International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2016

This study was conducted to determine presence and distribution of Arcobacter spp. by conventional culture and a multiplex PCR (m-PCR) in the intestinal content samples that are collected from the cattle, sheep and goats and in the faecal samples of people who reffered to the hospitals in the east of Turkey, because of complains about gastroenteritis and diarrhea. In the examination of the total 800 samples, containing 200 swab samples from each of animal species (cattle, sheep and goat) and 200 human faecal samples, Arcobacter spp. were isolated from 2.25 % (18/800) of the samples. The isolated Arcobacter strains were identified by genus and species specific PCR assays. The isolation percentages were calculated as 2.12% (17/800) for A. butzleri and 0.12% (1/800) for A. cryaerophilus. None of the human and animal samples were found to be positive for A. skirriowii.
In conclusion, this report confirmed that the presence of Arcobacter species in human and various animals feacal samples in the east of Turkey. In addition, the present study is the first study to demonstrate the existence of A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus in goats intestinal content samples in Turkey.

Pasteurella multocida is considered to be an important cause of ovine pneumonia and results causes considerable economic losses in Iran. Ribotyping PCR (Ribo-PCR) was used for investigating the diversity of ovine and caprine P.multocida. A total of 120 swab tonsil and nasal samples were obtained from sheep and goats. They were analyzed by biochemical tests and Ribo-PCR 16S-23S ribosomal RNA genes. Twenty samples representing Pasteurella phenotypes by Entero rapid kit and 17 out of 20 isolates were identified as P.multocida. Capsular type A was dominant among the isolates and was variable than serogroup D. Nine isolates including JF694004.1 and 8 isolates including JF681973.1 showed 100% and 94% similarity, respectively. Two minor cluster I and II was obtained with no significant diversity among the isolates. Cluster II was divided in four sub cluster including IIa, IIb, IIc and IId. Molecular approaches such as Ribo-PCR are necessary for determining and characterizing the diversity of P. multocida and understanding their interactions with host. The study has been the sensitive levels of Ribo-PCR in epidemiological studies of pasteurellosis, however, correlation among diversity of isolates and host origin is not fully understood.

Meningitis is one of the most important causes of infant mortality and its early and proper diagnosis is of great importance, but there are currently no laboratory facilities optimized and fast in detection of meningitis pathogens. The current standard of bacterial meningitis diagnosis is microscopic examination and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture. This research aimed at isolating the most common bacteria infecting cerebrospinal fluid and determining their antibiotic sensitivity patterns for cerebrospinal fluid of newborns with meningitis admitted in Hospitals of Iran. The study was carried out on 680 cerebrospinal samples from newborns and children during 2013-2014. From among the 680 newborns and children of interest who were LP according to the doctor’s order, 35 had positive cultures. In the present research, the resistance pattern and antibiotic sensitivity of the bacteria isolated were also examined. H.influenzae was the most prevalent isolate from newborns and E.coli took second place. The most isolated sample was Haemophilus and a large number of this bacterium was sensitive to kanamycin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol. These antibiotics can be used for early empiric treatment of meningitis. Many of these bacteria were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and amoxicillin and their prescription is not recommended.

Enterococcus is the second cause of urinary tract infections in hospitals and the third most common cause of nosocomial bacteremia. Overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of nosocomial infections, causes antibiotic resistance in enterococci resistant to antibiotics through their ability to acquire resistance to antibiotics through mutation or acquisition of genetic material carrying a resistance gene by conjugation or other methods.
This cross-sectional study, studied all of the patients admitted in the Khatam – Ol- Anbiya hospital wards during 2013-2015 that 60 cases of patients with nosocomial infections during this period . Demographic data collected from medical records. Samples collected and were sent to the microbiology laboratory. In order to investigate drug-resistant Enterococcusæ Antibiogram test by E-Test method were performed. Relevant descriptive variables were analyzed in SPSS software version 21 .
34 (56/7%) of patients were male. The patient age mean was 70/71 18/39 years. Age group 70-90 years, with 17 (27.9 %) were the most frequent nosocomial infections. Enterococcus dominant species in these patients was 45 (75%) Enterococcus faecalis. Antibiogram E-Test results showed that 9 cases (18.3%) were resistance to linezolid, 22 (36/7 %) resistance to imipenem, 15 (25 %) resistance to meropenem, 6 patients (10% ) resistance to teicoplanin, 9 (15%) were resistant to vancomycin.
Identification of common antibiotic resistance in every region has great importance and in addition prevents treatment failure. The result of these studies shows that, antibiotic-resistance patterns have changed, and vancomycin resistance, especially among E. faecium, is rising because of nosocomial infections

Escherichia coli is being one of the common microbial flora of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of poultry but may become pathogenic to both. Antibiotic treatment is considered the most important issue that promotes the emergence, selection and deploying of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in veterinary medicine. With the increase of resistant to antibiotics, many researchers have tried to develop new. So, antibacterial nanoparticles have attracted great interest. The aim of this research is comparison antibacterial activity of Ag/ZnO with Zinc Oxide and Silver nanoparticles, against E.coli Isolated of Tabriz Aviculture. Nanoparticles are synthesis via wet method and avouch with oxalate decomposition in high temperature (5000C). FT-IR, XRD, SEM and TEM were used for determination of characterization of samples, respectively. Also the nanoparticles were digested and break down by ICP-AES for defining the presence of residual chemical element in the nanoparticles. Bacterial sensitivity to nanoparticles, after sonication, was commonly tested using by disc diffusion test and agar dilution test, also with determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The particles size were less of 12 nm, approximately. This study shows that the Ag/ZnO nanoparticle has great antimicrobial agent against E.coli and just mixture of ZnO and Ag nanoparticles, give increase their bactericidal effect.

