فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 18 (صیف 2015)

Short story is one of the newborn literary genres that has drawn special attention of literary men and researchers to itself in recent years because of its general effect on literature and its special influence on reader of a literary work. This article investigates short story comparatively in Arabic and Persian literature. The aim of this paper is to discover latent aspects of short story in Persian and Arabic literature. The authors are going to compare short story in the two languages through studying factors related to birth of short story and also the opinion of critics in this literary field. Findings of this research show that critics of both languages agree to some extent about definition of short story and its narrative elements. This important conclusion has been obtained through analyzing samples of short stories in Arabic and Persian literature. And these critics have considered various names for this literary genre. The only difference existing in short story is its length. According to analytical- descriptive approach and library sources، the present study is to recognize narrative elements in elected samples and to define quality of its application in order to show how narrative spirit has been actualized in it.

Since the days of ignorance, ode in Arabic literature has been written based on a specified system and poets and critics have used this defined structure as foundation of their works. Arabic ode consists of several parts, each of which is an introduction to the next part; first verse of an ode is called matla''. After matla'' are placed tashbib (to mention youth affairs) or nasib (soft poetry about women), taxallos (pseudonym) (escape of poet from lyricism to main theme), main theme (praise, glory, whimper, etc.), and maqta'' (section) (prayer of approval and desire to immortality for desired person of the poem) respectively. This is the exact criterion which past poets obliged themselves to it and critics make future poets to follow it. Jarollah Zamakhshari is one of the poets that this paper analyzes his adherence to Arabic ode of ignorance period through investigating odes and methods applied in composing prelude, matla'', pseudonym (connection of prelude with main purpose of the poem),final part and unity of subject.

Plants in ancient fictional texts describe the relation between low world and super worlds and appear in forms including ritual resurrection, human reincarnation in plant and vice versa, identification of human and plant, and etc which relate human's spirit to supernatural. Contemporary Persian poets are taking advantage of a new language that is full of mythical concepts for expression of their defiant thoughts. According to political and social condition dominating Iran and introduction of new subjects into contemporary Persian poetry, using symbol and code in poetry changes into a necessity and meantime plant symbols have significant contribution. Akhavan, Shamloo, and Shafiaee Kadkani, three mythopoets in Persian Literature of contemporary era, have utilized symbolic and mythical expressions of plant as totemism, animism (personification), human reincarnation in plant and fetishism in their poems. These poets have been influenced more by Iranian-Islamic narrations rather than Jewish- Christian and Greek- Roman ones in using herbal symbols.

Literature has always been proportional to the taste of humanity and played a prominent role in revolutions and social movements to achieve independence and freedom during history. Resistance literature as a branch of literature, has made a roaring literature that there is no way of stop and hopelessness to it, and has defended societies by putting aside repressive force, it has acted like a deterrent weapon to provide eternal cultural background of attacked societies, and wants to provoke the flame of hope in the hearts of nations. An approach to study poetry from the perspective of resistance literature, helps to understand its quality. One of the effects of this literature is to arouse the nation's will against demands of oppressors who believe in suppress and oppress. Resistance literature is the only weapon which some poets such as Moufdi Zakaria and Farokhi Yazdi by using it; had done a pioneering effort in Iran and Algeria's resistance poetry. Therefore this research investigates a comparative study between two poets; Moufdi Zakaria and Farokhi Yazdi, by descriptive-analytic method, without considering the two types of revolutions in both countries and emphasize on American and Sulaf School in comparative literature. Result of the study indicates that both poets have a common general goals and different methods. Since the resistance in Farokhi Yazdi is an aggressive one, instead of blaming autarchy and colonization, he pays attention to quarrel and awareness of his own nation due to negligence and uninformed domination over them, while Moufdi Zakaria takes an encouraging method toward his own people in resistance procedure and prefers to be proud of them and narrate their valor and courage in order to increase the spirit of resistance in them.

Literature has always been the stage of representing sublime concepts of humanity and illustrates most latent scenes of human life. War and resistance have been apparently represented in literature as two most important expressions of human life. Writers and poets have always created beautiful works in this context such as those written after crusades and events of fateful conflicts between Muslims and Christians. Moreover, after the rise of Zangian and liberation of occupied territories, poets and belletrists, as representatives of the society, dedicated their poems to encourage rulers and associate epic feeling and fighting. Ibn- al- Ghaisarani (478- 548 AH) is among brilliant poets of Zangian period who assigned his mission to resistance goals and its pugnaciously approach and to liberate Islamic territories from dominance of crusaders. Influenced by religious thoughts and Islamic beliefs, he caused incitement and promotion of morale of warriors and Islamic leaders. Calling to combat, hope for the future, expressing joy and happiness and history adaptation are considered as the most important elements and components of resistance in his poetry. Present study is to investigate resistance poems of the brilliant poet in resistance area of classic Arabic Literature and to consider most important elements of resistance.

Juxtaposition of words is a linguistic phenomenon that exists in all languages and is not specific to a language and means common relationship of one word with other certain words in a language. Juxtaposition of words is one of the most important issues of semantics because of its important role in determining meaning of many words and combinations. This verbal phenomenon is one of distinguishing indices of text structure and a key for its reading, analysis, and interpretation. Juxtaposition of words indicates that in addition to literal meaning of words we need to investigate status of a word in a composition and its relation with other words to understand intended meaning of the text. Analysis and classification of juxtaposition of words offer a clear picture of stylistic coordination of a poet and his intellectual system and help critics to criticize his poetry properly. The present paper studies juxtaposition of words semantically in poems of Labid through descriptive - analytic method and tries to answer these two fundamental questions: what types of juxtaposition of words have been used in poems of Labid? What is the role of juxtaposition of words in understanding the meaning? In this article, it will be observed that the poet utilized two types of nominal and verbal juxtaposition in his poem. Also it will be found that study of this verbal phenomenon has a significant role in understanding the meaning.

In literature and art, love and its two related pillars, lover and beloved, have been observed abundantly to reach from ego to superego. There are symptoms of recondite- oriented and ardency to find mysterious concepts and hidden qualities in poems of Hafiz which is not inappropriate with sacred mysteries. LikeYung, he considers collective unconsciousness prior to personal history because he intends to reconcile man with fate. Various aspects of man appear in the poems of Hafiz and collective unconscious memory as a cache stores historical memories in the subconscious part. For this reason, eternity of love and its priority manifest themselves to the world and want eternal alliance of man and woman since each wanders in search of his other half, i.e. anima and animus and this effort will not remain silent until union will happen. This article assumes that Hafiz searches ideal beloved (Anima) in sleep, dream, in phenomena such as night, water, and plant with double mystery or the inner aged faces as well as earth, literal, mystic beloved and every moment anima appears as all productive forces of nature so as to move him from conscious self to ethnic unconscious world or in other words his own self.