فهرست مطالب

Medicinal Plants and By-products - Volume:6 Issue: 1, Summer and Autumn 2017

Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Summer and Autumn 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/07/12
  • تعداد عناوین: 14
|
  • Leila Falahhosseini, Mohammad Ali Alizadeh*, Saeed Vazan Pages 1-9
    Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is a widely used medicinal plant possessing several pharmacological effects due to presence of active compounds. In order to study of seed priming effects on seedling growth of chamomile, an experimental design, based on randomized complete design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands in 2014-2015. Experimental factors were A) three chamomile accessions as code of gene bank 8959 (Brojen), 15123 (Arak) and 23879 (Isfahan), B) five conservation methods including: medium-term storage (active cold room 4 C for 15 years), long- term storage (basic cold room-18 C for 15 years), regenerated seeds in open storage 22 C for 2 years (Control) and aged seed under accelerated ageing (40 C,98% of relative humidity for 48 and 72h) and C) priming treatments including: without priming /(control), osmopriming (PEG-0.3Mpa), hormonal priming (Gibberllic acid 250 and 500ppm), hydropriming (imbibition with distilled water). Data collected for seed emergence percent, root and shoot length, seedling length, vigor index, seedling weight and three Proxidase, Catalase and Super Oxid Desmotaz (SOD) enzymatic activities. Variance analysis showed significant effects of all factors and their interactions except accession by conservation interaction effects for seedling length (P
    Keywords: Chamomile, Matricaria, Deterioration, Priming, Germination, Seedling growth
  • Liela Rasoolzadeh, Parvin Salehi Shanjani *, Hamid Madani Pages 11-16
    Ageing induces seed deterioration expressed as the loss of seed vigor and/or viability. Priming treatment, which consists in soaking of seeds in a solution of low water potential, has been shown to reinvigorate aged seeds. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of naturally and accelerated aging on seed germination traits and enzyme activities (proxidase, catalase and superoxid dismutase) in three Achillea vermicularis accessions. Naturally aged seeds were provided from base (stored 10 or15 years at -18 C) and active (stored 10 or 15 years at 4 C) cold rooms of Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran. A two years harvested seeds of the accessions were aged under moisture of 100% and temperature of 40 °C for 48 and 72 hours. The seeds were primed by incubation for 24 hours at 15 °C in solution of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) −0.3 Mpa (as osmopriming), gibberellic acid 250 and 500 ppm (as hormone-priming). Non-primed seeds were used as control. ANOVA suggested significant different among three accessions of A. vermicularis for all germination traits and enzymes activities. Results showed that responses of different accessions to aging and priming treatments were significantly different. The data demonstrated that catalase is a key enzyme for seed repair against ageing ROSinduced damage during priming treatment.
    Keywords: Achillea, Deterioration, Priming, Germination, Catalase
  • Khosro Azizi * Pages 17-25
    Effects of biofertilizers and stacosorb polymer* on yield and yield components of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under drought stress were evaluated using a split-factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the agricultural research farm of Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran in 2013. The factors included drought condition (stressed and non-stressed) in the main plots, biofertilizer (nitroxin and barvar-2 phosphate) and stacosorb polymer [control and non-control] in the subplots. Results showed use of the biofertilizers had positive effects on the umbel number per plant, seed number per umbel, seed number per plant, harvest index, total dry matter, seed yield, plant height, and essential oil yield and percentage. The use of stacosorb had a significant positive effect on the plant height and seed number per plant under drought condition. The highest 1000-seed weight (4.82 g) was recorded in treatment with no fertilizer in the non-stressed plots. The highest total dry matter (192.7 g/m2) and seed yield (56.57 g/m2) were obtained from treatment with nitroxin in the non-stressed plots. The highest harvest index (45.24%) was recorded in treatment with the barvar-2 phosphate biofertilizer in the non-stressed plots. In conclusion, the biofertilizers affected significantly on some important traits of fennel. Also stacosorb polymer could counteract the unfavorable consequences of drought stress.
    Keywords: Biofertilizer, Drought stress, Fennel, Oil, Yield
  • Zeinab Safaei*, Majid Azizi, Gholamhossein Davarynejad, Hossein Aroiee Pages 27-33
    Concerns related to the rise of disposition to the application of the medicinal plants throughout the world have gone up on their cultivation and production processes. In order to study the effect of planting seasons on morphological traits, yield, oil content and oil composition of black cumin, an experiment was conducted under field condition in Mashhad, Iran in 2012-2013 as a randomized complete block design with two treatments and three replications. The treatments were included spring (April 2013) and autumn November 2012) planting dates. During growth seasons, the phonological stages in both autumn and spring were recorded. The results showed that the species could be planted well in spring and autumn. Also, results showed that with the delay in sowing from spring to autumn, plant height, branch number per plant, plant dry weight, LAI, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, seed number per plant, seed weight, and seed yield and oil content significantly decreased. Major constituents of fatty oil were determined as linoleic, palmitic and oleic acid. Spring sowing dates and maximum change was seen in linoleic acid from 55.71% in autumn to 55.5% in spring. Growth periods from sowing to fruiting stage were 187 and 103 days in autumn and spring sowing date, respectively.
