مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 44 (تابستان 1398)

The scope of this research in terms of time includes the works of the last generation of Persian classical poets, the poetry of the 2000s. The theoretical framework of this paper is the defamiliarization theory of "Russian formalists" using linguistic deviation of "Mick Short" (1996). The purpose of this article is to determine what types of linguistic innovation are prevalent in today's classical poetry and which of these species have literary value and how much they contribute to the literary literacy. The analyzed samples show that 45 types of innovation at various levels are common in new classical poetry whose rhetorical value should be determined continually, and based on that, graphological deviation has the minimum contribution and discoursal deviation has the maximum contribution in the literary literacy of the word.

Ayyughi, a poet of the first period Ghaznavi (first half of the fifth century AD) wasin ghazne and the Sultan Mahmoud contemporary. Ayyughi,s Vargheh - O – Golshah in the form of Masnavi and Converging written Then, Lockers system and its stylistic features in detail discussed. Speech style Ayyughi in the constellation of terms and ingredients have seemed old. Some of the grammar in the book of the antiquity Which is remarkable. Do not pay attention to issues related to the poem stylistic, linguistic analysis is helpful and useful? This paper explores the style poem and learn more about the features of Ayyughi's poem in three parts, intellectual, language and literature and some prosodic's coordinates.

Resistance litreature in Iran got a serious development by the forced war. That one of the results was the appearance of the " Holy defence poem". The holy defense poem is a representation of thoughts & emotions , the alot of people of Iran in an area of the history . That you can notice the effect on the readers. Among these aspects, use of some special topics, as the readers like & also a direct address to a group of readers. In this reaserch with analyzing 100 poems with the holy defence theme with the " library picking card " way . first of all recognizing & derivation of direct readers ( who are directly mentioned by the poet ) gets proceed & then with seprating the readers into 2 groups of "Afaghi" & "Anfosi" checked adverably.The "Afaghi" readers go by 6 indivisual smaller groups named as "Ghodsi" , "National & popular" , " Worldwide" , "Figurative" , "Legendary" , " Semantic & implicit" readers, it shows the right effect of readers on the dynamic poem in this area of time.The outcome of this reaserch represents that martyries , devotees and alturists are figuratuve ingredients and saintly men like Imam Zaman , Imam Hosein and Imam Khomeini are the indivisuals that the poet directly mentioned their name. Which shows the poets attention to the special & common readers.

In this article, it has been tried to study the mysticism trend of Mostafa Mastour. What are the components of this mysticism and how it itself will be manifested in language? The mysticism of the works of this contemporary writer will be achieved through three repetitive features which are the religious experience, gnostic language, and language poetical structure. In addition to these three main components, three sub-components are prominent in this works which reinforce the concept of mysticism in his writings. These features include getting the real love through the virtual one, narrative style, and the ones who are mad at love (Oghalaye Majanin). Most of his texts are dominated by the negative mysticism; as well, the affirmation of metaphors in his works is based on the anthropological or internal mysticism. The path of mysticism trend in his writings is declining during the 90s to the 80s, and it can be said that the 80s is the culmination of his mystic concerns.

Regarding the prevalence of Persian language in Asia Minor (Anatolia), studying and analyzing of the works in this area critically contribute in compiling the history and stylistics of Persian language. For several centuries, the official language in Asia Minor has been Persian. Written in Persian, during which time, in addition to the books that were written there, thousands of copies of authentic Persian texts were written and written on them. Behjat Al-Tawarikh is one of the most important Historic works of this period written by Shokrollah Rumi, a historian of the Ottoman government in the ninth century relying upon different historical books. Unfortunately, despite the significance of this book and several copies in libraries around the world, this work is not yet introduced. Hence, this study intends to chronologically introduce this work scripts in the global libraries and to analyze its linguistic and literary features. In order to find out how writing and characterization of the style and style of writing in this book, the authors of this study were determined to study the situation of Persian language during the Ottoman period, introducing this important historical work, the style of author's historiography and its style characteristics.

