مجله مهندسی آبیاری و آب ایران
پیاپی 25 (پاییز 1395)

imum use of water and energy due to the rapid growth in water and energy demand and limitations of these resources is essential. The proper use of these resources without the knowledge of the use and efficiency of these inputs is not possible. This study aimed to evaluate the water and energy consumption, Losses and efficiency of energy for Electric pumping stations was conducted in Hamadan city farms during the 2009 to 2011. Pumping Nebraska index was applied to compare the performance of irrigation pumping stations. Also the input power, output power and total energy efficiency were calculated in pumping stations. The results showed that the total efficiency changed from 16.7 to 65.8 percent. The average of total efficiency and wasted energy of an electric pump was calculated about 49.8 percent and 8.7 KW per hour respectively. Average water use efficiency in Potato fields in the furrow and sprinkler systems was 3.1 and 6.2 kg/m3 respectively. Factors such as proper selection of pumps and engine according to the capacity and system pressure, the Proper repair and maintenance of pumps and motors can increase energy efficiency.

Different regions of an area indicate distinct reactions against erosive forces (i.e. wind and water) depending on that region’s conditions like its morphological characteristics, geology, climate and kind of land use. As suspended materials increases in the river due to soil erosion, its ecosystem together with living creatures fall in danger. Finally, bed loads sedimentation down river changes the downstream morphology which creates sand. The first step in controlling the soil erosion and bed loads sediment is to calculate their amount in the required areas. Hence force, the aim of current research is to identify the status of Hormozgan Province Rivers in terms of the sediment process. Therefore, data of the hydrometrical stations from Persian Gulf and Oman ocean basin rivers, located in the province, was collected; then, their sediment amount in the local station calculated according to rating curve. In order to calculate the river sediment amount in the embouchure of sea, regional analysis approach applied. Various parameters such as to geological, methodological, topographic and land use were also taken into account in the regional analysis. Finally, SSY map of basins prepared. Comparison of statistical analysis (estimated sediment) with observed sediments values showed that four different factors, namely the overall length of waterway, area formation, annual rainfall and expert opinion, were highly related at the level of 9% and correlation coefficient of 0.79 realiability. The result implies that due to sensitive outcrops to the erosion and shooting rainfalls, Hormozgan region is highly capable of erosion and high sedimentation. The east part of the province, especially Gabrik and Sadij rivers, suffers from high sediment potentials. in terms of SSY, the east part of the province takes the second place and central region of province has moderate SSY.

With the increasing of urbanization, conditions of the underlying surface and climate conditions have been changed by human activities. This resulted in more frequent floods and inundation problems in urban areas. Storm-inundation Models based on hydrology and hydrodynamics require a large amount of input data (detailed terrain, sewer system and land use data). In this paper, in order to determine inundation conditions quickly with only a few usually available input data, an urban storm-inundation simulation method (USISM) based on geographic Information System (GIS) is proposed. The USISM is a simplified method of distributed hydrological model based on DEM, in this method depressions in terrain are regarded as the basic inundated area. The amount of water that can be stored in a depression indicates the final inundation distribution. The runoff and maximum storage volume for each depression and the flow direction between these depressions are all considered in the final inundation simulation. The SCS method is used to calculate storm runoff and a water balance equation is used to calculate the water storage in each depression. The result reveals that the USISM method could find the inundation locations in the Damghan Urban Watershed and quickly calculate inundation depth and area. The USISM is valuable for simulating storms of short duration in an Urban Watershed with a few in commonly available input data.

Rainwater harvesting can help extremely to supply a part of the water requirements of arid regions such as Iran. In this study, the potential of Bonab city in usage of rainwater harvesting systems was investigated. For this purpose, surface areas of the various parts of the city were determined and using 13 years (2000-2012) average rainfall in different months, the volume of runoff that can occur at different parts of the city was calculated. The results showed that if total runoff of the city’s area be collected every month, 100% of public, commercial and industrial’s water requirements in the months Farvardin and Ordibehesht are provided. Also, some of the runoff in two months can be stored to compensate for the lack of the months Khordad to Mehr. Approximately, 100% of the water requirement of the months Aban to Esfand can be supplied through the runoff collected in these months. The domestic water requirement can be supplied by collecting runoff from yards and roofs of residential areas in the months Farvardin to Esfand. Also, the months Mordad and Aban can provide the lowest (0.59%) and the highest (43.25%) amount of this requirement. If the water requirement of each month be supplied by the rainfall of the same month, then 100% of the water requirement of city’s landscapes will be provided in all month except Tir and Mordad. Using the Farvardin to Khordad’ rainfall, in addition to providing the total water requirement of landscapes in these months, the lack of the months Tir and Mordad could also be provided.

