فهرست مطالب

معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر - پیاپی 22 (بهار 1397)

نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1397)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/03/31
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Hamidreza Azemati *, Zinat Aminifar, Somayeh Pourbagher Pages 1-8
    Educational spaces play an important role in enhancing learning productivity levels of society people as the most important places to human train. Considering the cost, time and energy spending on these spaces, trying to design efficient and optimized environment is a necessity. Achieving efficient environments requires changing environmental criteria so that they can have a positive impact on the activities and learning in users. Therefore, creating suitable conditions for promoting learning in users requires full utilization of the comprehensive knowledge of architecture and the design of the physical environment with respect to the environmental, social and aesthetic dimensions; Which will naturally increase the usefulness of people in space and make optimal use of the expenses spent on building schools and the time spent on education and training.The main aim of this study was to find physical variables affecting on increasing productivity in learning environments. This study is quantitative-qualitative and was done in two research
    Methods
    a) survey research methods (survey) b) correlation method. The samples were teachers and students in secondary schools’ in Zahedan city, the sample size was 310 people. Variables were extracted using the literature review and deep interviews with professors and experts. The questionnaire was obtained using variables and it is used to collect the views of teachers and students. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.89 which indicates that the information gathering tool is acceptable. The findings shows that there are four main physical factor as: 1. Physical comfort, 2. Space layouts, 3. Psychological factors and 4. Visual factors thet they are affecting positively on space productivity. Each of the environmental factors play an important role in improving the learning quality and increasing interest in attending learning environments; therefore, the desired environment improves the productivity of the educational spaces by improving the components of productivity.
    Keywords: Space Productivity, Educational Space, Learning, Attendance
  • Parastoo Eshrati *, Dorna Eshrati, Somayeh Fadaei Nezhad Pages 9-23
    The historical urban landscape is a new approach towards the historical city as the product of human interaction with micro ecosystem over the passage of time that has recently gained a special position in urban conservation. This paper begins with raising the question that how this approach can be used to solve the challenges of conservation and development of historical cities. Exploring the conservation documents indicate that viewpoint to historical city has shifted from ‘the atomistic perspective to holistic’, ‘static to dynamic’, ‘product-oriented to process-oriented’, ‘conflict with micro-ecosystem to interact with micro-ecosystem’, and ‘the contrast of conservation and development’ to the integration of them. The purpose of this paper is to review the northern Safavi Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz in the city master plan to find out how the street conservation and development is based on historical urban landscape. The data for this research were collected through observations and documents review and were analyzed qualitatively. The survey results show that the new doctrines of urban conservation seek to integrate conservation and development based on historical urban landscape; however, the definition of the Historical city boundary in the master plan of shiraz is still based on static and atomistic doctrines that consider historical cities limited to the historical wall. This is while the northern Chahar-Bagh street of shiraz which was the main historical axis of the city during the Safavi period was located outside the historical wall of the city. Not paying attention to this street has caused the gradual destruction of this historical urban landscape, despite the individual protection of some of its elements. Reviewing the case study based on the historical urban landscape approach reveals the need for a reconsideration and revision of the developments urban plans.
    Keywords: Heritage, Authenticity, Conservation, Cultural Landscape, Stability, Dynamism
  • Aynaz Samadi Ahari, Dariush Sattarzadeh * Pages 25-38
    Quality of life is a noticeable concept in urban areas. Indeed, assessing the QOL in different social setting can be used as an environmental quality diagnosis of previous policy strategies while it is a required foundation for drafting future spatial and urban planning policies. With the growth of urban population, changes in the work and life pattern, the need for recreation and leisure has gained a further necessity for the urbanites and has turned to one of their major needs. Creating such centers as third places- away from work and life- foster communication and interaction among the people. Oldenburg defined the third place as a location outside of home or work that supports social interaction and emotional support, regardless of levels and social classes, ethnic and racial differences. This study has investigated the relationship between QOL in different social setting and people identification of third place, for spending leisure time. In this research, Tabriz, has been chosen as a sample of this study. Cochran’s formula was used to determine sampling volume while questionnaires were distributed among citizens; after that the required data has been collected and analyzed via SPSS software. The research findings show that: In three districts, four dimensions of subjective and three dimensions of objective QOL are identified and the results show that the respondents’ different levels of education, income, occupation status, etc. are important factors that influence people’s attitudes towards quality of life. In the other way,social classes significantly affect the quality of leisure time; The amount of income and culture area are strong predicting factors which are affecting the choice of third places for spending leisure time.