There are two approaches to the study of poetry style: one is the style of the period and the other is personal style. However, a poet with a particular distinction in his poetry often arrives at a personal style that distinguishes him from other poets. Since stylistics is a useful tool for identifying the humanistic, scientific, literary, and ideological identity of the poet, this standard can be fairly used to measure the different aspects of each poet’s poetry style. Furthermore, stylistics can be achieved in a number of ways like linguistic, intellectual, literary, etc. Therefore, the exploration of the literary and intellectual levels of styles can help researchers analyze and identify the thoughts of poets. In line with the above argument, the present study was an attempt to examine the poetry and thought of Hussein Panahi at two literary and intellectual levels through a descriptive-analytical method and with library study tools. The results showed that Panahi's poetry has benefited from a rich intellectual background with frequent references to elements like philosophy, woman, homeland, death, love, and childhood and birthplace of the poet. On the other hand, figures of speech like simile, metaphor, and repetition appeared to be more frequent than other figures in Panahi’s literary works.

“Menahaj Al-Talebin Fee Ma’aref Al-Sadeghin” is one of general history books of 8th century, and had written by “Ali ben-Hoseyn ben-Ali, Alaa Qazvini” (726 or 727- 793 AH), in the period of 778-779 AH. The authors of this article tried to investigate Alaa Qazvini’s style through his book; so they interpreted “Menahaj Al-Talebin” in three different levels including: 1) Intellectual level, 2) Linguistic level, and 3) Literary level. His desire for Shia is the most significant intellectual feature. At the linguistic level, authors have focused on rare words and compounds used in this book. Finally, the use of eloquence and rhetorical figures have been reviewed in literary analysis of this book.

In this paper ,Storical compilations of Isma'il Fasayeh have evaluated and analyzed with a view to stylistics and the research has been organized in three main sections: The first part about content discussions the second part is "Linguistic" And the third part "literary". In the present research, the stylistic style of Fasayeh in the realistic expression of topics such as the Savak's oppression, the Islamic revolution, oil, Saddam's attacks on Iran, the persecution of women, some historical events, Zoroastrian religion, the reverence of the Guardians of the homeland, the condemnation of the persecutors from the homeland , The necessity of the artist's value, the role of the book, psychology, linguistics, the domination of determinism, the powerful minority of societies, love, customs and religious, cultural and social beliefs As well as the extent of using the standard language and colloquial language, Latin words, repetitive terms, folkloric elements, multiplicity, imagery, and veins. To be honest, a man is often a tyrant, and a woman in most societies is oppressed. Algebra overcomes. Most of the people are in the hands of a minority of powerful people affiliated with the captive state In short, the general public is freaking up. Among all his themes and themes, Fassiyah considers love as a popular, ongoing, and ever-present element in the work of human beings.

Historical developments, outbreak of wars, migrations and man’s changing insight are all influential and indispensible factors of the literary developments within any society. Historical developments, changing beliefs and intellectual developments have given rise to and furthered children’s literature. Investigating and extracting children-specific literary passages, produced both before and after the Islamic period, can shed light on fundamental shifts in this kind of literature. Therefore, studying such developments can enable the experts to cope with the current and future needs of Iranian children and adolescents. This study has sought to examine and discuss the four major elements of religion and morality, justice and injustice, Islamic educational system and, dreams and metaphysics in different historical epochs of Iran so that the findings could be potentially used for planning the creation of literary products for Iranian children.

