مجله مهندسی مکانیک شریف
سال سی و دوم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Based on the desirable properties of smart materials, many studies on the application of these materials in the eld of vibration control, damage detection, shape control and buckling control have been undertaken. For the design and analysis of smart beams, plates or shells, several considerations, such as the type and number of sensors and actuators and their locations, the method of modelling, and dierent analyses and the types of control system, are considered. In this paper, vibration control of a laminated composite plate, with piezoelectric actuators and sensors, is investigated. Governing equations of the laminated composite plate were derived using piezoelectric constitutive equations and Hamilton's principle. For modelling of the laminated plate, one of the numerical mesh-less methods; Element Free Galerkin (EFG), is used. In such methods, for discretization of a continuous eld, a scattered set of particles instead of elements are distributed in the eld, and the method of moving least squares (MLS) is used to construct the shape functions. In order to model the displacement and strain eld of the laminated plate, the rst-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is used to consider its shear deformation eects. To verify the results, the natural frequency of isotropic and orthotropic plates with dierent boundary conditions was calculated and compared with other studies. The accuracy of the piezoelectric modelling is veried by calculating the displacement in dierent points of a bimorph piezoelectric beam in response to applying the electrical potential. After verication of the proposed method, the Newmark method is used to solve the dynamic equations of the laminated composite plate. For active vibration control of the laminated plate, a feedback control algorithm is used. The model is applied for the solution of two illustrative cases and the results are presented and discussed.

Thermosyphons are devices used to transfer heat from a hot to a cold source beneting the eect of gravity. They consist of three main parts, namely, evaporator, condenser and adiabatic section. Working uid absorbs heat from the heat source and delivers it to the condenser section and releases it into the environment. Thermosyphones are able to transfer heat between the heat sources and sinks. Due to the high latent heat of the working uid, thermosyphones can transfer huge amounts of energy. Therefore, they are considered one of the best heat transfer devices. They are widely used in various industrial elds, such as in solar systems, microelectronic devices, CPU cooling and air conditioning. Most researchers in this eld focus only on heat transfer characteristics, and, due to practical considerations, rarely consider their hydrodynamic specications. Indeed, the hydrodynamic characteristics of thermosyphones considerably aect their performance. In this paper, the velocity prole in the liquid phase is determined via a particle image velocimetry technique (PIV). For this purpose, a typical thermosyphon has been designed and constructed with transparent up riser and down-comer sections. In this study, a circular thermosyphon is analyzed and water is used as a working uid in the circular thermosyphon. At the beginning, the velocity eld of the liquid phase is detected in the transparent thermosyphon using a high speed camera and an image processing technique. Subsequently, these pictures are used to generate the velocity proles and are combined with theoretical analyses to evaluate the performance of the thermosyphon. The results are compared with numerical investigations and show good consistency. The results indicate that the particle image velocimetry (PIV) truly determines the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of the thermosyphones. Moreover, in this study, the eect of input heat and the inclination angle of the thermosyphon are investigated numerically. It has been shown that the maximum eciency of thermosyphon is in a horizontal position.

Under normal physiological conditions, the transport of blood in the human circulatory system depends entirely on the pumping action of the heart producing a pulsatile pressure gradient throughout the arterial system. The theory of micro uids exhibits the microscopic eects arising from the local structure, and the micro-motion of the uid elements was developed. Such uids support stress and body moments, including rotary inertia. There is a subclass of micro uids, namely, micropolar uids, which support couple stress, body couples, microrotational eects and microrotational inertia. The micropolar uid, e.g. liquid crystals, suspensions and animal blood etc., consists of randomly oriented bar-like elements or dumbbell molecules, and each volume element has a microrotation about its centroid, described in an average sense by the skew-symmetric gyration tensor. From a continuum point of view, the classical Navier- Stokes equations are incapable of explaining the theory of micropolar uid as they contain no proper mechanism to account for the cellular microrotations. In this paper, an unsteady pulsatile laminar blood ow through a viscoelastic artery with large displacement and Cosserat continuum assumption has been developed and numerically investigated, where the blood was assumed to be a micropolar uid. A nite dierence Cosserat formulation is developed within the principles of continuum mechanics. Fluid ow simulation has been undertaken in dierent states, like a rigid exible wall, together with classical theory. By comparing experimental data with Cosserat theory results, some unknown coecients have been determined. The pressure and velocities of unsteady pulsatile blood ow have been obtained according to these coecients by using a pressure correction numerical solution approach for uid and coupling with solid equations. An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach has been selected for uid-structure interaction in this paper. The achieved results are in good agreement with experiment data and other analytical solution results. Results in this paper show that the micropolar uid model of blood and the viscoelastic model of the artery, despite the existence of uid solid interaction, increase, in accordance with the numerical results of valid experimental data.

