نشریه تحقیقات مهندسی سازه های آبیاری و زهکشی
سال هجدهم شماره 69 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

In this study two methods of measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity namely: Guelph permeameter and Tension Disc Infiltrometer were compared in the experimental field of Moghan Faculty of Agriculture containing Sandy-loam soil texture . Guelph experiments were performed by using Guelph penetrometer model k2800. In this regard, 15 boreholes each with 5 cm diameter and 25 cm depth were drilled in a grid of 2×2 m and discharge was measured at the hydraulic heads of 5 and 10 cm. .. Experiments were performed based on completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 15 replicates. Also in the Tension Disc Infiltrometer, determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity was performed on the same grid with 5, 10, 15 cm suction heads. The average hydraulic conductivity obtained for Tension Disc Infiltrometer, Guelph permeameter in 5,10 cm of hydraulic heads and Guelph two depths analysis was found to be 7, 3, 4, 6.2 cm per hour, respectively. Results of Fisher test revealed that all methods are classified in a group and not significantly different from each other at the 0.01 level and beyond, . Average values for the inverse of macroscopic capillary length parameter was obtained to be 0.07 cm-1 and as the value of saturated soil hydraulic conductivity increased , an increase in the value of inverse macroscopic capillary length parameter was observed.

Applying bottom racks to divert water from the river bed is one of the most common methods in water diversion works. Problems due to rack installation on diversion channel have led to propose new idea of bottom intake with porous media. In the present investigation by conduduction of several experiments and by using laboratory equipments, , diverted discharge were measured for different grain size distributions of porous media, three lengths and three heights for intake and rates of flow. According to the obtained results, as the the grain size increased, diverted flow was also increased, but as the increasing uniformness coefficient of grain intake was increased, diverted flow decreased between 4 to 6 percent. diverted discharge increased with an increase of the length and height of intake. For example increasing intake length from 15 cm to 45 cm for intake model with H=10 cm, d50=15.3 mm and Qt=14.82 lit/s, caused 25% increase in diverted discharge. Minimum and maximum values of relative diverted discharge in investigation was found to be 13 and 90 percent respectively. Comparison of the results of this research with previous research findings, showed that the rate of diverted discharge under new conditions decreased. By analysis of experimental data and using dimensional analysis and multivariate regression, a new equation for estimation of discharge coefficient with the value of R2=0.897 was developed.

Lateral dead zone Studies are very important because the flow turbulence specifications in this situation are not fully known yet. Also in a series of lateral dead zones, their placement, number and size have different effect on the flow pattern. In this study, an attempt was made to determine the ability of STAR-CCM in three-dimensional simulating of flow in series of rectangular ateral dead zone. For this purpose, the results of an experimental model was used. STAR-CCM was calibrated to determine the most suitable turbulence models and in order to validate, resuts, the data obtained from transverse fluctuations along the width of channel was used. data . The results showed that accelerating the flow in the main channel more flow separation and increase the flow velocity gradient near the upstream corner of dead zone. With the entry into dead zone, average flow velocity reduces and low-velocity zone appears as a circular area. Analyzing the flow pattern showed that in simulation of turbulence distribution RANS 2-end order model has a better efficiency in comparison with RANS 1-end order model. Finally the LES model showed the highest efficiency in the flow simulation.

One of the most widely used geotechnical parameters is hydraulic permeability, which is affected by pore distribution and surface area of soil particles and any parameters cause a major change in hydraulic permeability. In the present study the effect of adding hydrated lime and mixture of rice husk ash and hydrated lime at the ratio of 1:1 on horizontal saturated hydraulic conductivity was examined by using of sample physical model. Mixtures of lime and rice husk namely: 2, 4 and 6 % by weight of dry soil) were added to a non-cohesive sample, and hydraulic permeability was tested after 28 days. The results showed that addition of lime to the soil increased its hydraulic conductivity. Addition of 4 % mixtuer yielded the maximum hydraulic conductivity. Addition of more lime decreased the hydraulic conductivity, although greater than hydraulic conductivity of control sample. Results showed that rice husk ash and lime mixture acts as a catalyst and accelerates the pozzolanic reaction, which in turn causes a partial decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of sample. These results are attributed to effects of two processes of cation exchange and pozzolanic reaction between lime and rice husk ash on the hydraulic conductivity.

