نشریه زیست شناسی کاربردی
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Colored sewage discharge into rivers and lakes, resulting in decreased water quality and reduce the solubility of gases. highly toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic can be noted as the problems that dyes created for mammals and aquatic organisms. For the removal of dyes there are two physical and chemical methods. Due to the limitations of this methods we can take biodegradation method which is cheaper and more effective as an alternative for old methods. In biodegradation method, microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae and actioiomycetes are used. Due to the fact that these microorganisms are better and more compatible absorbent Using These microorganisms for decolonization is expanding day by day. In this study, the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii was used for the biodegradation indegocarmin. After the bacteria resistant to indegocarmin color, the effect of time, initial dye concentration, pH and temperature effects were studied to determine the percentage degredation. The optimum conditions of temperature 55 ° C and pH was about 10, with the requirements of 100 mg /L Indigocarmin of color were analyzed in a period of 66 hours at the rate of 88/98 percent.

in Southern slopes of Kermanshah forests. Three patches of oak forests stretched over the southern aspects of oak forests were selected with similar conditions of slope and altitude. Vegetation sampling in each patch was conducted at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 meter by using of 3 transects located in the 200m distances. The results show that in the study area there are 115 plant species which belong to 91genera and 25 families. The results show that in this area there are 115 plant species which belong to 91genera and 25 families: The Asteraceae and Fabaceae families (20 species, 17.39%) is the richest families and 9 families such as Fagaceae and Podophyllaceae (1 species, 0.87%) include the least of plant species in region. Most plants in the area belong to Therophytes based on Rankaier’s life forms with (69 species, 60%) and phytogeographically belong to the Iranians Turanian area (74 species, 64.35%). 15 species (13.04%) were only observed at the edges and 5 species(4.35%) were just recorded within forest.

World Allergy Organization has stated that approximately one third of the world population is affected by allergy. Based on regulation of World Health Organization (WHO) allergenicity assessment of recombinant proteins is essential. Allergenicity assessment is facilitated by achieved progress in the determination of 3D structural of allergens and Bioinformatics analysis. Bioinformatics analysis is primary step in allergenicity assessment of recombinant proteins that its result has an important role in weight of evidences. The efficacy of bioinformatics analysis for allergenicity assessment of recombinant proteins depends directly on the nature and content of the databases using for analysis. The aims of this investigation were study and determination of suitable allergen sequence databases for allergenicity assessment of recombinant proteins. Therefore, allergen databases were categorized after comparative study in three groups; A- General, B- molecular analysis and C- motif and epitope. Results indicate that these databases differ in content, organization, and capabilities. In order to get better and more precise results, the bioinformatics assessment must perform with group of allergen sequence databases. Because of number of data and different algorithms about prediction of allergenicity, we recommend FARRP, SDAP, Allergome, ADFS, and Alegpred for bioinformatics allergenicity assessment of recombinant proteins. Also in silico allergenecity assessment of Osmotin was done in this study. The results showed that Osmotin is allergen based on bioinformatic analysis.

Myosotis L. (Boraginaceae) consists of 15 genera in Iran and distinguished by small, black and smooth nutlets. In order to determination of Myosotis phylogenetic position in generic and subgeneric level, 14 species of Myosotis along with some Cynoglosseae species were used. Matrices consist of chloroplstic rpl32-trnlUAG and combined nrDNAITS - cpDNArpl32-trnlUAG sequences were analyzed by maximum parsimony and Bayesian Inference. Results confirmed the monophyly of the Myosotis genus. Also Strophiostoma and Myosotis subgenera, Myosotis and Exarrhena sections and Myosotis annual species are not monophyletic. Based on chloroplast rpl32-trnlUAG sequences, C, E and F groups are monophyletic. Combined nuclear and chloroplast data showed the monophyly of the six A, B, C, D, E and F groups. Fgroup with numerous diagnostic characters was monophyletic in all data. This group is introduced as a distinct and monophyletic group called “Alpestris group” in Iran, consists of four species, M.asiatica, M.alpestris, M. suaveolens and M. lithospermifolia.

