فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 16 (بهار 1391)

Safe environment is an important constituent of quality life. Safety has always been the most fundamental human need. Until his need is met, he may not arrive at an interpretation of the space in which he is dwelling. Increasingly the development of cities has brought about a necessity to create and use highways while the highways have spaces in their own border and often have vegetation. However, due to their separation from their surrounding neighbourhoods and the lack of suitable design to use physical elements, there are some safety concerns over the feeling of vulnerability for users have been observed. The main objective of this research is to check the relationship between upgrading level of space quality and sense of safety in green spaces of border of urban highways from the perspective of users of these spaces. In this context, some measures are extracted for assessment of safety from the point of view of physical aspect from the perspective of scholars. The population of this research consists of the residents, employers and tourists in border of Hemmat highway. The sample size of this research is 330 participants. The findings show that there are relationships between the three main variables of space control, supervision and activity in green space with the established sense of safety. Finally, it was understood that upgrading level of space quality through improving the physical conditions will contribute to the increasing use of space which contributes in turn to sense of safety.

Flood risk zonation is necessary to control and predict the amplitude of flood damage. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the rate of flood risk vulnerability and the flood damage assessment in Sabzevar. Specific variables of this study are land use, population density, river beds, slope classes, residential density, CN coefficient, runoff coefficient, open spaces and old buildings. Methodologically speaking, having determined the necessary layers, the weight of each layer was obtained based on the importance of layer in flood occurrence. After weight determination phase of the research, layers were compared with each other in two-by-two basis by The Expert- Choice software, then the resulted matrices of these comparisons were analyzed by Idrisi Software and final coefficients for layers were calculated. Finally, by applying these coefficients through Raster Calculation menu to ArcGis software, the map of flood risk zonation of Sabzevar suburb was prepared. The critical zones vulnerable to flood and inundation were determined. Moreover٫ the possible flood loss was estimated by developing the flood damage map. Thus, flood critical zones of urban texture and inundation were prepared and the flood loss was determined by producing the map of flood damage evaluation. The flood risk zonation map reveals that about 15 % of study zone is located in the class of very high flood risk, 45 % in high flood risk class, 25 % in medium flood risk class and 15 percent is in the low flood risk class. Moreover٫ there was a compatibility of 80 % between the classes of flood damage evaluation map and those of flood risk map.

A Public space is a social space such as squares, Plazas, Parks, and streets that is open and accessible to public, regardless of gender, race, age, and socio-economic levels. The benefits that urban open space provide the citizens with can be classified into three basic value types: recreation value, ecological value, and social value. The value of urban open space can also be considered with regards to the specific functions it provides. These space, because of their functions and widespread and variety of users, have important influence on the life of inhabitants. One of the methods to improve the quality of urban environments is increasing the efficiency of public spaces as a place for social relationship. The point which should be paying more attention to for planning and designing these spaces is how these places are overlapping each other. The purpose of research is qualitative classification of public spaces and its areas that are related to them in the city of Lar and defining critical regions in these areas from the point of quality of access of the citizens. In this research by using descriptive-analytic method and Standard Questionnaire (PPS) the researchers collected the qualitative data of public spaces at 31 points of old city of Lar. In order to analyse the data, the researchers have used VERONY diagrams to estimate the qualitative value of each space and the dominated regions. The results show the non-critical regions from the view of access to urban public spaces are located in the east and the south of the old city of Lar. Finally, at the end of the survey, the researchers have offered some necessary recommends for the improvement of the current situation of Lar urban spaces in the old city.

Determination of physical and human vulnerability against earthquake is significant. Classification of urban units to identify dangerous areas is necessary. In this paper, firstly the effective criteria in human vulnerability was determined, then human vulnerability and classification of earthquake danger in Tehran were specified by fuzzy model and overlaying index maps in GIS. In this research, Parameters of human vulnerability in Tehran include distance to faults, distance to main streets for each zone, population density of each region, the population density for under five years children, average number of building units, distance to power lines and the distance to gas station. Concepts of these parameters were discerned fuzzy; therefore, the fuzzy theory and more accurate Sugeno method as one of fuzzy inference method were used. In the next stage raster map of human vulnerability including the above parameters was determined. Later the reconstruction preference of Tehran regions was specified by visualization. The findings of this research show that reconstruction preference of northern regions of Tehran is more than other regions.

Today many nations are facing increasing unwanted problems concerning their megapoles. Rural migration, destructive rural – urban relation and overpopulation are pushing them toward an infernal point. Any effort for resolving existing crisis will be fruitless unless the present conditions being reviewed and removed. Unemployment, social injustice, and high rate of urban violence are among the most inconvenient impacts of many mega poles. Migration is considered as the main cause of enlarging urban centres. Therefore, it is necessary to act in both regional and national level managing the flow of newcomers. This paper aims to present different aspects of migration effects on large urban centres and real basis of both rural population movement and urban overpopulation.

Our studied area in North Eastern of Iran can be considered as an area with high potential in terms of agriculture and transitional values. Iran is a vast country with different physical and human characteristics. Among these variable regions, the region which is situated all around the border of Iran and Turkmenistan has been planned in both regional consideration and Iranian National Plans. In this paper we try to pay attention to specifications of these two plans.

By evaluating the municipal performance, urban management succeeds in evaluating their system productivity, identifying their strengths and weaknesses and plan for sustainable urban improvement, growth and development. In this study, bearing in mind the significance of the issue, the performance of services specific to the fourteen districts of the city Isfahan were explored and evaluated. To this end, the data required on the developmental, current and approved budgets, building construction licenses, parks,surface area of the parks built, items recycled, public parking lots, the costs of roadbed and asphalt surfacing, automobile parking spaces, total green space, cultural clubs, net civil development per capita, libraries and study rooms were noted for the years 2008 and 2009 and assigned points. Then, utilizing applied TOPSIS and creating the matrices requiredover the above years as well as computing the standard outcome, the ideal and counter-ideal responses, the performances of the above areas were evaluated and computed. The findings indicated a dramatic difference in the performance of the districts in 2009 compared to that for 2008. District 02 underwent the highest promotion whereas Districts 01, 03, 04, 05, 06, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12 and 14 underwent demotion. Districts 14 and 03 underwent the lowest growth and highest growth rates respectively and continued with the aetiology of the differences.

Urban land-uses planning is one of the most important plans which can be effective in providing secure and sustainable environment in cities. Reducing land-use vulnerability and efficient crisis management to decrease damage according to new trends of crisis management such as passive defence is nowadays one of the most important objectives which urban managers and planners are trying to accomplish in metropolitans. Each crisis occurrence specially human crisis (urban riots and unrests and second incidents caused by them such as rubbery, burning and etc) in metropolitans can damage land-uses and causes insecurity in cities. March passes of Isfahan can be so vulnerable too. It seems that the most vulnerable land-uses in 8 march passes, also the land-uses with high spatial distribution in march passes. Study and field observations in these passes and GIS mapping and calculating damage ratio of land-uses according to calibration function indicate that banks and financial institutes and central businesses located in march passes are so much vulnerable and must be protected during crisis occurrence and even before that. In other words, Multiplicity distribution of these two land-uses in march passes has caused their high vulnerability. Isolation, strict protection and special distribution equalization of these two land-uses are considered important strategies to reduce their vulnerability.