    Keywords: QOL, Leisure Time, Third Place, Social Class, Tabriz City
  • Fatemeh Dousti *, Abbas Varij Kazemi, Mostafa Behzadfar Pages 39-49
    Over the past 50 years, while the development of intermediate texture of Tehran has focused on spatial dimension and physical structure, neglecting the user experience and social dimensions has become a design challenge. This paper has focused on Social interaction in public space neighborhood via integration of social and spatial dimensions which is essential more than ever. In this paper, a research has conducted through a literature review of theoretical and experimental researches in urban design and micro-sociological researchers. The aim of this paper is to develop a new perspective for reading sociability in public spaces. For reading contemporary social spaces, this article implements the combination of two observation methods to achieve better understanding regarding sociability of the public spaces. Firstly, Direct and walk-by observation tools have been used for creating behavioral map to better understand of the relationship between the temporal and spatial forms of social settings and secondly participant observation tools have been used. For being among the participants and identify the expression of their feelings and emotions, we used informal interviews and listened to their narratives and stories. The selected case is a neighborhood that has been developed in the intermediate texture of the city, “Koy-e-Nasr”, commonly known as “Geisha”, in Tehran, Iran. Although these spaces have no significant physical features, they are more popular for including the general interest of people. The findings offer new insight on what commonly have considered about the use of public spaces and illustrate the places and their locations such as streets edges and frontages, entrances and urban equipment, and variety of active and lingering or fleeting and passive social interactions and conditions.
    Keywords: Sociability, Social Public Spaces, Participant Observation, Direct Observation, Microsociology
  • Hooman Ghahremani *, Niloofar Hashemi Pages 51-68
    This paper reviews one of the main controversies in public policy, the concept of city competitiveness and how it responds to the issue of urban decline, accentuating the contribution of urban regeneration to competitiveness of cities through theoretical and case study review (Mashhad’s central historical urban fabrics). Following a review of four main urban regeneration themes within the conditions of competitiveness, a classification of the key considerations to each theme is presented in three comprehensive dimensions. Furthermore, urban interventions in historical contexts is the issue explored in Mashhad, a city envisioned to become the cultural-religious center within the Islamic world. The research seeks to explore whether the physical-spatial interventions in Mashhad’s central fabrics (considering the local existing potentials) have paved the way to the vision of a cultural-religious competitive city in the Islamic world or not. For this purpose, interventions through the city’s central historical urban fabrics within the last few decades are explored in an analytic-adaptive comparison with urban regeneration’s key considerations. It is finally revealed that urban decision-makers’ simplistic understanding towards urban competitiveness besides specialists’ negligence of the city’s local context as a competitive advantage and the conversion of pilgrimage culture to pilgrimage industry has led to a top-down bulldozing authoritative approach that not only sacrifices “socio-spatial values” for “commercial values” but also makes a distance between people and their living environment in the long run. It is highlighted that offering appropriate and possible regenerative strategies for the realization of suitable urban spaces should vary based upon given contextual capabilities and talents of each part of the city which may not be equally feasible in different cities.
