نشریه پژوهش های نقد ادبی و سبک شناسی
پیاپی 3 (بهار 1390)

This article aims at investigating the structure and plot of stories in Gulistan of Sa¨adi. Inaddition, the manner in which Sa¨adi has made use of structure and form to develop stories is scrutinized. In the first place, the concepts of structure and plot are explained and then the stories are analyzed from two standpoints. First, the plot which consists of introduction, conflict, predicament, climax and conclusion are examined and then the structure and form of stories are analyzed.

Shahname is regarded as one of the literary masterpieces in the world with regard to its rich content on the one hand & its importance in the Persian language on the other. It is also the oldest work that has been reached to us thoroughly & has had a great impact on Persian literature. In this unique work Firdausi has used the power of imagination to express his thoughts and opinions. Also various kinds of imagination have an artistic reflection in his work. In addition, he has used irony as the most natural and powerful way to express meanings in comparison with other forms of imagination. This article aims at collecting the ironies along with examples in the historical part of Shahname. The results show that most of the collected ironies in the historical part are verbal ironies and allusions which are used in contemporary works and some of them which can be applied in other poetical and heroic works are just specific to Shahname.

The critique and review of poetic practices can pave the way to understand and introduce the personal and general styles of poets. These practices are transferred from one period to another and have always been one of the primary elements of the art of writing poetry and literature. These practices especially in the realm of rhetoric, stylistics and literary criticism are rather significant. Pseudonym is one of these practices which has drawn the attention of many poets to itself in different periods and has been the birthplace of new artistry and emergence of poetic tricks. This article discusses some of the stylistic properties of Amir Hushang Ebtehaj in the realm of contemporary ghazel. It analyzes his pseudonym "saye" (i.e. shadow) as well. The way he uses this pseudonym in ghazels and poetical aesthetics that Ebtehaj created using this wonderful pseudonym have made his style unique.

Musaffa believes that the longest and the most complex rhythms appear in the poems by Sanaei, and those who have an experience of these rhythms in Sanaei's poem will not be taken aback by the rhythms of Khaghani. Since Khaghani believes only in Sanaei among his contemporaries, is it possible to show Sanaei's effect on Khaghani in the area of rhythmic music by comparing the rhythms between these two poets? This paper is an attempt to clarify this important point.

Ever since the human has become aware of the differences in his own kinds, he has turned to battles so as to make up for his deficiencies, while the ones attacked have engaged in self-defense and perseverance. Therefore, perseverance roots back to the primitive years of the human life on this planet. Mythology, as one of the ancient sub-branches of the literature, entails the idea of perseverance. Besides, you can find the rudimentary symbols of perseverance in the mythology and epic part of the literature. As a result, myths and epics are representative symbols of the Perseverance Literature; even when they are introduced using the figurative language, they speak of the realities that people have been involved in. Therefore, being aware of the Myths familiarizes us with parts of the Perseverance History, that is to say the history of the mankind's perseverance and withstanding against the nature and the intrusive forces. This article aims at reviewing and analyzing the Perseverance Literature in the most important Sumerian myths, opening with a short introduction on the history of the human life and perseverance models in the primitive eras. The findings of this study show that Sumerian's literature and poetry call for their reader's attention and concentration trying to guide him as well as providing him with enough knowledge and encouraging him to change the current circumstances.

Kelile and Demne" is one of the most important treasures in Persian literature which isresearched considerably by researchers from time immemorial. Since this book has been translated in different periods there were some translators who have changed this book according to their own taste. One of the most well-known translators of it is Abolmaali Nasrollah Monshi. There are some differences in elements of story such as characterization, tone, and plot between Ibn_e_Moghafa's translation and Nasrollah Monshis. This study attempts to show how Nasrollah Monshi has elaborately applied such elements in his translation.

One of the approaches in modern literary criticism is psychological criticism. We can perform psychoanalysis on fictional characters in the same way as we do on real human beings, which help to obtain a better understanding of the work as well as to improve the status of literature. After providing an introduction regarding the relationship between literature and psychology, this paper will analyze Alavis“The lead soldier”(Sarbaz_e_Sorbi) from a psychological point of view.“The lead soldier is one of the stories in his collection "The suitcase”(Chamedan)" which was written according to Freudian ideas and theories.

Isfahan, this artistic land, from early years had been a place for great scientists and famousliterati.“Rasi naeeni is one of these poets and literati who had been in literary school of Isfahan and in this city, has created one of the attractive, eye_catching works of the sheite's literature. His most important work is a book named Lesan_ol_Zakerin. The book that is the eloquent mouthpiece of all Persian_speaking people. In fact, it is the language of all Persian_speaking poets that describe virtues and difficulties of our virtuous Imams. The purpose of this article is to briefly introduce this poet/writer and his important work.