Irrigation scheduling with salinity and stresses, is much more difficult than Full irrigation. Using canopy temperature for plants irrigation scheduling is one of the methods that have been attention by many researchers. On of the usual method is presented by Idso. This research intends to investigate irrigation scheduling of summer maize using crop canopy temperature in Ahvaz climate (2013-2014) using surface irrigation with two levels of salinity irrigation water( S1=2.5 ds/m ,S5=5 ds/m).Crop water stress index(CWSI) is calculated for the two treatments. The experiment had three replications. With due to the obtained results, The CWSI for the two treatments S1 (minimum salinity) and S5 (maximum salinity) in September 14 and October 15 were 0.26 and 0.22. Upper baseline for the S1, in September and October are 5.05 C0 and 4.975 C0 respectively. For the S5 treatment the upper baselines in September and October were 2.85 C0 and 2.60 C0 respectively. Lower baseline also were calculated for the treatments. That was represented It is found that the S1 lower baseline is lower than the S5 treatment. This is due to the S5 treatment was effected By tension more than the S1 treatment. By using of measured data for scheduling irrigation maize in October and September with surface irrigation methods, some equations were determined. By using of the equations and comparing measured with the calculated canopy and air temperature, time of irrigation can be detected.

In this paper, VIKOR model is used to rank seven flood management options in Gorganrood River, including: conservation of natural condition, Golestan reservoir management, levee construction, diversions-channel construction, flood forecasting and warning system, flood insurance, and integration of flood warning system and flood insurance. Then it is compared with the result of simple additive weighted model. The flood management project is ranked based on eleven criteria including: expected average number of casualties, recovery rate, gradual rate, expected annual damage, safety feeling, employment rate, public participation, landscape protection, wildlife habitat conservation, water quality conservation and technical feasibility and performance. The results show that VIKOR model emphasize economical, technical and social criteria by decreasing the maximum group utility. On the other hand, increasing the maximum group utility will increase sensitivity of VIKOR model against its parameter. This model has less sensitivity to changes in criteria weights but not in economical and technical criteria. VIKOR model due to emphasizing social criteria is recommended for ranking flood management options in this article.

This research was carried out on three farms in the development unit of four irrigation and drainage network Zarinh rood. Farms were selected randomly in three different positions and irrigated with end blocked border irrigation system and crop pattern was Alfalfa. In two fields, three consecutive irrigation and in the other field two consecutive irrigation of end season was evaluated in Shahrivar (Sep) and Mehr (Oct) of year 1391. Also three test borders in each field were randomly selected and evaluated. Physical and chemical properties of field’s soil, soil moisture condition, inlet discharge to the test borders, and also advance and recession data were measured in the day before irrigation, day of irrigation and 48 hours after each irrigation. The results shows that, application efficiency in fields A and B, respectively, were 88.61 and 95.07 percent and requirement efficiency were 90.21 and 92.82 percent in adequacy of irrigation 59.59 and 65.87 percent. Application efficiency in field C were 51.59 percent and requirement efficiency were 100 percent in adequacy of irrigation 100 percent. The efficiencies obtained acceptable and condition of farm irrigation in the evaluated period is desirable, although was carried out deficit irrigation in the fields A and B but water requirement efficiency of them was acceptable. Also the results of this research showed if the custodians of irrigation networks have well of scientific and operational programs to water delivery and disteibution to farmers and water available to farmers were to the extent required, farmers often able to apply appropriate management are in the within their field.

Drip irrigation system has more efficiency compared to other methods. The main limitation of developing this method is emitters clogging due to unsuitable water quality. Awareness of water quality can help to develop this system. In current study, at first the water quality of the242 wells located in lands between Tajan and Babolrood rivers in Mazandaran Province were analyzed. Then by calculating of LSI index and assessing the parameters such as EC, SAR, PH, water quality evaluated for agricultural consumption especially for applying to drip irrigation. It is also, zoning map of water quality was prepared by ArcGIS 9.3 for Wilcox diagram classification and emitter clogging indices. Results show that more samples were in class C3S1, regarding agricultural consumption and regarding to clogging hazardous based on PH were in moderate and high range and in terms of TDS were in moderate range. LSI value was also positive in most of studied areas that represents water tendency to form carbonate precipitation. Based on results, salt water in coastal areas is the main threat for developing agricultural crops and drip irrigation systems. In addition carbonate precipitations is the main factor of emitter clogging.

