increasingly overcoming. Overall, the findings of the present study provide the necessary base for joint understanding of Collaborative planning. From the perceptual and epistemic points of view, it also seeks to coherence in the design of the basic lines of the modern notion of development and to help determine the framework of the work pattern of the new approach. In this way, provide the epistemic and riches are needed to help develop a sustainable rural development through the planning and operation of village development projects.

One of the effective indicators in shaping the sense of security is the style of rural architecture. In recent years, rural housing has undergone many changes through processes influenced by internal and external forces. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of modern architectural style on the physical security of rural settlements in Binalood, based on the CPTED approach. The present research is aimed at "applied" and in terms of the method and nature of "descriptive-analytical". In this research to assess the physical security of villagers and the style of modern architecture of Residents 8 villages in Binalood city were questioned. Out of a total of 6497 households in rural areas, a sample size of Cochran formula with a 0.07% error, was selected for 190 households by stratified random sampling. The results of the study showed that the road quality index in the sample villages had an unfavorable condition with an average of 3.05 and has had the least impact on creating the sense of security of the villagers. In contrast, vegetation index (with a mean of 3.35) was more favorable and have had a greater impact on the sense of security of the inhabitants. Also, changes in the style of modern architecture in the studied villages on the resistance index of housing with a mean of 3.14 had the highest effect and the index of organic architecture compliance with an average of 2.89 was considered less. According to Pearson's correlation results, there is a significant and direct relation (0.337) between modern architectural style and physical security sensation. The results of path analysis indicate that the architectural design index with the coefficient of influence of 0.253 has the highest direct effect on the physical safety feel.

Rural-urban linkages include all economic, social, cultural and technological relations between urban and rural areas. Disregarding these relations in the developmental plans of the region has led to imbalance. In the context of explaining the relations between the urban and the rural, various views have been raised, including the center-periphery relations, the growth pole. In most of these theories, the development of the rural areas are under reign of urban centers. However, in the regional network approach, unlike other perspectives, rural areas, like urban areas, play an active role according to their potential in regional network. The purpose of this research is to analyze the structures affecting rural-urban links based on the regional network approach in Azal region of urmia. Therefore, after reviewing the theoretical and empirical literature, the effective indicators were extracted using the F'ANP, the combination of the two-dimensional factor analysis and analysis of the network, and AHP models, the analysis of the hierarchy. AHP analysis was performed based on questionnaire tool and expert opinions and F'ANP analysis based on data in databases. According to the results of F'ANP model, the amount of water resources with coefficient of 0.157, social cohesion with coefficient of 0.086 and migration rate with coefficient of 0.086 and also based on the results of AHP model, the amount of water resources with coefficient of 0/271, literacy rate with coefficient of 0.93 and the level of technology with coefficient of 0.072 are the most important factors among others affecting rural-urban links with regional network approach.

Livability of urban spaces and their reproduction mechanism, form under the impact of huge occasional - local forces which creates the state that rules the situation. In other words, like every other phenomenon, there are so many superior forces behind the impermanence of urban zones and paying attention to these forces is a main and pivoted duty for the planners of the 21st century. Because for making decisions about urban areas which have problems, we need to move according to those forces and because there's a relationship between the communication of internal and external factors in advancement of problems and the recognition of forces which cause problems and issues. Among these issues, although living in outskirts cause other issues, but it still cause such problems or intensifies them. So the purpose of this study is to comprehend mechanisms which influence livability of unofficial zones of zanjan city which leads to production and reproduction of the current situation. This study is conducted with a descriptive - analytic approach which uses field study questionnaire for 328 statistical samples in the unofficial zones of zanjan city. The results of the current study shows that among different aspects of livability of unofficial zones, the somatic aspect with a coefficient of 5.61 has the most influence on creating the current situation of livability of the unofficial zones of zanjan city. Also, the economic aspect with a coefficient of 0.99, has the second place for creating the mentioned situation. Biological aspect with a 0.81 and social aspect with a 0.41 coefficient are in third and fourth place.