مجله اقتصاد منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 9 (زمستان 1394)

Recently, urbanism in world level has reached to more than 50%and its increasing trend is predictable. A great part of urbaynism in recent decades has been due to urbanism increase in developing countries. Several factors are engaged in this process and one of the most important of these factors is migration to cities especially rural – urban migrations. This factor causes increasing of travel demand and therefore it increases energy demand for transportation and pollution increase.
In many countries, raising of oil price and increasing of people knowledge level about worsening of environmental balance has obliged governments, environment agencies , organizations and automobile factories to design potent automobiles by using replaced energy sources like electricity, hydrogen, ethanol and solar energy. One of alternates is hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV). HEVs are combinations of internal combustion motors of common automobiles with high battery and voltage and electrical motors from electrical automobiles.
This research tries to study the rate of people's tendency to pay for hybrid automobiles. The statistical society is Kerman city people in time period of 2014-2015. Sample content had been computed by Cochran formula and was affirmed and analyzed by using contingent valuation method of mentioned model. The results obtained from this study show that variables of age, income, children number and marriage status have a positive and significant relation with tendency to pay and variables of education, the number of automobiles and sex are ineffective. It can be said that married people with high income have more tendency to buy automobile. Based on demand curve, too, there is a reverse relation between income and tendency to pay according to demand function. In higher prices of automobiles people's tendency is less.

Forest is one of the most important sources of economic development in many developing countries. In the booklet of forestry plan, costs are predicted for every ten-year while total volume of timber harvest is specified annually. Based on wood price differences of forest woody species, the annual income of project manager is not clear. In this study, for the first time, total value of siah-roud forestry plan, timber was estimated and the wood price average was computed. The Random-Systematic method was carried out and tree species with their qualitative characteristics were recorded. Then, based on wood price of different species, forest value and average wood price per cube meter was estimated 257 bilion rial and 2768000 rial, respectively. With this proposed average, manager will be able to predict annual income for organizing current costs of project.

An application of big-push reasoning suggests that natural resource booms can be important catalysts for development in developing countries. In this paper we examine this theory in 16 natural resource exporting countries including: United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Algeria, Indonesia, India, Iran, Islamic Rep., Kuwait, Libya, Mexico, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar and Saudi Arabia in period of 1966 till 2010. For this aim IPS and LLC unit root tests, Pesaran (2004) and Frees (2004) cross section dependency tests, and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) have been used. The result of this paper shows natural resource abundance increase economic growth as a big push.

The main purpose of this paper is the impact of resources abundance on social capital among countries exporting crude oil. For this purpose, two groups of countries, including major exporters of crude oil (oil economies) and other oil-exporting countries during the period 2005 -2011 using panel data is studied. The results show that resource abundance in both groups of countries has a significant negative effect on social capital, but the severity of this effect in the oil-economies countries is much higher than other oil-exporting countries .

Caspian see is an important source of fish. Different factors are affected on harvest from it such as, effort, environmental factors and economic factors. In this paper, with Schaefer modal and VAR, we survey effective factors on harvest of fish from Caspian see during 1991-2013 and use from Granjer causality test. Results reveal that, increasing of fishers and harvest ships as effort factors and average price of fish as economic factor have positive effect on quantity of harvest. But rainy day as environment factor has negative effect on quantity of harvest. Variance decomposition reveals that, price has more effect on quantity of harvest.

The use of renewable sources of energy in different countries is taken into consideration owing to reasons such as the renewability and reduction of bio-environmental pollution. In this research, the relation between economic growth and use of renewable sources of energy is investigated in Iran from 1971 to 2014 in the framework of multivariate model. Results indicate the significant impact of all explanatory variables on economic growth in the long term. In addition, the variables of the use of renewable energy, energy use of fossil fuel and degree of commercial openness have a positive impact on economic growth. During the studying period, the emission of CO2 has positive impact on Iran’s economic growth. The result is consistent with the research theoretical principles and most of empirical studies conducted in developing and developed countries. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that economic policymakers should reduce the production of greenhouse gas causing the emission of CO2 by implementing appropriate polices such as the use of renewable sources of energy.