    Keywords: Black cumin, Sowing date, Yield, Oil content, Fatty acids
  • Masoumeh Layeghhaghighi, Moazzam Hassanpour Asil*, Bohloul Abbaszadeh, Fatemeh Sefidkon, Mohammad Matinizadeh Pages 35-40
    Nepeta is one of the biggest geniuses of Lamiaceae family which N. pungens, N. binaludensis, N. isphanica, N. pogonosperma and N. bracteata has been used traditionally in Iran. Nepeta pogonesperma is one of the endemic Nepeta species in Alamut region (Qazvin Province ). So in this research the aerial parts of Nepeta pogonesperma in full flowering stage were collected from Kheshchal altitudes of Alamut (2400, 2600 and 2800 m). Some main morphological characters of plant were measured. Essential oil were obtained by hydro distillation (Clevenger apparatus) and were analyzed by GC/MS. Results were showed that in high altitude (2800m) the yield and quantity of the essential oil components of plant were increased and the 1,8-cineole had the highest content (80.7%). 19 compounds were identified in the essential oil of this plant, Such as α-Pinene, Sabinene, β-Pinene, Myrcene, δ-3-Carene, ρ-Cymene, Limonene, 1,8-Cineole, Cis-Sabinene hydrate, Terpinolene, Linalool, Cis-pMenth-2-en-1-ol, Pinocarvone, Borneol, Terpinen-4-ol, α-Terpineol, 4aα-7α-7aβ-Nepetalactone, α-Humulene and Viridiflorol. Variance analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between altitudes in the weight of leaf, stem and flower and total plant weight and oil percentage (α≤0.01). According to the means comparison of the highest leaf and flower weight were belonged to 2400 and 2600 m with 63.7 and 35.7g, respectively. The maximum amount of oil percentage and 1,8-Cineole were observed in 2400 m with 0.55 and 80.7%, respectively. In this research, there were many changes in altitudes in essential oil combinations, which can be increased the production and performance of Nepetalactone, by applying nature-generated modeling factors.
    Keywords: Altitudes level, Habitat, 1, 8, Cineole, Nepetalactone
  • Marzieh Dalir, Abbas Safarnejad * Pages 41-52
    Thyme is an important medicinal plant in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industries. The first step for breeding of thyme is evaluating of genetic variation and relationship between thyme’s accessions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate morphology, chemical and molecular variation of 13 accessions of Thyme medicinal plant. ANOVA showed significant differences between accessions for total characterization tested. The dendrogram constructed on the basis of morphology similarities showed two major clusters. In order to evaluate the genetic variation, the genomic DNA was extracted using modified medicinal CTAB protocol. The evaluation of the of DNA quality was performed using electrophoresis. Twenty primers were used for PCR analysis and only 9 primers showed clear bands. Out of 149 bands, 83.22% were the polymorphism. The data were analyzed with SPSS and POPGENE programs and the dendrogram was drawn based on UPGMA and showed three major clusters. In order to evaluate the chemical variation, essential oil was obtained using Clevenger unit. ANOVA showed significant differences between accessions for total characterization test. Dendrogram for chemical variation showed two major clusters. Chemical and morphological traits’ matrices were formed using Statistical V5.5A software and were compared with genetic similarity matrices using GenAlex 6.1 software.
    Keywords: Thymus L., Marker, Genetic, Essential oil, RAPD
  • Mahboobeh Babaee Khalajee*, Kamkar Jaimand, Shahla Mozaffari, Seyed Ahmad Mirshokraie Pages 53-58
    Lavandula angustifolia Mill. syn. Lavandula officinalis Chaix was commonly known as lavender is a species of the genus Lavandula from Lamiaceae family is among the top 10 pharmaceutical plant. Lavender species are grown worldwide primarily for their essential oils, which are used in the food processing, aromatherapy products, cosmetics and perfumes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the essential oils composition of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) cultivated in 3 provinces, Esfehan, Tehran, and Alburz province in Iran. This research examines it has been done on effects of different methods of distillation and habitat conditions on quantity and quality of oil of Lavandula officinalis flowering top plants cultivated in three regions were collected and after drying at room temperature in shadow. Esstential oils were extracted with three methods of distillation (water, steam and water and steam). Thirty compounds were identified in the essential oils, respectively. Components of essential oils from the Lavandula officinalis L. were determined using gas chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The important components in the Kashan area from Isfahan province were1,3,8-p- menthatriene (37.7 upto 39.8%), γ- terpinene (17.1 upto 19%), Linalyl formate (13.1 upto 15.08%), oil yield were 8.54 upto 10.03%, respectively. The important components in the Alburz province were ,3,8-p-menthatriene (31.7 upto 34.2%), γ- terpinene (24.2 upto 26.4%), Linalyl formate (11.8 upto 14%), oil yield were 5.5 upto 6.12%, respectively. The important components in the Tehran province were 1,3,8-p- menthatriene (32.5 upto 34.1%), γ- terpinene (25 upto 29.8%), Linalyl formate (7.8 upto 9%), oil yield were 10.26 upto 12.13%, respectively.
