فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 20 (بهار 1392)

The main factors in municipal solid waste management include a variety of activitieswhich must be done in order to achieve the objectives of municipal solid waste management system. Without such factors, there will be no ability or possibility for the success of other factors, and in particular the success of the system. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the main factors in municipal solid waste management in Bukan through using SWOT strategy. SWOT model is one of the most appropriate planning techniques and analyzing strategies which has been used in this research as a tool for planning the integrated management of solid waste system in Bukan. For this purpose, first of all, according to the conducted tests, a list of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats has been prepared and then through completing the questionnaire and calculating by using the rank of exponent formula and standard weight equation, the analysis of the priorities has been done and appropriate strategies for development of waste management in Bukan are presented. The results of the SWOT model show that the degree of weakness in the solid waste management in Bukan is so high that with the weight advantage of %86 put it at the first rank of weaknesses. Accordingly, more attention and appropriate policies are required to reduce weaknesses, eliminate threats and utilize the strengths and opportunities.

The old texture of Khoy cityis consistent with the historic core and central city. There are elements of the traditional market, mosque, etc. which are the most important historical and cultural identity indicators in this region. Today, the historical texture has big problems with the use of non-resistant materials, lack of penetration into the organic texture, poor quality buildings and small packs. According to pervious earthquake records in Iranian cities such as Bam, it is shownthat human casualties and physical damage in old texture is higher than other urban areas. Therefore, vulnerability zoning of this region caused identifying needs and acting to before disasters. In this research old texture of Khoycity (Region 1) with considering internal effective factors in housing vulnerability in earthquake against such materials, antiquity buildings, old buildings, number of floors, land use, occupied surface, area of packs, positioning building in blocks, number of neighboring packs, soil type, slope and shape of the pack using AHP in Arc/GIS software has been assessed. The results show that 0.39% of building has very high vulnerability, 19.66% high,73.3% medium and 6.61% low vulnerability.

Informal settlement is formed upon effect of economic-political unequal relationship in world level, national programs weakness in medium level and municipal planning in small level. This phenomena have provided emergence, creation and development of contrast and opposition in cities soul and frame and have questioned justly allocationof resources and services for social justice with creation of biological awkward conditions and imposing of uncoordinated areas with development descending indices, simultaneously. It has challenged civil life for reaching desired and permanent development. With due attention to civil designing and planning is subordinate to comprehensive recognition and knowledge of containing chief applied and scientific from civil system. Studying city subsystems and above-system with relativities approach in time and place dimension, for that reason, informal settlement types and area recognition is necessary according to instruments type’s chief economical social cultural infrastructural indices and fruition. In this research, this important have been done by hierarchical and Morris techniques. Therefore the rate of development zones and city were determined with an emphasis on economic indicators, physical, infrastructural, social. Research findings show that full and obvious rupture exists between different districts and areas of Bonab city in chief economic and social indices and fruition and it has witness resource and service unjustly distribution in districts level.Zoning of informal settlements was done according to the rate of zone’s underdevelopment in the Bonab, By Rely on the results of Morris and hierarchical model development. Finally, based on zoning and knowledge gained from research studies, proposals and prioritize communitybased urban planning was presented in informal and problematic neighborhoods.

In order to make a plan for employment and stable development in the area, it is required to have a pure and complete understanding of situation and its advantages. Specifying the employment situation of macro sectors and groups in cities of Kermanshah province in the period of 1996-2006 is the main goal of this study. Therefore, by the use of shift-share analysis we specified the sectors which had comparative advantages and competition power; also by using the Location Quotient index (LQ) the sectors which haveexported their employees have been specified. Research method in this research is a kind of analytic-descriptive, and data assembling is documentary based on the data base of Iran statistics center. We have used EXCEL & GIS to draw graphs and maps.The results show that there is an unsuitable growth of employees in Kermanshah cities toward the employees of Kermanshah province as a whole. The period of research, and the shift-share analysis implies that the competition changes and minus structure of the cities are the reasons of this inappropriateness. In agriculture sector 73 per cent of the cities and in service and industry sector 23 percent of the cities have been located in the basic part in 1996. In 2006 with some changes comparing to the previous periods, in agriculture sector 64 per cent of the cities and in service and industry sector 28 percent of the cities have been located in the basic part, and by shift-share analysis we have forecasted the employment situation of every economic sectors in Kermanshah cities for 2016.