    Keywords: City Competitiveness, Culture- led Urban Regeneration, Local Context, Mashhad, The Holy Shrine of Imam Reza
  • Soheila Sadeghzadeh *, Kourosh Golkar, Ali Ghaffari Pages 69-80
    This research seeks to reflect the managerial, academic and professional experience of the authors in the design and implementation process of urban design projects, aiming to use the application of the “design governance” model, in order to describe the documents and activities of the Department of Urban Planning and Architecture of Tehran Municipality in the last decade. This paper consists of three main parts. The first part introduces the model of design governance and identifies its formal and informal tools. The second part introduces design governance tools based on the experience of Tehran. The third part deals with the comparison of the tools used in Tehran municipality with the design governance model. The research method is qualitative and descriptive-analytic. The data required for research is collected from library and documents available in the Department of Urban Planning and Architecture of Tehran Municipality. Data analysis has been conducted by two methods consisting of 1- qualitative content analysis, to analyze the afore-mentioned documents, and 2- reflective practice method to reveal the empirical knowledge of the authors. Research findings indicate that prescriptive tools have had a high effect on the decision-making process. However, the activities carried out over the last 10 years to improve the quality of urban environments in Tehran indicate a tendency to use informal tools of governance, although certain legal gaps have prevented this tendency from continuing. This requires more attention from legislatures in terms of qualitative issues. Ultimately, the following conclusion is drawn: The design governance will be able to support the qualities of the urban environment if it has legislative status, while it is guided by urban management extended to other stakeholders.
    Keywords: Urban Governance, Design Governance, Urban Design, Formal Tool, Informal Tool
  • Abbas Azari, Mehdi Mirmoini *, Shadi Mohammadi Oujan Pages 81-94
    Recent studies have shown that urban complex behaviors like human mobility should be examined by newer and smarter methods. The ubiquitous use of mobile phones and other smart communication devices helps us use a bigger amount of data that can be browsed by the hours of the day, the days of the week, geographic area, meteorological conditions, and so on. In this article, mobile cellular data mining is introduced as an emerging approach in analyzing and understanding human mobility patterns, then generic location update is examined as a way to observe and perceive human mobility and movement in cities. This method was examined in Tehran metropolitan area map, the results show that different urban issues can be understood and solved using this huge amount of data like urban transportation, social problems or urban functions. Tehran cellular data analysis shows that it can be recognized as a city in two major parts, the border zone which is mostly the origin of all trips and the central zone which is mostly the destination of all trips and the most visited hotspot of the city during a normal day, also it was concluded that because of low population density in this part of the city and very high human mobility throughout a day, this area would have many social security issues. In the end, taking advantage of more accurate data in cell level was proposed in order to have better and more reliable assumptions about future mobility trends and co-presence patterns.
    Keywords: Mobile Cellular Data, Complexity, Spatial Data Mining, Location Update, Human Mobility Patterns
  • Milad Homafar, Mohammad Reza Pourjafar* Pages 95-106
    This research aims to identify the economic logic in the process of locating and the spatial transmitting of the knowledge-based institutions in Iran while on the macro and micro levels, it seeks to find an optimal location for the knowledge-based activities in Tehran. The research method is mixed and statistical population of this research includes a number of 879 knowledge-based companies which are officially registered in the vice-president of the information technology ministry. In order to identify the impactful criteria on site selection of the corporations in Iran, Delphi method is used. The sample size for the Delphi method includes 50 samples; interviews with managers in the knowledge-based companies. In order to set the extracted priority of the criteria, the Shannon entropy method and MCDM software was employed, then selection of different regions with higher priority was done by overlaying and using the Fuzzy ELECTRE method. On the second step, the mentioned bank of data was setup in GIS using the data from 2010 census and field research, finally a number of locations was specified for the optimal settlement of knowledge-based institutions by using Fuzzy ELECTRE method. Results show that the advantages of using the localization economies are playing a bolder role in site selecting rather than the advantages from the urbanization economies. Results of the local analysis show that the district 5, 2 & 4 have the most attraction for the settlement of active institutions in the field of knowledge.
    Keywords: Knowledge Economy, Knowledge-based Activities, Fuzzy ELECTRE Method, Localization Economies, Tehran Metropolitan Area