The vast part of the heritage of Islam and Iran is hidden at the angles of personal and public libraries and manuscript centers , which, in fact, have been the result of years of in-depth research and analysis of the great scholars of the Islamic world, especially the sacred geography and spiritual realm of Islamic Iran, and it is evident that examination, retrieval, introduction and revival of their scientific and technical skills are indispensable and important tasks of scientific assemblies. The article seeks to introduce Jalaluddin Ahmad Kasani, known as "Khajaghi" and " Makhdoom Azam" and his Persian treatises, as one of the figures of the Naqshbandiyah of the Sunni Sufi dynasties, and the study of life and his works reveal many of the unspoken angles of this long-standing way. With this research, we find out that he is one of the sages of the Nagshbandiyah Ahrary and indeed the most prominent student of Obaid Allah, Ahrar, and wrote over 30 diverse treatises in Sufism, all of which have a special virtue with a particular style, and have linguistic features, a remarkable rhetoric and aesthetic that distinguishes prose and poetry from others.

Marsiya or Elegy is considered as one of the oldest literary types and poetic themes which have experienced various forms over the time. This essay has been done with the aim of studying and examining works and poems of some contemporary poets, in order to get to know with structural and semantic changes and evolutions of this literary type in modern times. Poets that have been considered for this research are from three different generationsWith their own different thoughts including six lecturers: Malek al-shoara Bahar and Mohammad Hossein Shahryar as two archaic poets, Mehdi Akhavan Sales and Ahmad Shamlou as intellectual poets with their own specific intellectual orientations, and Alireza Ghazveh and Qeysar Aminpour as revolutionary poets, the population contains all of their published. In this examination which has been done based on the library research with note-taking method, after taking out all of their elegies and analyzing each of them, the results have been concluded in the form of research findings including: a) determining statistical frequency of elegy in poetries of the mentioned poets and specifying the number of elegy in poetries of each of these lecturers, b) determining lingual features and characteristics of each poet in their elegies, c) determining audience of elegies that the obtained results in this section caused to be able to categorize these poems in various sub-divisions including: 1. Personal elegy, 2. Religious elegy, 3. Social elegy, 4. Revolutionary elegy, and etc.

Mullana Kamal al-Din vahsie Bafghi is one of the most prominent speakers of the tenth anniversary of the Hijri era and is one of the leading figures in the school of philosophy, which has been experimenting in various poetry forms and has written poems in all of these styles. In this study, we intend to review samples of beauty and goodness in the poetry of this great poet and great mystic Safavid. Poetry is a blend of feeling and imagination. vahsie is trying to convey this state of affairs as a result of events, as it has been experienced for itself. He called for such words in the expression of these states to the resurrection, which also sheds light on his emotions to accompany the poet. The vahsie is a poet who has been experimenting in all types of poetry and conventional forms, and in most of them they have shown their mastery and ability. He has a theoretical focus on the issue of harmony and the concept of poetry. He should be considered among the most knowledgeable poets regarding the importance of poetry music. The whims of the vahsie are the best guides of the new way. His ghosts are often short and usually not more than 9 bits. Using a variety of rhymes from her due to her artistic creativity, she upgrades the aesthetic level in her poetry to a high level.

The motif of “mirror” has had a wide range of functions in men’s poems; from the images that Khaghani created based on the Literary and cultural backgrounds of the physical mirror, to applying as the symbol of a perfect man and a heart empty of belongings, or as the manifestation place of divine attributes in mystical poems (such as “masnavi manavi” and “astonish code” in Bidel’s poem). But in Jaleh Ghaem Maghami’s poetry book, mirror has matched with woman, and becomes the main theme of the lyrics that could only be created by feminine look of Jaleh. Researchers have made some mistakes in evaluation of these lyrics. Shortly after Jaleh and without studying her poem, Forough Farrokhzad also has such a personal relationship with the motif of “mirror” and creates more complex images based on it. But this inseparable connection between woman and the mirror can’t be seen in impersonal lyrics of Parvin Etesami. For this, her use of mirror remains within the imitative framework of the traditional themes and is not personal and innovative. The present article, with reference to the relationship between woman and the mirror and the stylistic features of feminine poetry, examines use of the motif of “mirror” by these poets, indicating the femininity of these functions and their impact on creativity, and different way of Jaleh and Forough in using this almost feminine tool, while emphasizing the effects of femininity and personality of their poetry on their creativity, and their differences with the Parvin and the ancestors.

