نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1390)

Environmental factors have been the most important phenomenon in formation of vernacular architecture. Limited technology of past caused a high adaptability of architectural designs to environmental factors. The vernacular architecture of Golestan province, due to environmental conditions has got different types which are the subject of this study. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the types of vernacular architecture in Golestan province. The main question of this research is: how many different types of residential architecture can we classify according to the environmental condition of the region? Theoretical framework of this research is based on the role of local environmental factors on the shape of vernacular architecture. Research method is descriptive, analytical and comparative. Data collection of this study was based on the documental and field studies. According to the field studies many samples were collected and after the first descriptive studies, some of the cases were classified. In spite the overall harmony of traditional architecture of the region based on the analytical and comparative studies, vernacular architecture of this province can be reviewed in three types: Vernacular architecture of the plain and flatlands, Residential units of mountain foot and Units in steep mountainous slopes.

The importance of Rural Housing and values of historical villages in new constructions has caused the issue of designing residential patterns in rural areas in recent years. Consequently, many studies conducted in the field of rural housing to create design patterns. Pathology reports after running patterns show non-performance or changes of those patterns. Studies indicate that the low efficiency of patterns is because of mass-pointer interference, lack of comprehensive and reliable scientific research on rural housing. In some cases, precise review reposts show that the studies include an array of raw data that has been used in the design stage with no analysis. In each study, the validity of data collection, analysis and conclusions is dependent on appropriate application of scientific method. In research and design of rural housing, using appropriate research method can also ensure the integrity and accuracy of data collection and reliability of analysis and conclusions. In this article the “Survey Research Method” is used regarding design patterns of rural housing in 8 villages of Isfahan province. Therefore the data collection method, field studies, preparation method of research tools (questionnaires), data analysis, validity of data and conclusions are stated. Therefore it can also be reference for other similar researches on rural housing.

Whether and climate conditions play an important role in human’s life. This role is more vivid regarding to houses and building design and forming human settlements. This research is looking forward to survey collation of architecture and climate in Kashan and the impact of weather condition on housing construction. Therefore a 30 year climatic data was gathered from Kashan city Synoptic weather station. The Gioni bioclimatic graph shows that kashan city building indoor bioclimatic condition in January, February and December is out of the H territory. Therefore there is a need of heating facilities to gain human comfort temperature. Based on the high temperature and low humidity in July, there is a need of extra cooler such as water cooler in order to increase the humidity too. The indoor bioclimatic condition in this month is in EC territory. In other time of the year it is possible to provide human comfort temperature only through proper material and climatic design. Finally through analyzing some houses in Kashan it is conceived that applying environmental condition for providing temporal comfort in the buildings is one of the most important aim of the design.

This research surveys Erikson’s theory of personality and does analysis on environment properties in order to make the conclusions useful for environmental designers. Therefore, eight different personality growth levels are distinct from each other, and then in each level, the objectives, approaches and proper behaviors are recognized. In the next level physical environment elements and their characteristics are cleared. The result of this research will be like a connection chain among human personality –as Erikson’s definitions- and deigning artificial environment appropriate to the humans characteristics and capabilities for growth.

Judgments on architectural works variously are done and different points of views and disagreements are observed. Difference of comments regarding architectural beauty is one of the most controversial issues and significant subjects in Iranian contemporary architecture. This issue causes significant disagreements among specialist and designers in one hand and target groups and users from the other hand. In this research parallel to analyzing the specialized literature, theoretical frameworks are built according to rating the samples through the test of user’s desire. Twenty cases among famous Iranian contemporary works have been chosen and classified in two groups. The first group is including the works which have been mentioned in specialized architectural journals as selected works. The second one is including the works with higher advertisement aspects and public reputation. These two classes of buildings were given to three groups of addressees including twenty architectural teachers, thirty master architecture students, fifty master students from other fields. The research outcomes show that a meaningful difference is observed among the selected building by mentioned groups. In addition more people have higher interest on public architectural works and those with advertisement purpose and higher visual literacy. Although in many cases a kind of agreement is observable.

