مجله زبان و ادبیات فارسی
سال ششم شماره 2 (تابستان 1388)

Nezami, is an innovator and pioneer poet, whose novelties and creative power in poetry is great and wonderful. Nezami’s innovate chanting in “Makhzan –al Asrar”, is to commence the poem with the holy words of» Besme-el lahe Rahmane Rahim «(In The Name Of God) This innovation, has attracted his followers attention. In this article, the writer, has pondered Nezami, s usage of the honorable words of» Besme-el lahe Rahmane Rahim «, as the first line of his poem and his wonderful impact on his followers.

The most brilliant Persian poets and writers –from past to present time- have reflected the events and condition of their time in their works. Many of them have been more careful, sensitive and witty in analizing the problems of life than other social scholars. They have socialized with people and have felt responsibility about the problems of society. So, they have fought corruption and aberration of the governing class and have criticized bravely.Sometimes, to become safe and secure from murdering and excommunication, they have prefered to choose an indirect way for their they have either used spiritual leaders, sages, and even animals, as their characters, or have taken advantage of satiric and ironic language in their writings.The writes of this article have tried to ponder this kind of poetry, in general and quote some samples of it as well.

It is necessary for the scholars and students to know and use the best method of research in their investigations.Since the educational and research achievments are based on the sources books, composing a universal dictionary will help the researchers to do the best research.The writer hopes this article guides the students to enter the world of research and improve their works as much as possible.

The words of ecstasy (Shath and Tamat), are the most important factors of finding quarrel in a straw, in the Sufis’ principles.Did the Sufis believe in these words as a truth, or they think of them as the untruly utterances, told in the rapturous moments? Simple as this question sounds, it is rarely answered clearly.Introducing “Shath” and “Tamat”, the reasons of their coming into existence, ecstatic Sufis, the sample of their unusual words and the judgment of opponents and concordants are discussed in this article.

The in Iran modern literature, Malek-al Shoara-e Bahar, is an important personality who reminds us of political challenge and social criticism. He fought corruption with his impressive Poems and –like other political challengers- was annoyed by the dictators of his Age. So, it is a national and social duty to introduce him to the future generations.The best way to make known “Bahar”, is, printing his poems in the textbooks.Some lines of “Damawandieh b” – Bahar’s well – known political and social Ghasideh, as a sample – are selected and printed in the textbooks of middle school and pre-university courses.The writer of this article, believes that there are some mistakes in this selection that causes misunderstanding and vagueness for students and teachers.He tries to ponder and criticize these mistakes, by paying attention to Bahar’s hatred of some people of the capitacity – Tehran-. He tries to give a new interpretation for “Damawandieh”, -Bahar’s new Sharhashub-.

The magic art of poetry, as a rhytmical and judicious statement, is one of the two ways of speech -poetry and prose-, that manifests the inner feelings and emotions of the poet in a symbolic language.During some Ages, poetry, serving the Courts, had lost spirituality and respect.The mystical thoughts and words, changed the poetry and made it respectful, spiritual and meaningful.Writing mystical poems in the forms of Ghasideh, Ghazal and Mathnavi, as a new experience for showing either holy states of mystics, or principles of their beliefs, began in the 5th century.From this century on, the mystical literature, became the vital principle and main point of Persian literature and Khorasan became the center of mystical poetry, that was begun by Abusaeed-e Khorasani and was completed by Jami-e Khorasani.In this article, the writer, bas tried to discuss about the Persian poetry and it’s relationship with mysticism and the impact of mysticism on the Persian poetry as well.

Nezami Ganjavi, as the most outstanding poet of the sixth century, different from his antecedent and contemporary poets, attempts to go beyond the convential concepts of his era and from a new perspective consolidates and spreads the spirit of humanism in his works. Besides the development and deepening of this concept he has never neglected the two elements of race and religion.Hence he conceptualizes a land whose people pay more attention to humanism than race and religion. Therefore in search of his eutopia, he sets out from the gates of religion in Makhzan- al Asrar and proceeds to Eskandarnameh to shed light on the philosophical concepts. However Nezami can be considered as the spokesman of human Iran.

Hammam designs and the points related to them are frequently faced in literary texts; and in case of unfamiliarity with these matters, understanding literary notions is completely impossible. The writers of this article belive that knowing Hammams (Turkish bath) and their designs help the reader to get a perfect perception of the literary texts. They try to introduce Hammams and different designs and also the reason of drawing them in Hammams by means of literary evidence (till Constitutional era). At the end, literary men and poets, saying about the abovementioned point will be introduced.

Considering the close relationship between “love” and “mysticism”, the writers have printed many gnostical stories in their mystical works. Many of these stories are imagenary and spring from the creative power of the writers who have tried to create pleasant moments for their readers.The poetical hyperbole has always been an important element in such stories.The story of” Mahmood and Ayaz “stems from Mahmood’s fondness to his favorite servant, Ayaz. This story, after appearing in the literary works, has entered into mystical literature. The writer of this article, has pondered the story of “Mahmood and Ayaz” and it’s place among the mystical works.

Considering the amount of his influence on the 20th century's thinking and contribution to understanding man's situation, Carl Gostaw Yong is a distinguished and commendable figure who is as eminent as other brilliant psychological figures in the field of psychology including Sigmund Freud. The concepts coined by him, such as ancient pattern, collective unconscious, veil, shadow and the purposeful nature of human's psych which is moving towards individualism, are now part of human's contemporary culture.Hence, on the basis of Yong's analytical psychology, we intend to analyse one of his sonnets taken from his book 'Divan-e Gazalyyat'. Yong divides man's character into two general parts: (ego) and (self). The ego is the apparent sense which is composed of feelings, memories, thoughts, inclinations and sentiments and, generally, anything which is obvious to man or can be. Self, according to Yong's interpretation, has two layers. The superficial layer is called collective unconscious.The first part consists of the things which have gone out of consciousness and includes groups that contain experiences and thing which have been forgotten or driven away but have a direct effect on our thoughts and behaviour. Collective unconscious consists of a hoard of collected memories of the experiences of many previous generations of our far ancestors that is placed in the darkest part of our mind.In this article, we intend to present Yong's ideas about Sanaee's sonnets and prove that many of his and other theosophist's sonnets are in fact a poetic exposition of a visit to this collective and individual unconscious which has symbolically appeared to them.