The manuscripts contain valuable historical, literary and mystical information for literary scholars. In particular, one of these copies (based on the four correct versions cited) is the valuable work of Khajavi Kermani (M: 750 .) Mofatih al-Qalub and Mosabiah al-Ghib are a poem in the form of Masnavi, which consists of twenty-eight Bab and five seasons; it was completed in 747, and Khajo wrote it in the name of Amir Mobraz al-Din, and ended it and dedicated it to Shah Mansour Is. The structure of the system and the manner in which the content is expressed is interesting and, in some cases, novel.In addition to the new poems that he has written, the poet has made an excerpt from his other works and included in his work. The language of poetry is in Movaathi al-Qalub and Mostabiyh al-Gibub in Persian language with a romantic and mysterious, elaborate and psyche content. The poet's tendency to composition and its role in the formation of the form is remarkable. From the perspective of imagination, the plurality of image and metaphor, and recognition over other species prevail. The mystical structure of this outstanding document is worthy of consideration, as well as its literary and mystical value in the field of research. A detailed examination of this work gives a more complete correction to the well-known verses and poems of the poet.

Hallucination images is an allusion for image maker. There is not analog by which we can gain the bookish meaning from its true meaning; and in this way to gain the bookish meaning; mind should reach the bookish meaning among the true meaning layers and use the hidden reasoning within the allusion.To reach the bookish meaning; sometimes tools are few and sometimes a lot and based on tools we can divide allusion to allusion and mystery and intimination. Also knowing if an allusion is completely true or likely to be true is related to tools. By regarding the consepts; allusion is divided to three groups: descriptive and qualifiers and citing one thing to another thing that sometimes prove and some times contradict a concept within a content. In this eassay allusion is considered in Nazari Ghohestani lyric poems; and besides the mentioned the division; contents are analysied.

Wise words and teachings play the role of education in moral growth and since a long time ago the discussion over wisdom and the themes related to that has occupied a significant status among scholars and thinkers. Nasirean Ethics is one of the most important books on wisdom whose topics are related to practical wisdom which its compilation terminated in 633 A.H by Khaje Nasir al-Din al- Tusi. It is compiled in three chapters: moral refinement, family management, and politics. Saadi whose appellation was “the most eloquent rhetorician” and whose rhetoric was undoubtedly beyond question represented, through either direct or indirect influence, the three aforementioned wise themes of this work ( Nasirean Ethics) in the form of adages in eight chapters of his Golestan. In this study, through a prologue and three speeches, an attempt is made to investigate the extent and the manner of reflecting these themes and constituents in Golestan Saadi which is a didactic work. Finding these common themes and understanding them significantly help the reading and perceiving the wise words of Saadi in Golestan. This investigation indicates that Saadi has used the moral virtues in the major part of Golestan.

A real understanding of meaning power (ability) and structural sensibility of a speech which is basically an allusion is depended on both the meaning and concepts and recognizing the structures of an allusion and the ways are used. It is necessary to study the styles and techniques of deepening imperssion and mental, virtual and cultural extension of allusions and their structures for a better comprehension of new lyrics abilities and sensibilities to create a literary enjoyment. In this article to answer the question "How are the allusions made in new Sonnet?" by descripting and analyzing the text, structure and types of allusion extension in Simin Behbahani, Manouchehr Neyestani, Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani, Mohammad Ali Bahmani, Hossein Monzavi and Qeisar Aminpour's new lyrics vertical axis are studied. Results show that the allusion used in new Sonnet have dofferent structures and they are represented in fifferent ways such as parallel allusions, all- allusion poem, structural allusions, all-allusioned poem, conversational allusions etc. some of which are rare and unexampled especially in vertical axis of imagination. Simin Behbahani, in comparison with other mentioned poets, has applied a variated structure to the allusions. After Simin, Monzavi's creativities are noticeable.