Islamic-Iranian urban design somehow is the result of applying all fundamental principles of nature. Complex large-scale wholes are assembled tightly from interaction of components in various scales in a hierarchy narrowed down to the natural structure of materials. Therefore in presented article the hierarchy concept is reviewed as one of the major principles existed in Islamic mysticism and applied in Islamic-Iranian urban design. The mentioned principle is one of the most important criteria for achieving urban coherence. In our old cities hierarchy was attached to urbanism in various scales from urban structure to single building architecture, but a revision on contemporary urban design practices show that hierarchy has not been applied comprehensively and only some visual and place oriented structures are remained. In fact, the grid and network contemporary urban structures and plans only have got the dream of urban cohesion, because mid-spaces and communal spaces as two main elements of urban hierarchy are missed in such designs and plans. This paper initially outlines the general concept of these principles; also the mystical concept in Islamic-Iranian mysticism is reviewed. On the other hand, different dimension and aspects of hierarchy in artificial environments are surveyed through visual examples from Islamic-Iranian cities. Eventually, through studying the case of Tehran bazaar region, guidelines for applying these principles in present urban design are delivered.

Urbanization is mostly associated with development of more and more urban areas upon which an extensive network of transportation is necessary to be established. An indispensable consequence of this process is the citizen’s dependency to private cars. There is a growing concern along with urban sprawl which is leading urban management participants to obtain new approaches mostly grounded on the relationship of human ecosystems and natural ecosystems in urban regions. Under circumstances “greenway movement” can be viewed as a new approach to tackle both urban greenery and transportation issues at the same time. It is an approach in which people are more encouraged to use non-motorized vehicles for transportation i.e. to use bikes or even walk to their destinations through a network of greenways facilitated for this purpose. This kind of networks has come into being from 1860 and is widely being established since then. Such a network not only provides inter-city and urban-periphery connections but also provides recreational and ecological functions with unique identity. This paper reviews the literature to provide an analytical framework, then uses site investigation and field observation to collect data related to the site biophysical and cultural resources. A questionnaire survey is also conducted to collect required data for identification and categorization of users’ visual preferences and needs. The collected data are used to synthesize roadside and highway environment master plan, and its related policies and recommendations based on sustainable development objectives. This article used ‘greenway approach’ to analyze Behesht-e-Zahra and Tondgouyan Highways-which are considered as two main urban highways in southern Tehran- for the possible enhancement and improvement on their landscape and environment qualities. The two highways have each the characteristics of a greenway, such as spatial connectivity, linear structure, multifunctional use potential and connecting urban and peri-urban areas. The paper discusses the strategies and action plan to enhance these elements towards creation of a more sustainable greenway network, together with the consideration of aesthetic dimensions, scenic beauty, physical conditions and structural functions of the roadside, based on user’s visual preferences.

City is resultant of fundamental and practical wisdom that attain physical appearance by thoughts and process and create city concept. The main aim of this paper is analyzing fundamental wisdom and states of Ibn-Khaldun viewpoint. The Ibn-Khaldun methods in extent of his thought are discursive. Based on this method he divided the history in four different stages: incipient, symbiosis, common volition and solidarity and based on this origination state renovation frame. Therefore as a result of genesis and fail of state, city geneses and failed. Research methodology in this paper is descriptive-analytical and the main results show that the concept of cultural system and moral and social characteristics are the main factors of improving city concept and role. These characteristics appear based on their destruction or emerge in states.

Nowadays fast growing population with social and economical challenges brought by cities has created a new form of urbanization. This has made it difficult to provide residents need properly in cities. The main problem of such form of urbanization is in relation to the challenges of equitable access to adequate quality services for all residents. The city of Sanandaj was selected as the case study of this research to assess particularly the social justice situation across the entire socio-spatial structure of the city. Therefore, the dispersion index of Williamson and Morris was used to conduct the field work. In this regard, the distribution of social, economical and physical indicators and residents accessibility has been surveyed across21 districts of the city. Then, the correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship among the level of socio economic statues of the residents and the degree of accessibility to urban services. The results show that there is a significant variation among indicators by household socio economic statues. It means that the pattern of urban land use (services) was mainly in line with the socio economic statues of residents. Those neighborhoods with high level of urban services also contain wealthy economical groups. Eventually this conveys that the spatial structure of the city is not equitable to promote the level of social justice across the whole city.