    Keywords: Lavandula officinalis, Essential oil, Cultivated, Distillation, Gas chromatography
  • Sahar Eari, Mahnaz Aghdasi*, Elham Ahmadzadeh, Manijeh Mianabadi Pages 59-69
    The Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. is the dicotyledonous herbs of the Asteraceae family that is important in medical industry. The biological active compound of S. marianum is a mixture of several flavonolignals generally known as silymarin. The purpose of this study was to optimize S. marianum tissue culture for callus induction, silymarin production and comparison of some biochemical traits between explants and its derived callus. In this experimental study, the seeds were surface sterilized and transferred to MS medium to achieve sterile seedlings. Then, the effects of different concentrations of 2,4-D either alone or in combination with Kin were investigated on callus induction and silymarin production of root and leaf explants from sterile seedlings. The experiment was performed in complete randomized design with three replicates. The results revealed that the highest percentage of callus induction and silymarin accumulation (14.4%) were observed with 0.5 and 1 mg/L 2,4-D and Kin in root explant after one month. The quantitative and qualitative data from HPLC method revealed that the major flavonolignans in the root and its derived callus was isosilybin B (ISBNB). But the main component in leaf explant and its derived callus was silydianin (SDN). The results showed that silymarin level in root and leaf explants was lower than their derived callus. Meanwhile lignin amount in the root and leaf explants was much higher than corresponding callus. In addition, peroxidase activity was significantly higher in callus derived from root explant, compared to leaf explant and its derived callus. The current data demonstrated that callus derived from root explants can be an efficient source for silymarin production.
    Keywords: Antioxidant, Callus, Flavonolignan, Silymarin
  • Mahdieh Ebrahimi *, Asma Ricki Maryshany, Ebrahmi Shirmohammadi Pages 71-79
    The present study focused on effects of Trifolium alexandrium L. extract (0.002, 0.004 and control) which is a fast-growing plant on germination, growth and nutrients uptake of medicinal plant Peganum harmala L. Results revealed that T. alexandrium extract had significant (P
    Keywords: Plant growth, Photosynthesis, Peganum harmala L., Trifolium alexandrium L
  • Manizhe Abdollahpoor *, Siamak Kalantari, Majid Azizi, Yusef Ali Saadat Pages 81-89
    Hypericum perforatum L. (St. Johns’ wort) is the most commercially important species of the genus Hypericum and contains a wide range of components including naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols, tannins, xanthones, phenolic acids and essential oil. In order to establish an efficient protocol for regeneration, the effects of explant type and plant growth regulators on direct and indirect shoot regeneration in H. perforatum were evaluated. According to obtained results the media supplemented with 0.1 mg l-1 Benzyl Adenine (BA) was effective for shoot proliferation from shoot tip explants of H. perforatum that showed the highest shoots number (15.5 shoots per explant) and shoot height (2.07 cm). In second experiment a method for rapid micro propagation of H. perforatum through indirect plant regeneration from calli has been developed. The results demonstrated that a combination of auxin and cytokinin was needed for optimum callus induction and leaf segments were suitable explant for callus induction in H. perforatum. Callus induction was observed in most studied treatments but the highest callus volume (1.43 cm3) was obtained by leaf segments in media supplemented with 0.25 mg l-1 2,4Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mg l-1 Kinetin. Successful shoot regeneration from callus was observed in MS medium containing 0.5 mg l-1 BA, which resulted the highest shoot proliferation rate (61.75%) and maximum number of induced shoots (9 shoots per explant). All of shoots formed root in media with 0.5 mg l-1 Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on which 100% of the regenerated shoots developed roots with an average number of 5 roots per shoot. The plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the greenhouse with 80% survival. This in vitro propagation protocol should be useful for conservation as well as mass propagation of H. perforatum plant.