Background and The status of medicinal plants in Iranian traditional medicine and rich existence of herbal sources, on one hand, and current problems in curing infections, on the other hand, are the factors to study medicinal plants more accurately. Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) is a herbaceous plant from Asteraceae family, available in planted and farming forms in Iran. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of Artemisia dracunculus L. in various extraction methods.
The Maceration and Soxhlet methods were used to Methanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. the antibacterial effect of extracts was conducted in various concentrations on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms by Disk diffusion and Well Diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods.
Findings: the results indicated that both extracts obtained by Maceration and Soxhlet methods had antibacterial effects just on two gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Both gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were resistant to the extracts in all concentrations.

L Glutaminase, a therapeutic enzyme obtained from marine Actinomycetes gains importance because of their adaptability to varied environmental factors. An experimental study was carried out to isolate the L glutaminase producing actinomycetes from the marine sediment of Thoothukudi. Marine sediment sample was collected from six different locations of the Thoothukudi coastal ecosystem, enriched with glutamine broth to enhance the population of Actinomycetes. After enrichment , selective media were used for isolating the Actinomycetes. Ninety four isolate was obtained and all the isolates were screened for L Glutaminase activity in a rapid plate assay method. Three isolates showed strong activity with enzyme production to the level of 9.42 IU to 16.94 IU /ml. The isolate DSG 18 had produced 16.94± 0.62 IU and it could be used a good source of glutaminase.

This laboratory study simultaneously was conducted to evaluate the resistance to heavy metals, silver, cadmium and a number of commonly used antibiotics. Sampling was done in 2014 of the two silver workshops in Isfahan, and the inlet of phase 2 of Shahin Shahr wastewater treatment plant, Isfahan. To isolate resistant bacteria to metal silver and cadmium and review multiple resistance to other metals in the medium PHG II agar with a concentration of 0.5 mM of metals and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of growth, agar dilution method were used. To determine the resistance to several common antibiotics, disk diffusion techniques in agar with Kirby-Bauer method was used. In this study, molecular identification of bacteria was performed through gene sequencing 16S rDNA. New nucleotide sequences of the Cd1 and Cd2 isolates in GenBank’s database were deposited under accession numbers of KP753912 and KP753913. Most heavy metal-resistant isolated bacteria in this study had multiple resistance (MMR) compared to the Cadmium, Silver, Copper and Zinc metals and showed simultaneous resistance pattern to several heavy metals and antibiotics. Resistant isolates to cadmium compared to resistant isolates to silver had lower resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), they also showed less resistance to a variety of antibiotics used in this study in a way that Cd2 isolate that was recognized as Dechloromonas hortensis strain MS2 was sensitive to all tested antibiotics. Since some of the isolates were highly sensitive to some of the antibiotics, the metal-resistant isolates and sensitive to antibiotic may be a proper candidates for biological removal of these metals from contaminated wastewater in the future.

The product biofilm by E.coli strain can cause serious problem for human health. Catheter is considered to be s suitable place for colonization of microorganisms, so that in %5-10 of patients who used catheter for only one day and also in all patients who used it for over 28 days, this colonization of bacteria is observed on catheter. This study is come out in order to compare biofilm formation in E.coli and its relationship with pathogenic factors. In this study 144 isolates of uropathogenic E.coli were used in order to compare their potential of biofilm formation on urinary catheter. To do this, a piece of the catheter was sliced and put in tubes containing E.coli suspension, as well as in broth medium (as witness). After incubation at 37 oC for 24 hours, the number of live bacteria involve in biofilm formation was counted by surface cultivation method and then studied. The result showed that among the 144 studied E.coli isolates, 130 (%89.7) had cellulose synthesized gene (bcsA), and 22(%15.2) had Dr adhesine gene (draE). There was a significant relationship between bcsA gene and biofilm formation potential on urinary catheter.

Dear editor,
I read with interest article that published entitled *Isolation and identification of bioactive compound producing Rhodococcus spp. isolated from soil samples {IJMCM/5(1) (2015) 463-468}* [1]. Some of the genus such as Nocardia, Gordonia, Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus are in actinomycete family and they are Gram-positive and partially acid-fast. Rhodococcus species usually stain Gram-positive. Cells form as cocci or short rods which grow in length, and may form an extensively branched vegetative mycelium which may fragment. Microscopic aerial hyphae and spores are not usually produced. They are also non-motile. They are usually partially acid-fast due to the mycolic acid in their cell walls. Colonies of other rhodococci may be rough, smooth or mucoid and pigmented cream, buff, yellow, coral, orange or red. Although biochemical tests help to distinguish Rhodococcus from other organisms, differentiation from other aerobic actinomycetes can be difficult. Colonial and cell morphology cannot be used to distinguish among Rhodococcus, Gordonia and Tsukamurella species. I listed some of phenotypic characterization of Nocardia, Gordonia, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterioum in table 1 [2-9] and showed phenotypic tests such as microscopic examination, Gram and acid-fast staining, catalase, oxidase and motility tests that used by Aghaei et al is insufficient for the genus Rhodococcus confirmation. In literature, results of phenotypic tests are ambiguous for Rhodococcus identification and cannot distinguish the genus Gordonia of Rhodococcus [10]. Authors do not explain about phenotypic tests results in this article and results are equivocal.