Building a haven or a citadel named Var-e Jamkard is one of the most significant functions of Jamshid narrative; which is cited in ancient Persian sources like Avestā and especially in Pahlavid sources. But can it be considered that there haven't existed even a sign of this most significant function of Jamshid in Shāhnāme of Ferdowsi; which plays whether or not a distinguished roll in resurrection myths? The studies discussed in this paper affirm that Var-e Jamkard is clearly showed in the variation of Jamshid narrative that quoted by Ferdowsi in Shāhnāme. We have deducted this fact from newfound Shāhnāme which is known as 'St Joseph manuscript'. This manuscript is facsimiled in 2010 by Iraj-e Afshār, Mahmud-e Omidsālār, and Nāder-e Mottalebi-ye Kāshāni. This ancient authentic manuscript is kept in the Library of Saint Joseph University of Beirut; and is recently represented by Seyyed Mostafā Musavi to scholars. In this manuscript, there are special words in the tale of Jamshid which clearly corroborate that Var-e Jamkard exists in the Ferdowsi's variety of Jamshid narrative. In St Joseph manuscript for instance, we see the word 'charāgāh' instead of 'garmābe' that is saw in all other manuscripts and printed editions of Shāhnāme. In this paper, we evaluate and compare this special section of the book in different credible manuscripts like St Joseph and London 675, beside well-known printed editions of Shāhnāme like Xāleqi-ye Motlaq and third edition of Moscow. Eventually, the expression of Jamshid and Var-e Jamkard is compared in Shāhnāme and Avestā, especially the Vandidād part of it.

Conceptual metaphor is one of the fundamental categories of cognitive linguistics. In cognitive theory, metaphor, as a phenomenon in the whole of language, is not exclusively oriented in the language of language. Conceptual metaphor is the only language that is not merely related to words, but is a process of human thinking. In conceptual metaphor, a conceptual domain is understood on the basis of another conceptual domain. Metaphor has rendered language from rhetorical rhythm to the level of means for deeper thought and supreme recognition. Considering the fact that Amir Khosrodehlouy is one of the most important indices in the classical Persian and Indian literature, according to the contribution In his development of sonnets, this paper examines the conceptual metaphor of love in the poem of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. At first, a detailed account of the life of the Amir Khosrodehlouy, the definition of sonnets, conceptual metaphors, and, finally, the metaphor of love in the poetry of Amir Khosro Dehlavi. Because the concept metaphor has two moves from origin to destination, in two directions, vertical or horizontal, then we divide the metaphors according to the types of movement from origin to destination. Then we come up with their cognitive analysis, and in the end we conclude that the metaphor of love, with different themes, has been used in the poetry of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi. Amir Khosrow Dehlavi has been able to bring new meanings to love in two ways, the transfer of meaning and the change of meaning. And make a special symbol of it, and letting the reader to get more meaningful words by giving a suspension in the meaning of the words.

In The context of Islamic culture and philosophy, Sufism and mysticism always have been a special capacity. The background of this realm of our wisdom culture always have been the place of later section of various traditions especially oriental periphrastic and inward traditions. We should seek the most reflection of Hermetic thoughts in Islamic mysticism and wisdom. This article devoted to Sohrewardi’s thoughts and Hermetic thoughts with comparative- analytic look. Hermetic religion one of the oldest thought traditions in the history of human civilization that greatly affected on philosophical and mystical after itself. This article written in the method of Analytical descriptive and it shows that Sohrewardi’s philosophy is influenced by Hermetic tradition even more than sohrewardi directly confesses. And the base of his thoughts get on the same way of Hermetic thoughts, especially on knowing Preceptor, light scales, First intellect, Perfect natures, Alchemy, Transmutation, intuition, Soul captivity