    Keywords: Hypericum perforatum L., Shoot formation, Callus induction, Micro propagation
  • Seyed Yaghoub Zeraatkish* Pages 91-96
    Among Medical products, jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is very important due to its very high nutritional value. Jujube as one of the most valuable medicinal plants can play an important role in Iran's non-oil exports. In spite of this fact, unfortunately, the production, distribution and marketing of this product are confronted with a number of obstacles. Therefore, this study can help for identifying the market layers challenges of this product in accordance with the production. Since, the retail price has a significant effect on the marketing margin, if the margin control and preventing its increase is desired, it is necessary to adopt appropriate strategies as applying continuous monitoring, and avoid volatility and rising of prices. It seems the pattern of changes in retail jujube prices is similar to the pattern of changes in producer prices. The retail-margin function is influenced by retail price, retailer cost and the wholesale margin. The results of estimating of the marketing margin function indicate that the marketing margin have a direct relationship with the retail price.
    Keywords: Jujube, Marketing, Market margin
  • Mehdi Rahimi *, Mojtaba Kordrostami Pages 97-104
    Genetic diversity of 12 lemon balm ecotypes was evaluated using agronomic traits as well as ISSR and RAPD markers. Results of analysis of variance showed high diversity among the studied ecotypes. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method grouped the ecotypes into three different groups based on the agronomic traits. Twelve ISSR primers created 106 polymorphic bands among the studied ecotypes. An ISSR primer called UBC813 with 16 bands and UBC811, UBC815 and UBC817 primers with 15 bands had the highest number of polymorphic bands and UBC825 with 8 bands had the lowest number of polymorphic bands. In addition, 10 RAPD primers, created 127 polymorphic bands, among them OPA-01 with 22 bands and BB13 and OC4 primers with 19 and 18 bands had the highest number of polymorphic bands. In contrast, OS-03 and OB20 markers had the lowest number of polymorphic bands with 14 and 15 bands, respectively. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged between 0.33 to 0.37 for ISSR markers and 0.31 to 0.37 for RAPD markers. Marker index (MI) value ranged between 1.11 to 4.38 for ISSR markers and 1.85 to 5.28 for RAPD markers. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method based on ISSR and RAPD markers results clustered the studied ecotypes into three and two different groups, respectively, by which the percentage of similarity of the two grouping method was about 50%. Grouping the ecotypes based on both molecular markers and agronomic traits matched each other about 40 to 60%.
    Keywords: Cluster Analysis, Genetic Diversity, ISSR, RAPD
  • Ali Ammarellou* Pages 105-110
    The study was carried out with 38 collected garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars from 3 important garlic production area in Iran (Zanjan, Hamadan and Mazandaran). The cloves were planted in 30 × 30 cm pots in control conditions (average temperature: 20 °C and 60 % RH). Randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted. The bulbing characteristics such as bulb weight, bulb circumference and number of cloves per bulb were evaluated. Although all 38 parental bulbs had multiple cloves, but only few cultivars have produced multi cloves in greenhouse conditions. Two classes of garlic cultivars were observed. Class A including 26 cultivars formed only single clove that their bulb weights were varied between 7 to 25.2 g. Class B including 12 cultivars were produce normal bulbs. The cultivar of Zanjan had the biggest bulbs (65 g in average) and others (Tarom 9, Tarom 14 & Hamadan1-5) were intermediate (with the average weight of 40 g). The number of clove in each bulb in class B was 6-11. Identification and assessment records revealed that 83 % of cultivars in class B are multi cloves related to owned areas that planted in the spring seasons such as Zanjan and Hamadan (cold regions). Our research demonstrated that normal bulbing in garlic can be done successfully in greenhouse depend on genotype. We identified 12 Iranian garlic genotypes for greenhouse planting which can produce normal and commercially multi cloves successfully. Other 26 genotypes that produced single clove were suitable for cooking usages due to easy skin peeling. Selection and introduce of suitable genotypes for greenhouse planting with normal bulbing, increase the garlic production in cold provinces and can serve in genetic and physiological studies as well as in breeding programs.
    Keywords: Garlic, Allium sativum L., Bulbing, Single clove
  • Behzad Babazadeh Darjazi * Pages 111-116
    Studies have shown that oxygenated compounds are important in beverage and food products. It seems that Citrus rootstocks have a profound influence on these factors. The goal of the present study is to investigate on rootstocks and these factors. Peel oil components were extracted using cold-press method and eluted using nhexane. All compounds analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Duncan’smultiple range tests. Twenty-seven, Twenty-seven and Twenty-four peel components were identified in Sour orange, Swinglecitromelo and Troyer citrang respectively. They include aldehydes, alcohols, esters,monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The major flavor components identified included limonene, β-myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, (E)-β-ocimeneand γ-terpinene. Among the three rootstocks examined, Swinglecitromelo showed the highest content of aldehydes. Considering that aldehyde content of Kumquat is as one of indicators of high quality, it seems that Citrus rootstocks have a profound influence on this factor.
    Keywords: Peel oil, Citrus rootstock, Flavor components