نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 20 (پاییز 1396)

City and human are two different human-made and natural systems which has an effect on each other. The formation of a residence depends on the climatic conditions. Construction of a residence shows that people have adapted themselves and their activities to it; while the climatic conditions play an important role in comfort in human environments. Thus, the buildings and environmental spaces should have exact and calculated solutions which are compatible with climatic conditions. The geographical region of this study is arid climate of Tehran. Some climatic elements of synoptic station from the beginning of establishment (1981-2013) were studied and analyzed. Then, Mahoney method was used to determine the characteristics which should be considered in climatic building and in relation with environment conditions. The purpose of this study is presenting architecture principles regarding to the climatic changes since global warming has enhanced the importance of these principles more than ever. Except in the northern area which is temperate and humid, Tehran has arid climate. First, the librarian sources and related literatures were reviewed; then using content analysis, the principles of climatic design were extracted. This study suggests that if designing is done based on climatic changes for urban buildings, the buildings can receive their thermal energy from other renewable sources. To examine this hypothesis, the effects of climate on architecture of arid climate of Tehran were investigated. Based on the existing data and survey study for the architecture of Tehran arid climate, some suggestions are presented. Finally, appropriate solutions for compatibility of climate and architecture in Tehran are presented.

Buildings play a key role in organization and arrangement of city appearance. Specially, their facades have profound impact on the quality of urban landscapes while playing an important role in assessing urban environments by citizens. The introduction of superior building facades in terms of popular preferences is mostly based on visual elements of building facades. Furthermore, aesthetic preferences should not be explored without investigating the consequences of their interaction with environment which forms mental concepts; whereas, few studies have explored building facades based on preference of observer. Therefore, current research has been conducted as a survey in order to evaluate the role of each variables in Kaplan’s preference matrix on building façade preferences. Our questionnaire was based on information factors including “coherence”, “complexity” and “mystery”, while excluding “legibility”. In this survey, 100 respondents have rated their preferences for 48 building façades located in Grogan, via a photo questionnaire. Data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed by using SPSS software. According to the correlation test, there was a significant correlation between preference and triple information factors (coherence- complexity- mystery). Furthermore, according to the regression test, the model consisting triple information factors (coherence-complexity-mystery) can predict 62.3% of preference toward building facades. In addition, it was revealed that complexity and mystery are significant in predicting the preference for building facades compared to cohesion. Finally, it is suggested that the focus of design on building facades should be based on complexity and mystery as they make building facades to be more preferred.

Any monument that is deemed competent for conservation and restoration, is bringing the values of their creation time and then. Thus with any work which is conserved and restored, in fact, the culture and civilization is maintained. Because of the intrinsic link between “history” and “conservation”, it is necessary to reflect on related factors to the restoration, and the importance and necessity of it. When it comes to art and history, logical necessity requires the third factor; humans who formulate the subject and are the creator of art piece and history. Thus, the concern of this investigation is analyses of the cognitive value of history and the layering effect of these three factors interacting with each other. The method of the present study is the cognitive value analysis of historic monuments based on philosophical and logical arguments. In addition to these two categories, the historical values are also considered and then their relationship is discussed and evaluated. As much as the human considers an ontological and epistemological value for himself, he can consider it for others. The manner by which human comprehends his existential and noetic values, defines the way he understands the outside world and therefore the value position of history and the piece of art is confirmed. It must be understood what is the perception of people (either experts or ordinary ones) from themselves and their surroundings when they are standing in the courtyard of a historic mosque or in the area of an ancient city. As long as this question is not answered correctly, not even a step forward can be taken towards the understanding of the current conditions of
architectural restoration and conservation.

Todays, the characteristics of architectural space is important in determining the quality of human life while most attention of architects and urban planners is on areas and sites which have a high level of social activity. Among these sites, railway stations are utmost important in creating appropriate context to communicate and attract a huge number of audiences. Scientific researches show that in designing “collection of human-oriented railways” a comprehensive approach has not achieved yet; Although, the solutions proposed in the past can be an appropriate guide to develop current projects. Present study reviewed and identified indicators of environmental quality and satisfaction, then it tested the components of the ergonomics which act exactly in line with improvement of environmental quality in accordance with the human aspects’ standards. The study then will measure the satisfaction of users from the railway station in Tehran according to these components. For this purpose, by Cochran formula, a sample of 165 subjects of the study population was selected by stratified random sampling. Instrument was a 38-questions questionnaire which was validated by the researcher and then completed by travelers, service staffs and residents of the complex. ANOVA test results showed that the average satisfaction of service staff is lower than other groups. Moreover, the results of multiple regression analysis showed that physical factors with standard index of 0.251(compared to other factors), has the greatest impact on satisfaction of users from our studied railway station, in Tehran.