Due to the importance that application of natural factors has in the recent architecture and urban planning and the need for ecological sustainability between the nature and human structures, the use of natural and environmental factors is one of the fundamentals of sustainability in urban planning. This study investigates the influence of microclimate factors on thermal and environmental convenience in urban spaces and their relationship with building heights as the partitions affecting the microclimates. As a problem the research seeks to find what actions can be taken to reach thermal convenience in urban environments, as well as,the possibility that these actions can systematically be applied for a thermal and environmental arrangement in urban spaces. In this paper, as a case study, critical areas in terms of thermal and environmental convenience in Shahrdari Street have been detected by exploring their existing state and an analysis of thermal convenience using Ecotect Software based on Tehran climatic statistics. These areas were mainly the height of partitions. Thus, the surfaces ever in shaded areas and those always exposed to solar radiation have been determined. To develop environmental convenience in the areas, sunfacing and shaded parts in needed areas have been produced by means of changes in the height of some buildings. It is believed that in ever-shaded areas with a decrease in the height or creation of some space openings and in the areas ever -exposed to sunshine with an increase in height and creation of some shades it is possible to develop thermal convenience in the areas. Finally, the produced thermal conditions were assessed in the suggested design including the performed changes and by re-analysis in the area using Ecotect. It is necessary to mention that development of an urban space with thermal and environmental convenience has a direct influence on the energy exchange between the environment and the building and play an important role in thrifty use of energy and in sustainable urban planning.

This trend of immigration is importantand how to attend this kind of migration in terms of living conditions of refugees life welfare of residence in the target is also of great significance. In other words, the migration of villagers to flee inequality and changes in the living conditions take place resulting in favorable conditions for the improvement of environmental and socioeconomic status-in other refugee settlements.The data was collected through library and field studies. The population consists of three villages households (talBndv, Sarasiab and Gnjalo).A random sample of 90 cases as samples were selected. The findings of the study indicate that economic factors such as unemployment, particularly efforts to increase revenue address the most important causes of migrationof villagers to the cities. The economic situation of rural migration to urban areas has been associated with modest improvements in terms of livelihood. So that more than 62 percent of respondents acknowledged that the welfare state - the income is better than before.

Along the human history, business centers have been under many disparities. By the passage of time vast areas of cities land had been devoted to the business use and its physical appearance had appeared as shop, bazaar, passage, department store, etc. A new retail economic geography, with regard to the reuse of spaces in form of megamalls and the transmission of retail capital, both in the inner cities and in the international setting, giving a special attention to the phenomenon of the reconstruction and change in the retail system has been observed. The theoretical approach to shopping and consumption as a form of leisure,hadled to innovation in the business, service, and recreation spaces, one of which is megamall. Various studies have shown that megamalls have been the main business perspectivesof many countries in the world and have vital roles in the retail and tourism industry. This paper is a review-descriptive study and it aims to study and identify the megamalls based on the leisure view of the shopping and consumption. It was concluded that an appropriate integration of physical and functional potentials of Tabriz Traditional Bazaar, as a world heritage, in megamalls can disseminate Tabriz bazaar potentials. It is suggested that creating megamalls based on these potentials as commercial- recreational, leisure and service centers and poles and a ring communication network in the Tabriz city domaincan reduce the economic and traffic load of bazaar and other problems of the city, specially the city center, and it would maintain the bazaar.

In recent yearsreference to health centers is increasing,more population need green spaces,exercising attractsmore people,and an increase in services is becoming more tangible. This demand of equality in accessing these services means logical distribution of services and their location are becomingso important that in some cases they become determinant. As health and hygiene were first necessities of living in urban, subject of social justice and access to permanent development were called for gradually.This concept of justice is justice in opportunities in which anybody has right to enjoysimila opportunities. So, access to identical health-hygiene services in social justice is one of the first life necessity. Inprevious studies mismatching in distribution of these service across the townshiphas been notified. Therefore, it is necessary to study the subject and pay attention to the assessment of hygienic and health services in town. Geographical information system with its means and techniques has the ability to composedifferentinformational layers in different models and forms. In the current study the aim is to find suitable locations for Semnan health centers and hospitals using geographical information system with the help of location software.