During the process of acid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse, unwanted products such as furans and phenolic compounds are produced which show Inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms. In this study, the effect of over-liming detoxification was evaluated by full factorial statistical method where three factors of pH, temperature and reaction time were selected as independent variables. Ethanol production efficiency by Saccharomyces cerevisiae was compared in non-detoxified and detoxified treatments. The Overliming involved increasing the pH of hydrolyzes to 10, 11 and 12, keeping for 30 and 60 min at temperatures of 40 and 60 °c, followed by readjustment of the pH to 5.5. The mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PTCC 5052 was cultured in the detoxified and non-detoxified media, containing bagasse hydrolysate. Based on the results increasing the pH, time and temperature resulted in more effective destruction of furfural and lead to better fermentability for hydrolyzes. furfural was decreased 73% after Overliming for 60 minutes, at 60 C, pH 12 and ethanol yield was increased 81% in comparison with non-detoxified hydrolyzed in 18h batch cultivation. But one disadvantage of this method is reducing simultaneous sugars and inhibitor during the reaction, so that, in pH 12 and 60 for 60 minutes, respectively, 47% and 73% of total sugars and glucose was decreased.

Copper is an essential plant micronutrient, required for the protein components of several enzymes. Salicylic acid (SA) or orthohydroxy benzoic acid and other compounds which are belong to this group are plant phenolic that play a major role in regulation of many physiological processes e.g. growth, develoment , ion absorption and germination. In present research effect of different concentration of Copper sulfate (0,0/5,1,1/5 mM) and salicylic acid (5μM) on some physiological activities in two cultivar (Partov and Gohar) of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) was studied, in hydroponic culture. The experiment was based on a completely randomized dosing with four replicates.We found that excess Copper, in both cultivar, cause a decrease in starch content of leaves in these plant. Proline, soluble sugar and Catalas activity enzyme was increased. Salicylic acid alleviated effect of excess Cu in leaves. We found that under cu stress Gohar is more resistant than partov cultivar.

This study evaluated the effects of calcium chloride as alleviator agent in salinity stress on Catharanthus roseus. 49- day- old plants were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 35, 70 and 100 mM) alone and in combination of various CaCl2 concentration (0, 5 and 10 Mm) for 21 days. Then, percent of Inhibition of 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (I%), activity of antioxidant enzymes, contents of photosynthetic pigments, leaf number and area were measured. The results indicated that pigments contents, leaf area and number were significantly decreased by salinity. Addition of CaCl2 to salinity-stressed plants increased of pigments contents, leaf area, the activitiy of antioxidant enzymes and I% in compared to plants grown with NaCl alone. The maximum enhancement was observed with the combined treatments (100mM NaCl 5mM CaCl2). The results are discussed in terms of the beneficial effects of calcium supply on the growth of vinca under saline conditions.

Lavender with scientific name of Lavandula angustifolia belongs to Lamiaceae family ¡all parts of this plant are rich of secondary compounds with high antioxidant properties and can be a good source for providing antioxidants in tissue culture conditions.In this research with the aim of increasing plants secondry methabolites with high antioxidant properties ,silver nitrate as abiotic elicitor used in tissue culture of Lavandula angutifolia. Concentrations of 1, 2, 4 and 6 mg/l of silver nitrate as abiotic elicitor added to the one-month calli from leaf explant grown in MS medium with , Naphthaleneacetic acid(NAA)2mg/l, Benzyl amino purine (BAP) 4mg/l.After a month calli were harvested and the analyses were performed.The results showed that with increasing concentration of silver nitrate in the culture medium, growth of calli was increased and increasing the amount of silver nitrate concentration up to 4mg / l, increased Rosmarinic acid, flavonoids ,phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity .But in higher concentration of 4 mg / l the toxic effects of silver ions revealed and reduced the amount of Rosmarinic acid,phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.

In order to resolve ambiguities at interspecific levels, supertrees are used by taxonomist as a combining method in large scale to reconstruct the phylogenies. In this study we construscted a unique supertree comprising peresent molecular data of mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from Genbank and Ferdowsi university of Mashhad lab datasets. This study was executed on the Matrix Representation with Parsimony (MRP) with 15 recently published source trees for 166 bird species of Muscicapidae. The Muscicapidae supertree had two main clades and in total, about 82% of the nodes were resolved completely. Duo to relative resolve in supertree nodes and clades arrengment according to recent molecular results with different mitochondrial and nuclear genes, final supertree has not a certain result for Muscicapidae relationships it might confirm recent surveys. In fact, this method beside comparative taxonomy using primary data from molecular and morphological analysis, could lead to the most reasonable taxonomic relashionships among Flycatchers taxa.