The elastic-viscoplastic behavior and failure of ductile metal shells under internal detonation have an application to military and scientic elds of research. It is an important issue in a variety of circumstances, like structure protection, weapon eectiveness and safety application. After starting detonation in a fully charged shell, pressure waves are generated and transferred to the shell wall. The amount of this pressure wave is several times greater than the ultimate strength of the material, and is close to the CJ pressure of the explosive. Simulation of the process of fragmentation is very complex and challengeable. It involves many dynamic processes, such as detonation wave generation in explosives, interaction of the shock wave with the shell, expansion of the shell at a high strain rate, and eventually failure and fragmentation of the shell case. So, using a theoretical method is very sophisticated and, in some cases, impossible. Also, experimental testing is dangerous and requires expensive equipment to capture the dynamic properties of the shell. Therefore, identication and use of numerical methods that have the ability to realistically simulate this process have priority. In this research, expansion, fragmentation and post failure behavior of OFHC copper cylindrical shells under internal detonation of a C4 charge, have been simulated by a smoothed particle hydrodynamic method (SPH). The main advantage of this method, in comparison to conventional methods, such as the element deletion method, is realistic simulation of the fragmentation process due to complete satisfaction of the mass conservation law in the problem domain. Spatial distribution and approximate number and velocity of the fragments are obtained by implementation of the SPH method. Also, the leakage of detonation through case fragment products was simulated. Comparison of the expansionary deformation proles obtained from simulation with the experiments showed that the average dierence is less than 8%. The fracture radius of the shell and the velocity of fragments are compared with theoretical relations and good agreement between them has been observed.

High speed craft have longitudinal instabilities in waves and calm water, so, it is very important to know the dynamics and behavior of these vessels. In recent years, there has been more attention paid to the study of hull form optimization, movement improvement and instability control for planing marine vessels. The problem of increasing movement and acceleration of marine structures, especially in high speed craft, has a negative eect on the performance of the structure, its crew, passengers and equipment. So, estimation of vessel movement is an important part of its design. In this regard, wide studies have been carried out, experimentally and numerically, on the motion of these vessels in regular waters. But, in high speed craft, due to the complex and nonlinear behavior of the motion equation, the numerical solution of the equations of motion in the time domain is highly complex and time-consuming in calculating irregular waves. Therefore, researchers prefer to use experimental testing. Due to a limitation of equipment in marine laboratories, the use of irregular wave makers and expensive tests for real vessels in open seas, it is necessary to obtain an analytical solution for estimation of motion in irregular waves. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how we can achieve an analytical method, based on initial conditions, for planing vessels in irregular waters. In this study, an analytical model, with low computational cost, will be provided for the longitudinal movement of a catamaran. This model is based in consideration of analytical and numerical studies, and during this research, other published ndings will be produced. The proposed method uses the principle of a superposition of forces, which has no antonym with the nonlinear motion of high speed craft. In this method, the hydrodynamic coecients must be constant, relative to movement frequency, so, numerical evaluation of the hydrodynamic coecients has been discussed in every motion frequency. Various experiments have shown the hydrodynamic coecient tendency to be constant at high collision frequency. By examining the various hydrodynamic coecients in collision frequencies, an increase in the frequency of collisions, as well as xed coecients, were observed. The method used in this research has acceptable answers for high wave lengths, with respect to vessel length.