Urban areas are the main consumers of energy resources with a considerable amount of waste in building and transport sectors. This comes about due to inefficient development patterns as well as consumption habits. Towards steering an energy efficiency transformation in cities, it is thus crucial to develop policies, strategies and measures to improve efficiency in these sectors. Hence, not only physical but also climatic as well as socio-economic characteristics should be taken into account in development of energy efficient urban areas. The respective urban development factors- besides technological applications and organizational readiness- can support better energy performance of cities. Against this background, the present research emphasizes on identifying energy efficiency planning measures together with their integration in local urban development practices. In terms of methodology, the research investigates relevant theoretical knowledge in urban sustainability and energy efficiency and develops a comprehensive set of spatial planning measures to be analysed in the Iranian context. Furthermore, Iranian urban energy facts and figures are surveyed in line with current practical procedures and bottlenecks in the local planning context. The methods used to examine the local context are diverse and include: via desk research, field observations and interviews with local experts. Besides, GAP analysis is utilized aiming at identifying the existing gaps from technical, regulatory as well as organizational perspective. This is followed by a comprehensive set of strategies and recommendations for the integration of the missing spatial energy measures in the local planning practice.

The main purpose of urban design is to create good and high-quality urban spaces and environments for people to live while such quality may not be determined only by imposing a structural, perceptual and value system of the designer. It can be said that human and his powers to perceive surrounding environments are the focus of urban design. Having reviewed previous researches and theories in relation to the quality of civic environments it was shown that the methods based on the people’s use of civic environments were more successful; this requires knowing the relation between the space nature, the qualities related to it and the human’s perceptual knowledge complexities and differences to read such nature. Therefore, this paper, using the knowledge scope of other sciences in the fields of psychology and communicology in relation to urban design issues, has been done in response to this theoretical demand. This study, with an interdisciplinary perspective, in order to answer this question how a high-quality and desirable urban space from the perspective of users is, has explored users’ perceptual field using grounded theory and sought the meaning of quality from the users’ viewpoint by using a psychological perception as a code; in fact, codes are informative motives and indicate the meanings defined in perceptual processes. The findings show that space users’ reading is a set of physical, functional, meaning and social layers through meaning guide codes which is more accompanied by reading of physical aspects of an environment.

The world’s urban population is expected to be proliferated due to raised use of energy, increased air pollution, increasing traffic in urban areas, increasing usage of food, and reduced food production. There are numerous available solutions in this field, but achieving smart cities is one the furthermost effective ways. Smart city has improved ICT infrastructure as a versatile, reliable, changeable, accessible, safe and flexible one and thus has enhanced the quality of life and health of citizens. It has achieved remarkable economic growth while it is stable and has developed physical infrastructurebased
services. It also has straighten the prevention and management of natural and human-caused disasters and ascertained moderation in law fulfilment through governmental, political and participatory processes mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to identify challenges in regard to realization of smart cities and identify challenges after their creation. This research is a narrative review; that is a type of methodological approach and Status quo review. In this research, challenges were identified and analyzed by analyzing available data; consequently, challenges are classified to: challenges before creation of smart city and challenges afterward. Finally challenges such as: infrastructure challenges, economic challenges, managerial challenges, challenges of integration between sciences, technology and theory in advance, cultural challenges, technology trap challenges, and educational challenges after achievement have been extracted. For a successful planning in the field of smart cities, it is vital to take all of the mentioned challenges to account.

In response to the failure of modernist approach in the new urban ideas, attention to the public spaces in cities has become as a basic necessity in terms of planning and urban design. Study on the concept of urban space as a structural element in the cities, is developing and expanding. Multiple authors have done many studies in this area, and the results indicate that urban areas play a key role in the urban structure and life of its inhabitants while they have become paramount in increasing the integrity of the city. The main purpose of this study is forming a conceptual model of an integrated network for urban spaces in the process of decision-making. Undoubtedly, such networks which strengthen the structure of city and make it integrated; bring about the socio-economic growth and prosperity for inhabitant. Therefore, the present study seeks to explore the factors influencing the interconnected urban spaces network in addition to propose a conceptual model for shaping it. The research is exploratoryexplanatory and uses meta-analysis method for its planning process. Moreover, for analytical evaluation of case model, F’ANP model is employed. The main approach in this analysis is based on the movement of “new urbanism”. The research results reveal that urban spaces are located in a logic network in form of transects in order to achieve spatial integrity, continuity in the transverse sections of the city must be maintained, which is provided in the form of a continuity matrix. Summing up, in compare with the different researchers views, 9 indexes of spatial integrity were obtained include combination of social, functional, physical and visual aspects of theorists.