The agriculture sustainability depends on proper water resources management and its excessive consumption control. This management requires information that is accurate and reliable. Despite this information obtains an opportunity to analyze the status of water resources as a key factor in sustainable agriculture.There is basic information and asuitable climatic, hydrogeology data, five exploration wells and 20 observation wellswas to select the plains Islamabad. Exploitation wells and springs all over the field survey records and discharge information and the depletion of the aquifer were calculated. Potential Evapotranspiration was estimated using Penman-Monteith method and Water requirements of crops and fruit trees obtained by CROPWAT software. The groundwater level in observation well and piezometric height was calculatedfor each year. The effect of each well through Thiessen method calculated and averaging weight, height piezometric plains in different years calculate and graph of the changeswere drawn.The volume of incoming and outgoing flows of sliding on Darcy equation calculated based on the aforementioned balance equation is completed and plains balance were analyzed.The results of this study show that 60 percent of power in Islamabad Plain aquifer through the direct influence of atmospheric precipitationand runoff region.93% of the plain of irrigated farming to four products with high water requirement of wheat, corn, beet and potato thataccounted for about 66 percent of water in the aquifer that is appropriated.Water table drawdown sharply is increase the number of operation wells in the decade 1375-1385 and is therefore consistent intensification of the exploitation of the aquifer.This account is inconsistent with Annual aquifer storage. Therefore the trend of groundwater level is clearly downward and aggravated. So that aquifer level dropped 6.61 meters in recent 6 years till 92-93. The Aquifer with a deficit of 3.83 MCM annually in the reserve and balance is quite negative.The trend of groundwater level in the area, indicate the severity of this situation in the future.Therefore the water resources allocation management,acreage control of crops with high water requirement and optimization of sustainable production based on water resources statusare the strategies for outof this situationand achieving relative stability in agriculture.

The water resources are severely affected by hydrological cycle.Estimation of evapotranspiration which is the main component of the hydrological cycle plays an important role in water resources management. This phenomenon is non-linear and many factors affect on that and its estimation is very difficult. Various methods have been employed to estimate evapotranspiration although they have some limitations or problems. Some of these methods are costly and time-consuming such as lysimeters, and other empirical methods have local authority. Accordingly, applying a method that can be able to model the evapotranspiration regard to the nature of the gathered data and usage of minimum climate parameters is necessary. Nowadays, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as a novel intelligent method are used in various sciences. In this study, the daily data of two climatological stations, namely Farokhshahr and Shahrekord airport in the interval of 2004-2013 including minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average relative humidity, sunshine, and wind speed at the height of two meters under different scenarios were utilized. Initially, empirical methods of reference evapotranspiration were approximated.The used empirical methods in this research have been Hargreaves, Blany Criddle, Priestley Taylor, and Jensen Hayes. The ANN model has been designed based on different scenarios of input data through MATLAB (R2012 b) Software. In this step, different ANN architectures were evaluated based on sensitivity and accuracy So, threshold functions such as tangent sigmoid and log sigmoid in hidden layers, linear function output layer were tested in topology where as Levenberg Marquardt employed as learning function.To evaluate the models, Penman Monteis FAO 56 model was employed.The statistical indexes, namely RMSE, MAE and R were calculated. Ten scenarios have been examined, and the results demonstrated that Scenario one with five parameters had the lowest error in comparision to FAO 56 technique. Furthermore, the perposed model show superior performance than empirical methods. However, between the empirical methods, Priestley Taylor and Hargreaves had better performance. On the other hand, the sensitivity analysis illustrated that the maximum temperature and wind speed had the greatest influence on reference evapotranspiration in these regions.

Temperature is one of the most important climate parameters that used in many studies. This parameter is very important in assessment of climate changes and agricultural science, so that the temperature rise is one of the important environmental challenges for humans. Therefore its evaluation and prediction in long term can be effective in correct management of water and soil resources and preparation of plant water requirement. In this research were used Time series models, ARAR model and ITSM software to Prediction and evaluation of monthly temperature in Fasa Station (47 years from 1967 to 2014). In this research average monthly temperature in Fasa Station predicted for 6 next years (from 2015 to 2020). Result showed that based on the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation diagrams, the AR Burg (26, 1) model with AICC index equivalent 2609.91 was the best fitted to the considered data set. According to results coefficient of model (Z(t-1)) is insignificant at 21, 22 and 23 lags therefore this coefficient set zero. The P-value of the turning points test statistic for different lags is greater than the significance level of 5%, which indicates that the residuals are uncorrelated, therefore can be said predicted data are thrust.

In this research, the long-term effect of climate change on the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in Iran was investigated under A1B, A2 and B1 scenarios up to 2100. The LARS-WG model calibrated by daily precipitation data from 52 synoptic stations for the reference period (1980-2100) was used for downscaling the HADCM3 atmospheric general circulation model data under the mentioned scenarios up to 2100. The spatial distribution maps of precipitation changes were prepared in GIS environment. Low root mean square error (RMSE) and high efficiency factor (EF) values for comparing the observed and simulated precipitation, demonstrates the ability of LARS-WG for precipitation simulation. Simulation results showed that climate change causes a non-uniform precipitation increase for both spatial and temporal scales in a major part of the country. The precipitation increase over the Caspian Sea, Oman Sea and Persian Gulf coasts, western hillsides of the Zagros Mountains and northern hillsides of the Alborz Mountains was higher than that in the central, eastern and north-eastern parts. Despite a positive significant increasing trend in rainfall during 1980-2100, a decreasing trend was observed in rainfall during 2010-2100 so average rainfall during 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 was lower than one for 2011-2040. These results emphasize on the need for planning to optimally use of green water in the country.