For over 50 years, a great deal of eort has been expended on improving human eciency by utilizing robots. Improvements in robotics technology have opened new possibilities for its eective use in social, cultural, therapeutic, and economic elds. As a result of successful collaboration between scientists in the elds of engineering, humanities, computer, robotics, and psychology, a new science-research cross-disciplinary area of \Social Robotics" has evolved. Robots have been previously developed for various purposes and needs, and now we are exploring its application in \English language teaching and learning". With the proliferation of computers and mobile devices, Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL) have been in the limelight of second language instructional theories for about a decade or more. Robots not only have the features and interfaces already being employed in CALL and MALL, but are also capable of autonomous movement, visual and voice recognition, and physical and environmental interaction when equipped with various sensors. Additionally, robots are dierent from computers and mobile devices in that they have a friendly appearance and are capable of developing social relations. In this paper, the eect of a humanoid shaped robot as a teaching tool and/or assistant in English language classrooms in Iranian high schools is reported. The textbook used was the English book (Prospect-1) devised by the Iranian Ministry of Education for 7th graders, and the vocabulary taught and tested was taken from this book. Moreover, the treatment given by a teacher accompanied by a humanoid robot assistant in the RALL group took about 5 weeks, during which, half of the book was covered, and the non-RALL group was taught in a traditional method. This article covers an overview of the subject and our current activities/ndings in the interdisciplinary eld of Robotics Assisted Language Learning (RALL) in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes, and as a case study for the broader eld of Social Robotics in Iran.

Since the lifetime of a satellite is generally limited by the amount of fuel, reducing its fuel consumption is especially important. To reduce geostationary satellite fuel consumption, it is necessary to select a thruster con- guration, which, in addition to satisfying all attitude control system (ACS) requirements (such as producing torques in all directions, and modifying the orbital inclination and radius osets), minimizes fuel consumption during the liquid apogee motor (LAM) maneuver. In this paper, after dynamic modeling, simulation of the satellite control is undertaken in three control laws: the direction cosine matrix, Euler angles and quaternion. All simulations were performed using MATLAB. By comparing these three control schemes, the best control law is selected for use in simulation of the studied congurations. On the other hand, control with thrusters has some complexity because of their inherent characteristics, such as minimum pulse width, valve opening and closing delays, the ability to generate force only in one direction and the uncertainty in the nominal thrust. We have included the thruster specications in the actuator model in our control simulations. Finally, after introduction of requirements for an acceptable conguration, by conducting several simulations, parameters such as fuel consumption and attitude control accuracy for a number of dierent congurations, consisting of eight or six thrusters parallel to the main axes of the satellite, have been computed and compared. In conclusion, congurations with minimum steady state error, with minimum fuel consumption and congurations that minimize fuel consumption and steady state error, together, have been introduced.The results of this paper can be used for determination of the optimum conguration of thrusters in design of the ACS system of geostationary satellites.

There are three factors which aect the eciency of the solar panels: the semi conductor material, solar radiation ux intensity, and solar panel operating temperature. Increasing the elevated operating temperature in solar photovoltaic cells induces a signicant decrease in the eciency. For photovoltaic panels, high operating temperatures cause a drop in the conversion rate of about 0.3%-0.5% per Celsius degree over the nominal cell operating temperature of 250C. To keep the operating temperature lower, one can either improve the free cooling on the back of the panel, thanks to natural or forced convection, or try to absorb the excess heat by modifying the panel's architecture. The latter solution includes the use of phase change material PCM situated on the back of the solar panels. This paper represents the results of an experimental investigation into using PCM for thermal management of photovoltaic devices to maintain the temperature of the panel close to the optimum temperature. Polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG 1000) was used as a PCM. The materials were injected in the cubic ducts, and these ducts were xed on the back of the solar panel. Experimental runs were done in radiation of 800W=m2. Also, two angles of horizontal and 15 degree inclination were examined. Results show that the consumption of PCM improves the eciency of solar panels in electricity production. Also, it can maintain the temperature of the panel 150C lower in comparison to a single panel without PCM. This causes an 8% improvement in overall eciency. Also, an increase in panel inclination has a positive eect on cooling. This is because the gushing of liquid PCM makes a forced convection in the PCM ducts. Using phase change materials seems to be an eective method for the eciency enhancement of solar cells.