Reorganization and improvement of the level of citizens life is the most important objective of urban planning. The multi dimensional characteristics of this issue create the need to be associated with other disciplines such as sociology, economy and other human sciences. The social and cultural aspect of each city is one of the hidden aspects of urban plans, which are less considered because of their none-physical and complicacy of perception. Cities and towns are complex mixture of nodes, networks. Places and flows in which multiple relations, activities and values co-exist, interact, combine, conflict and generate creative synergy. The aim of this article is to introduce the evolution of urban theories during the previous decades with particular focus on socio-cultural aspects. Afterwards, the collaborative planning approach was explained as a socio-cultural respond to urban contemporary problems. This paper is looking forward to find the answer of various questions such as: what is the proper function of collaborative planning? What are the main difficulties of the collaborative planning in practice? The communicative planning is the most recent part of planning literature that has explains the inter–personal relationships among actors in the planning field. The main part of the paper is devoted to a discussion of practitioners, perspectives which is developed through a framework of communicative planning: first, intrinsic principles and values, second, process and appropriate actions and finally competing obligations.

Based on the bilateral relationship among sustainable development and sustainable tourism- In order to assist sustainable urban development- its impact on city should be identified. Base on the mentioned hypothesis this article tries to survey the positive and negative impacts of urban tourism development and citizens’ perception of various tourism development impacts on urban sustainable development aspects. In fact, resident’s perception and influences of tourism impacts and their satisfaction is one of the most important criteria of achieving sustainable development. But, in most similar cases of analyzing the impact of tourism on urban development, this criterion is not considered. The presented article is an analytic-applied research based on quantitative analysis methods. Therefore, in order to analyze the Sarein inhabitants, questioner technique is done. The result of this analysis shows that aside positive economical effect of urban tourism, it has got enormous positive effect on urban society too. In addition, it has got effects (positive & negative) on the target groups, economy and environment. Furthermore, the amount of the effects is different on various part of the city, therefore it is essential to have divided analysis.

Accessibility is considered as a key component in quality of urban environment. In fact access to facilities, work, commercial and services centers in cities create the need of mobility. In this regard transportation facilities and urban activities distribution are taken in to account as determinant factors of VMT, commute mode and mobility comfort. Therefore city structure in a way which provide citizens need in shortest distances from residential zones is considered as the most urban planning goals. This paper is prepared with the aim of analyzing accessibility to Babolsar city services centers such as working centers, commercial centers based on their commute modes. The hypothesis of this research is that the commute mode of residents has got significant effect on accessibility condition to job and services zones. The methodology of the research is based on statistic samples by questionnaire. Questions such as residents commute modes and their accessibilities’ conditions were asked form native people and analysis is done based on statistical methods. The results of this research through parametric statistics show a significant correlation among mentioned variables.

Urban planning and design evolutions in United States of America are coherently related to its special characteristics including federalism, private land ownership, liberal economies, dominance of car and sub urbanism, various social and political movements etc. In United States of America, state and local governments generally are responsible for public and welfare services and local planning plays as an essential tool in supporting people needs and requirements. There is strongly held belief in participation of all effective forces in the process of development limitation to authority in the decision taking is the most important characteristics of American urban planning and design systems so plans and regulation enactments have their legal process which official and chosen legislative organization like responsible councils do it. Local governmental administration of urban planning and design is responsible for regulation implementation.The title of responsible administrative organization may be different in each states from another and there are different patterns for managing cities in American urban management system. After tending to qualitative subjects and methods in American urban planning and design system, many positive and negative changes have happened in the land use and zoning regulation systems. This paper puts urban planning and design system of New York City under consideration. New York is one of the most important cities of United States of America and has a hexalayer urban planning and design system which each layer supports another one. A world city which different councils and related committees have key roles in it. Specific urban planning tools besides flexibility in programs, Plans and regulations comply urban planning duties.

Urban morphology is the systematic study of form, shape, map, structures and functions of man-made urban fabric and origins and evolution style of these fabrics over time. There have been a lot of researches on urban morphology during recent decades which according to a classification can be divided into three generic schools: Britain, Italian, and French. This paper tries to categorize urban morphology and conduct a comparative study on schools of urban morphology. Afterwards, it tries to explore and examine differences among these schools in order to recognize their deficiencies. Urban morphology studies have tended to give minor consideration to political, economic and social processes which play leading role in the historical process of forming urban form. Considering these issues surrounding urban morphology researches, this study attempts to seek an effective framework which is as efficient as English school of urban morphology (in term of processes and procedures of shaping current urban form). Meanwhile, it can detect social structures and economic interrelationships which control and shape the space (and therefore it encloses urban morphology studies and prescriptive foals). English school of urban morphology has been emphasized because in comparison with other urban morphology schools, it seems more comprehensive. Hence, this paper recommends English urban morphology patterns accompanying with emphasizing efficient economics, social and political forces over time which can be viable by adopting analytical system of political economy school.