Rockfill material is frequently used in construction of hydraulic structures. The cross flow regime which is mostly None-Darcy regime and estimation of friction coefficients have been investigated frequently. Many researchers have studied the relationship between Reynolds number and friction coefficient in both power and fractional forms. In this research, by using two types of rock material namely with: median diameters of , , three entrance discharges and three hydraulic gradients the important factors in estimation of friction coefficients was investigate. Results showed that against results of previous studies, in flow through rockfill media, having free water surface, the Froude Number demonstrated a better relationship with friction coefficient rather than Reynolds Number. Also it was observed that due to the formation of M2 longitudinal profile through the rackfill media, the active cross section along the profile decreases and consequently the friction coefficient towards exit of media decreases. Further it can be concluded that the computed friction coefficients for completely flow through the medias are much higher than friction coefficients of channel free surface flows. Finally an attempt was made to draw the relationships in power form between effective none-dimensional parameters like Froude number, geometric ratio of flow depth and rock diameter and friction coefficients in two form of Manning and darcy-weisbach. Using combination of two none-dimensional parameters (Froude number and geometric ratio of flow depth and media diameter) two applicable relationships for darcy-weisbach and manning coefficients have been presented which have estimation accuracies of 14 and 26 percent respectively.

The piano key weirs are used at storage dam’s crest and irrigation and drainage systems. Piano key weirs are the newest type of long-crested weirs that have most crest length in comparison to Labyrinth weirs with the same width, because they increase the discharge capacity. Using baffles at outlet of piano key weirs with the purpose of increasing energy dissipation, is a method that has been less investigated. ,. In this investigation the subject of dissipation of energy in such structures is taken into consideration, by considering the effective parameters. , The physical models based on two different design (N) were fabricated in order to investigate the effect of design of baffles. The baffles were fixed on weir outlet key consisting of two formation namely: N1 (rows of 2 & 3 baffles that have just crossed) and N2 (2 rows of baffles). Total number of 27 tests were carried out in the range of 5 to 135 lit/s discharge. The test results showed that the energy dissipation decreases with increasing discharge. The energy dissipation in model with formation (2-2) was about 1.16 percent more than model with formation (3-2) and about 8.6 percent more than model with no baffle. Also the trend of discharge coefficient in this type of weir was evaluated. This means that the maximum amount of theoretical discharge Coefficient method was 0.63 and using integral method was 2.54 in all experimental models.

The effect of applying the crest weir vertical bar at the entrance basin was studied for controling the free vortex,.Experiments were conducted by changing angle of attack inflow to the reservoir α, in order to produce the vortex action. To study the effect of the inlet weir teeth, different scenarios were analyzed. In this study effect of slope of the crown wheel weir keys was evaluated too. The results showed that increasing the angle of approach flow of the intake location increases the strength of the vortex and consequently, reduces the coefficient of discharge flow. In other words by changing the angle of attack of zero flow from zero to 30 degrees and 60 degrees on an average 23.3 and 37.1 percent reduction in oefficient of flow discharge was noticed. . Results also showed that the best weir performance belonged to weir with the relative height of P/D and value of 1.5. Comparison of the results showed that under the terms of eddy current free morning glory spillway, the overflow crowns, can be considered as a viable alternative.