Modern steam turbines are used routinely in various power plant electricity productions. In order to obtain descriptions of the complete ow-eld of the LP stages of a steam turbine, numerical simulation of a steam turbine is performed. In steam power plants, increasing condenser pressure leads to a complex three-dimensional two-phase ow. Any jump in the back pressure of the turbine outlet results in lower steam axial velocity at LP stages. Consequently, a stall region is formed in the last rotational blade of the LP stages, which causes unstable vibrations known as stall utter. Numerical simulations are more robust in detailed examination of dierent phenomena in steam turbines, since experimental examination of the ow eld is relatively expensive. In this study, the ow eld of the whole LP region of a steam turbine (7 stages) is simulated with steady 3D computational uid dynamics (ANSYS CFX). The ow path is dened by the ANSYS-Blade editor, and the computational 3D structured grid was generated by ANSYS-Turbo Gird software "In addition, all boundary conditions and initial conditions applied in this study are explained. The ow rate, pressure, temperature and mass friction on the blades are computed via CFD simulation, and overall, good agreement with the experimental data is observed. The eciency, available work, streamline and pressure distribution of the LP region are reported for analysis of the turbine performance change, due to pressure, of the steam turbine outlet (Condenser Pressure) variations. Since any jump in the pressure of the turbine outlet results in lower steam axial velocity in the LP stages, the turbine performance deviates from its design point. In this study, a stall region, the alarm and critical pressure of a turbine outlet were calculated.

Polymer concretes (PCs) have superior mechanical properties and performance in comparison with traditional cement concretes. However, reducing fabrication costs is a great concern for the increasing application of PCs. In this research, ne silica sand was used instead of the common usage of a mixture of large and small aggregates, in order to minimize the void content for dry packed aggregates. Moreover, polyester resin is used as the binder of the concretes, mainly because of its lower price in comparison with conventional epoxy systems. The specimens of polyester polymer concrete (PPC) were fabricated and tested based on standard testing methods. These tests include compression and exural tests, and the results of the tests were compared with available experimental data for PCs fabricated with an epoxy resin system. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the proposed composition reduced fabrication costs and has acceptable mechanical properties. In addition, the strengthening ability of polyester resin in the introduced concrete was better utilized than the polymer concrete fabricated with epoxy resin. The mechanical behavior of the suggested PPC was studied under compression and bending loading conditions, and compared with that of the neat polyester resin. Next, the in uence of the applied strain rate on the mechanical response of both neat polyester and PPC was investigated. Special specimens for testing PPCs under dynamic loading conditions were designed and fabricated. Multiple experiments were performed in the range of strain rates from 0.1 to 90 mm/s. The experimental results show that the mechanical behavior of polyester resin and PPC is extremely sensitive to the loading rate. By increasing the loading rate, the tensile strength of the neat polyester resin specimens was increased by nearly 41%, while the elastic modulus did not change. Also, the results show an increase up to 27% in the compressive strength of the PPC. Considering the strain rate dependent behavior of the neat resin, which is one of the main constituents of the PC, the strain rate dependent behavior of the PPC is justiable. However, the strain rate sensitivity of the PPC is lower than that of the neat polyester resin.

In this research, the ow elds over two lambda shaped wings were investigated. The velocity distributions were obtained using a hot wire anemometer. A lambda wing is one type of delta wing with a crank in its trailing edge, and the application of this type of wing is increasing in ying wings. In the present work, two dierent leading edge shapes, namely, \sharp" and \round", were applied for the lambda wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55 and 30 degrees. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at V=20 m/s and angles of attack of 5 to 20, with the step of 5 degrees. The Reynolds number of the model was about2105 according to the model length. The turbulence intensity across the tunnel working section was measured by the hot wire, and was obtained between 0.2 to 0.25%. To move the holder of the hot wire, a traversing system with three degrees of freedom was used. The pressure measurement of the ow eld over the wing was also performed using a pitot tube for validation of the hot wire results. The experimental results showed multiple vortical ows over the wing. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface before the leading edge crank, and another vortex ow was seen after the change of the leading edge sweep. The standard deviation of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, re ecting the instability of the ow at that region. By increasing the angle of attack, i) the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; ii) the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; and iii) the ow separation initiated from the outer portion of the wing and progressed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the \sharp" leading edge were stronger than those of the \round" one.