Water stress tolerance is seen in almost all plant species or cultivars but its extent varies from species to species or cultivars to cultivars. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oilseed crop. The aim of the present investigation was to study the oxidative effects and antioxidant responses in two sesame cultivars (cvs Darab 14 and Yekta) subjected to different levels of poltethylene glycol (PEG 6000). PEG treatments included osmotic potential equal to 0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9 MPa and resulted in decrease of seeds germination, seedlings length, fresh and dry masses, relative water content, protein content but increase in contents of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proline with increasing of osmotic potential. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase of sesame seedlings changed with the increase of water deficit. According to present study seedlings of cv. Yekta is more tolerant to water deficit than cv. Darab 14.

The genus Prosopis with 3 indigenous species as P. cineraria P. koelziana, P. farcta (with 2 varieties) and one introduced species )P. juliflora) are valuable plants of Mimosoideae in Iran. Anatomical studies mainly considered wood features of Prosopis species. In the present project anatomical structure of leaf rachis in Prosopis species in Iran was studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the taxa relationships based on anatomical features of leaf axis. By use of multivariate statistical analysis of 15 qualitative and quantitative anatomical features, observed variation in 37 accessions of Prosopis species in Iran were evaluated. Factor analysis, Cluster analysis and ordination were done. Despite morphological similarities between P. cineraria and P. juliflora some rachis anatomical features are of diagnostic value in species separation. Maximum anatomical similarities were observed in two P. farcta varieties (var. farcta and var. glabra). Results of statistical analyses revealed that Prosopis species are clearly distinguished by leaf rachis cross sections.

The microbiota of breast-fed infants are mainly consists of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Normal vaginal delivery has an important role in the colonization of beneficial bacteria and proper development of the immune system and gastrointestinal tract in comparison with infants born through cesarean section. In this study we examined the effect of microbiota of a 4-month-old breastfeeding infant born with normal vaginal delivery, without history of taking antibiotics and gastrointestinal disorders on the cell viability of two types of cells with different growth features including colon cancer cells (Caco-2) and Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells (USSCs). After fecal sampling, the microbiota was extracted by ethyl acetate. After removing the solvent, the result of extraction was solved in a few volume of DMSO. The effects at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 µg/ ml on the following cells were determined after 72 hours of incubation using MTT assay. The results showed that the cell viability of USSCs was significantly increased as the concentration elevated. While at the same conditions, the viability of Caco-2 cells was decreased at the higher concentration significantly.

Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) is in class of hemeprotein and has the principal oxidation function using hydrogen peroxide and various substrate. Peroxidases are widely used in medical diagnosis and in various laboratory experiments, therefore, today a lot of effort is made to new sources of plant tissue with the appropriate peroxidase activity. Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) is a summer squash that can grow to about one meter and has a green fruit, swelling ovary of the flower. In this work we have determined the factors affecting on measurement of enzyme activity and enzyme kinetics at 25 ° C and a wavelength of 470 nm. The results showed that the maximum enzyme activity at optimum temperature of 50 ° C and pH 6.5. The enzyme is stable in the range of pH 4 to 8. The Km and Vmax values of peroxidase from zucchini were measured for hydrogen peroxide in the presence of guaiacol, 6.25 and 0.1 mM/min respectively. The effect of the presence of various salts (including: Mg2, Cu2, K, Pb2, Ag, Fe2) in 1 mM concentration was measured in the reaction mixture. Our results showed the highest inhibitory effect of lead and iron ions by peroxidase activity measurements.

This experiment was carried out to determine effect of putrescine and methyl jasmonate on sacs secretory structure in stored orange (Citrus sinences L.) “Valencia” fruit. Oranges were treated with 0 (control), 2.5 and 5 mlM putrescine and 0 (control), 10 and 20µmol methyl jasmonate and then stored at 5±1°C, 85-90 % relative humidity for 4 month. Microtomey and handy sections were prepared and Studied. Antogeny changes øof formation secretory sacs in orange Valencia were in 4 steps: start structuralization sac, formation space between cell, expansion of the cavities, and finally maturity. Location formation sacs in under epidermis layers, and deeper, too. Preliminary, formation sacs as Schizogeny and finally lysigeny. In microtomey sections, number sacs were counted in different growing stages. No difference was observed in longitudinal, transverse axis sacs and number sacs fruit treated. Number sacs and longitudinal and transverse axis of exocarp (flavedo) in control and treated fruits, investigated by stereomicroscope and no Significant difference was observed between microtomey and handy sections.