Ogee crested spillways having superb hydraulic properties including simplicity in design and flow passing efficacy. So far, limited research in the area of prediction and the extraction of discharge coefficient relationship is conducted. In current study two different methods for modeling the discharge coefficient of the converging ogee spillway with a curve axis by was developed and results were compared with the observed experimental values through the Genetic Expression Programming (GEP) and artificial networks (ANNs) approaches. For this purpose, the experimental data of the Germi chay ogee spillway model with varying training wall convergence angles (), was used. Based on the obtained results, applied Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have reliable performance in predicting the discharge coefficient of converging ogee spillways. Moreover, the performance of GEP model is a bit better than ANN technique with relatively low error and high correlation values. To recognize the most effective variables on the discharge coefficient, sensitivity analysis of GEP for the best model was carried out. Results showed that ratio of the design head to the critical depth (Hd/yc) and ratio of the crest length to the downstream channel width (L/Lch) are the most and least important parameters in predicting the discharge coefficient of the converging ogee spillway respectively. The best evaluation of test series were observed in GEP approach with the values of DC=0.818 and RMSE=0.089 and in ANNs approach with the values of DC=0.77 and RMSE=0.099 which demonstrates the high accuracy of predictions.

Geomembranes is a kind of geosynthetics that is used to control water losses in water storage ponds. and conveyance irrigation canals with a a fast growing rate. This lining material, in addition to the ease and speed of execution, can control water seepage losses completely. In this research, the role of execution and operation issues in control of water seepage losses in geomembrane linings was investigated. For this purpose, in 5 provinces of Alborz, Isfahan, Khouzestan, Semnan and Hamedan, 15 cases (ponds) were selected. All of these ponds were lined with HDPE geomembrane sheets with a thickness of 1.5 mm , made in Iran, with a lifetime of 8 years and ponds depth was 3 meters. Total water losses in these ponds were determined in three stages of one crop year. . Based on the results, the amount of water seepage losses from geomembrane lining is between 0.1 to 37.6 and on an average 13.9 liters/m2/day, which is about 125 times lower than the seepage losses in concrete lining. The lowest seepage losses were in Hamadan and Khuzestan provinces with 0.3 and 0.2 liters/m2/day ,respectively, and the highest value belonged to Alborz, Isfahan and Semnan provinces with 23.1, 16.2 And 29.6 liters/m2/day, respectively. Due to the uniformity of the geomembrane sheets and the geometric conditions of the ponds, the difference in the amount of seepage losses was found to be related to the quality of the execution and operation issues of geomembrane lining in the ponds. The most important issues in the ponds with high value of water seepage losses were the lack of attention to the slopes of the bed in design and execution, sediment accumulation and the need for dredging during operation, inadequate bed prepration and compaction, the presence of rocks and sharp objects under the lining, the formation of wave, the cuts due to the absence of under lining in the weld sides and the corners of the pond and human destruction during the lining.

Water crisis due to high demand of water in agricultural sector is becoming more evident on day by day basis, hence the use of unconventional water resources, especially drained agricultural water is gaining importance. In this investigation the efficacy of four types of biological filters namely: wheat straw, rice husk, cotton stalk and wood sawdust for improving the quality of agricultural drainage water with respect to factors like, salinity, acidity, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, phosphate, sulphate, pH, TDS and TSS was investigated under a pilot scale study. Analysis of variance showed that no statistically significant difference between different treatments in terms of the impact on the parameters studied, except for nitrates. Based on the results of this study, all the drainage water filters were effective in improving the quality of wastewater for agriculture, so any of them can be used to this end, since these types of filters are available in all region of the country. The results showed that in terms of eutrophication of water resources, when wastewater discharged to surface water resources, the sawdust and cotton stalk filters, the removed nitrate,was 63.23 and 60.12 percent and the removed phosphate was 20 and 20.7 percent respectively and were superior to other filters. Based on the qualitative analysis of wastewater output of the studied biofilters, and comparing it with standards pertaining to maximum allowable limit for application in agricultural fields, it can be concluded that about 260 million Square meters of drainage water available from irrigation network in Moghan.irrigation network is suitable for production of wheat, barley and cotton under different planting patterns in the region.