In this paper, cavitation and non-cavitation ows around a marine propeller, DTMB 4119, with the RANS method, the K- 03b5 turbulence model, the Singhal transfer model and the mixed model, were solved. The velocity and pressure elds around the propeller surfaces were obtained using the equations of continuity, momentum and the K-03b5 model of turbulence. The pressure coe- cient for two sections of the propeller with experimental data (Jessup 1989) in non-cavitation ow, and three sections in cavitation ow with numerical data (Sun 2008), was validated. Thrust, torque and eciency coecients were extracted for this propeller in eight simulations and compared with experimental data. The cavitation pattern was specied and also the position and the cavity development area were obtained. Furthermore, numerical investigations for the three important parameters, such as: advance coecient, propeller working depth and surface roughness of propeller in cavitation ow, were undertaken. An advanced coecient eect study on the propeller surfaces showed that with less advance coecient, more vapor phase value is observed. Also, cavity boundaries are extended. Between advance coef- cient values of 0.833 and 0.7, cavity volume results are less than the advance coecient values of 0.7 and 0.6. So, the cavity boundaries are signicantly extended. By downing the propeller working depth under open water conditions (increasing hydrostatic pressure), cavity boundary movement, cavity volume variation and curve peak reduction of the vapor phase volume fraction were investigated. The cavity center was away from the leading edge and the probability of tip vortex cavitation was reduced. The sustainability of tip vortex cavitation is more than sheet cavitation, the casue of which is, rst, tip vortex cavitation, and then, sheet cavitation of the leading edge. Investigation on propeller surface roughness showed that optimal roughness height could be found. A and B models showed less cavity volume than the smooth model, while the C model showed more cavity volume. When roughness height was increased, the vapor phase volume fraction was rstly reduced, the results of A and B models being nearly the same. As a result, increasing the roughness height to a specic value caused a decrease in the vapor phase volume fraction value, which afterwards grew.

Pull-in is a critical case which occurs in many micro electromechanical devices (MEMS) such as sensors, actuators and micro-electronic switches. Determination of the voltage at which Pull-in has occurred can determine the capacity of such devices. In literature, there is some work which has obtained the value of this voltage using lamped simulation or experimental analysis. In this paper, at rst, the equation of voltage-displacement for transverse de ection of a circular clamped micro-plate, with a single or dual back plate, based on Von-Karman and classical plate theory, has been obtained. Then, analytical relations for static Pull-in voltage that has caused instability and damage to the system have been derived. These relations show that the value of Pull-in voltage obtained by these relations is about 1.3 times that calculated by previous researchers who used distributed mass simulation for validation of the obtained relation. Finite Element simulation for the single back plate case has been done in ANSYS software. It is shown that Finite Element Method results have good agreement with analytical results. Also, a comparison between analytical and experimental results in the literature has been undertaken and it shows that the errors are negligible. Finally, the eect of geometrical parameters, such as diameter, thickness and the gap of the diaphragm on the Pull-in voltage, in both cases, has been investigated. It is shown that the increase of thickness or gap will increase the pull-in voltage, while the increase of diameter will decrease the value of Pull-in voltage. Also, it is shown that in all cases, the value of the Pull-in voltage in the dual back plate case is more than that in the similar single back plate.

A once-through cooling water system is a major source of water and energy loss in power plants located in coastal areas of the Persian Gulf; the relatively high temperature discharged water causes some operational problems in these power plants. In addition, the once-through cooling system is a major source of environmental pollution in power plants located along the south coastline of Iran. On the other hand, Persian Gulf coastal areas suer from a shortage of natural fresh water; therefore, water treatment (natural fresh water production), and heat recovery from the discharged cooling water to the Persian Gulf is essential. In this research, heat recovery from the discharged cooling water to the Persian Gulf was studied, and application of the recovered energy for water treatment (fresh water production) using a multi-stage ash desalination system in thermal power plants was also investigated. For this purpose, a multistage ash desalination system was thermodynamically modeled, and then, a thermoeconomic model )based on exergy and economic analysis( was studied to determine the water cost. In the next step, a two-objective genetic algorithm was applied as a suitable optimization approach to obtain the optimal values of the decision variables (number of stages, top brine temperature, last stage temperature, terminal temperature dierence of brine heater and condenser). Exergetic eciency and the cost of water were considered the objective functions of the optimization procedure. By applying the optimization technique, the cost of water was minimized, while exergetic eciency was maximized. In addition, the eects of heat recovery on the cost of the water desalination process were studied, and results demonstrated that the cost of water desalination was reduced by 13% using heat recovery from the discharged cooling water. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to show the relationship between the cost of water and some important parameters of desalination systems.