فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 23 (خریف 2016)

Undoubtedly the phenomenon of two types of poems having the same measure which frequently occurs in most Arabic poetic metres, needs to be studied carefully by researches to find proper scientific solutions to his prosodic phenomenon and to find answers to some significan questions as: How can we understand the formation way of this phenomenon? How can we recognize a monomeasure line`s metres?
This brief survey can prove how scholars and researchers of prosody need answers to these questions, as it will benefit them that … They will have persuasive answers to their students. They will enjoy higher level of knowledge.
This essay undertakes studying two cases of monomeasure metres and to find out adequate solutions for them.

Civilization means pervasive progress in areas such as justice, relationships, behaviors and cultures of two groups. Each civilization presents to other civilizations intentionally or unintentionally what it owns. What leads to the dialogue between civilizations is their relationships and conflictions through wars and conquests as it happened in the history and is depicted sometimes in literary texts. Image recognition is a science which presents the image of a country or a nation in a way that helps the researcher to discover the presented images. Of the structures of this science is the image of the other which is contrasted with the image of ego. BahaTaher, the contemporary Egyptian novelist dedicated part of his novel Vahat Al-Ghoroobto present trilateral dialectic between the ego (Egyptian civilization) and the other (Greek civilization represented by Alexander the Great and Persian civilization represented by king Darius) andhe speaks about Egyptians (collective ego) and Persians and their king Darius and his army (negative other) from the other perspective. This research aims to study the presented images of Alexander the Great and Persians in the novel Vahat Al-Ghoroobrelyingon descriptive-analytical and historical approach and by investigating the dialogues taking place between characters of the novel. The results indicate that the positive western other is exemplifiedin Alexander the Great and the author pictures him as someone who possesses human virtues and has been popular among Egyptians. Someone who integrates the world in his egotism after his wars with Persians.

Romance is a literary genre that seems to be tied with European literature. Western scientists first have representedits definitions, types and features. In this paper, we study three romantic poems"VeisvaRamin" (Veis and ramin),"GolvaNorouz"(“Gol and Norouz”)and “JamshidvaKhorshid” ("JamshidandKhorshid") from different poets to clarify similarities and differences infeatures of this literary genre with what western scientistshave presented for European romance. According to the fact that romance includes different types from primitive and pastor to adventure and police films and postmodernliterature. Surely, comparing Persian literatures from different centuries, some changes in dominance of some motifs are certainly recognized in some works. These motivesexpress general direction and differences of romance in Persian literature. As we can obtain from this limited project, epic and miracle features are more faded in Veis and Ramin; two other poems i.e. “Gol and Norouz” and “Jamshid and Khorshid” are more adventurous; “Veis and Ramin” is more romantic. Chivalry and hero sanctification faces that are feudalistic features can be observable in “Gol and Norouz” and in none of these works, searching for treasure and killing dragon has been considered as main purpose.

Musicis the most important tool in poetic structure and one of the brilliant factors which distinguishes poetry from other literary techniques. Rhythmic element has a semantic and expressive power and a special importance in creating overall atmosphere of poetry and its structuralcoherence. The present research aims to explore rhythmic structure, elements and implications of music in Ode“Gasideh-e Al-Entefazeh”by SamihAl-Qasim. The ode comprises various musical elements which absorb and accompany the reader with the poet’s emotional state. In this research, rhythmic structure of the ode is studied through analyzing some rhythmic phenomena such as poetical meter, principles changes (Zahafat) and reasons, rhyme and whatever related to these phenomena. Also, some other musical phenomena likerounded line, poetical line, contrast, parallelism and repetition are studied. The descriptive-analytical and statistical methods using the analysis of ode details and separating its rhythmic elements to extract its semantic and aesthetic value have been used in this research. During the present research, it is specified that all rhythmic elements have a dominant role to have richer rhythmic and semantic structure of the ode and they have causedcoherence of its structure, totalizing ode uniformity and its enjoyment from a beautiful and musical structure.

Synesthesiais one ofthe fictional figures which has hadmore frequencyin creation of contemporary poems compared to the past. For this, the author tries to analyze and revealhow this figure has been used inpoems of two prominent female poets "Forough" and "Simin" and uses samples analysis and descriptive method through diagram and figures to evaluate this rhetorical element in their poems. It is concluded that using this artistic form for the two poets is significant in similarity in integrating senses and also senses frequency.ForoughFarokhzad has taken more advantageof synesthesia in contrast toSimin. Synesthesia was more frequent in the poetry of both poetsbased on the type (abstract to Sensory) compared to (Sensory to Sensory) one. Both poets have taken advantage of auditory and visual senses in way of integration of the senses.

Implicit or sentimental meaning is the one that is hidden within the word and affects its addressee and everyone receives it throughpersonal feelings. According to this issue, this paper tries to focus on external music of some Koran words and consider implicit meanings resulted from letter coherence and its special phonic effect on human's innerrelying on KashshafZamakhshari's interpretation such that this phonic coherence pictures the meaning included in it according to its sonic features and is effective on inner sentiments and also leads the receiver to the implicit meaning to which Zamakhsharipointed in his work "Kashshaf". This paper explained howthere is appropriateness and coordination between coherence of letters and implicit meaning following descriptive- analytical method and analyzed kashshaf based on Zamakhshari's interpretation. This study also unveiled affection of sonic features of letterson implicit meanings implication being appropriate to it and showed Zamakhshari's points to implicit meanings and proved that Zamakhshari has literary and rhetorical view about meanings related tocoherence of the letters.