Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:6 Issue: 3, 2016

Eccentric muscle action is mechanically more efficient but employs a unique activation strategy which predisposes the muscle to damage. Type II muscle fibers are more susceptible than type I fibers to muscle damage; hence, velocity probably interferes with mechanical stress and thus may modulate muscle damage. The purpose of this review study was to investigate the effect of contraction velocity on selected muscle damage indices following acute eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.
Material & Looking up related articles published in valid scientific databases such as PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, Science Direct, and SID with standard keywords and according to the research criteria, 16 studies (1980 to 2015) were selected.
Ten studies showed that high velocity eccentric exercise induced greater muscle damage. Five studies showed no differences between velocities, and a single study indicated a greater magnitude of muscle damage following slow eccentric exercise.
Thus, greater magnitude of damage is induced by contractions performed at a higher velocity. However, considering differences during tension in the majority of studies, focusing on elbow flexor muscles and muscle damage profile variety in various muscle groups, and more animal and human studies in other muscular groups are necessary to confirm how the velocity of acute eccentric exercise would affect the muscle damage.

Using fertility treatment has increased markedly in recent decades. However, various concerns associated with the use of fertility drugs, such as increased risk of cancer, has developed. The objective of the present study is to overview studies in the field of infertility, ovulation induction, and its impact on cancer risks in women.
Material & This study is a review of all articles published during the years 1995 and 2014 through databases SID, magiran, Medlib, pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Comprehensive search was done with the keywords of infertility, ovulation induction, the risk of cancer, gynecological cancer, clomiphene citrate, human chorionic gonadotropin, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer for Persian articles and their English equivalents for English articles. After reviewing, a total of 79 articles were included in the study.
Various studies revealed the possibility of an increased risk of uterine, ovarian, and breast cancer and hormonal changes associated with ovulation stimulation. But these results are not conclusive because of small sample size, short follow-up periods, and vague information about the type and the way drug is consumed.
Mainly women's cancer are associated with hormonal issues. Controversy over research results requisite further evaluation in order to investigate the impact of ovulation-inducing drugs on cancer risk which needs a well designed study.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequently opportunistic pathogens isolated from nosocomial infections, responsible for severe infections such as bacteremia, endocarditis, and skin infections. Surface proteins such as fibrinogen and fibronectin-binding proteins are important factors in adhesion and invasion of S. aureus. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the presence of genes clfA, clfB, fnbA, and fnbB in isolates of S. aureus collected from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients in Hospitals of Zabol -Iran.
In this cross-sectional study, 100 S. aureus isolates were collected from January to August 2013 from hospitalized patients at zabol-Iran. The isolates were confirmed by conventional biochemical tests. DNA of all isolates was extracted by boiling method. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the presence of virulence genes. The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test.
The results of this study showed that 50% of isolates possess at least one of the studied genes. The frequency of genes encoding fibrinogen (clfA, clfB) and fibronectin (fnbA, fnbB) were 19%, 16% and 25%, 19% respectively.
This study showed that the studied genes are found in small percentage of isolates. Further investigations on these genes are needed to clarify their role in the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections.

The present study surveys the effects of propofol on cutaneous wound healing in rats.
36 adult female Strague-Dawely rats were divided into three groups randomly; in group one propofol (60 mg/kg) and ketamine (40 mg/kg) combination; in group two ketamine (50 mg/kg), and in group three propofol (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Following routine surgical preparation, 1.5×1.5 cm wounds were created on the back of the rats. Wound size was evaluated daily and then the wound area was calculated by Digimizer software. Following euthanasia on day 21 after wounding, 1×1 cm skin samples were collected for histopathological evaluations and hydroxyproline content.
Wound size and hydroxyproline content showed no significant difference in propofol group compared to ketamine and propofol-ketamine groups. Fibroblast content and vascularity revealed no significant difference between groups. Inflammatory cell infiltration in ketamine group, collagen deposition in ketamine-propofol groups, and epithelial regeneration in propofol group were significantly higher in comparison with others.
In conclusion, single use of propofol has no adverse effect on cutaneous wound healing in rats compared to ketamine, but evaluation of its positive effects on wound healing necessitates more detailed studies.

Echinococcus granulosus causes a common disease between humans and animals that called hydatid cyst or hydatidosis. The recombinant EG95 vaccine based on cloning of the 25 KD oncospheral antigen-Eg95- in pGEX stimulated significant humoral and cellular immunity in sheep, but regarding the effect of TH1cell immunity against this parasite and the influence of the linear T-cell epitopes in stimulating this immunity, only the coding sequence of linear T Cell epitopes of EG95 was cloned in pGEX and analyzed it's expression to optimize the qualification of this available vaccine in this study.
The coding sequence of EG95 linear epitopes by IEDB software were predicted and synthesized. After PCR, the amplicon and pGEX4T1 were digested by xhoI restriction enzyme, the fragment was cloned into pGEX4T1 by heat shock method, and Positive colonies were selected by direct PCR with specific primers. The recombinant protein expression was evaluated in BL21 cells by 10% SDS-PAGE.
The coding sequence of EG95 linear T-cell epitopes was amplified by PCR and cloned into pGEX4T1 vector. The recombinant plasmid was selected with Colony PCR and size difference between intact and recombinant purificated vectors. Recombinant protein expression with high significant concentration was recognized by SDS-PAGE.
The EG95 linear T-cell epitopes coding sequence has been successfully cloned into pGEX4T1 vector and expressed into BL21 cells.

Punica granatum is a non-productive form of a plant and is used for the treatment of diseases in traditional medicine. In this study, we evaluate the antibacterial activity and the total phenol compounds of Punica granatum.
Disk and well diffusion methods and MIC were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydro-alcoholic extract on S. aureus and E. coli compared to standard commercial antibiotic disks. Measurement of phenol compounds were performed by Seevers and Daly colorimetric methods (Folin-ciocalteu indicator).
35 and 29 mm inhibition zones in S. aureus and 22 and 17 mm inhibition zones in E. coli were shown by disk and well diffusion method, respectively. Also, 7.8 mg/ml concentration of extract showed the MIC points for two bacteria. Phenol compound of extract was 233.15±5.1 mg/g of extraction.
Antibacterial effect of Punica granatum compared to antibiotics indicates the strong activity against examined bacteria. Extensive antibacterial study of Punica granatum is suggested.

Caregivers awareness about family physician program is necessary to achieve its success and goals. This study was conducted to determine the caregivers’ awareness about family physician in urban areas of Fasa.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 411 patients referring to family physician clinics affiliated to Fasa University of Medical Sciences in winter 2014. The data were collected by a valid and reliable two-part questionnaire including demographic characteristics and 10 questions on people’s awareness about family physician program. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software version 19 by independent t-test, one-way ANOVA test, and chi square test. P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
17.3%, 61.5%, and 21.2% of people reported appropriate intermediate, and poor awareness about the program, respectively. The mean awareness score was 58/7 ± 14.5 (based on the score 100). But the mean score of the awareness about the rules and the referral system were higher compared to the awareness of how to get services in non-working hours from doctor, emergency services, hospitalization, and laboratory (9/15 ± 3/67 against 9/16 ± 2/50).
The majority of participants in Fasa family physician program reported average knowledge about this program; therefore, it is essential to improve people knowledge in order to succeed in this program.

High levels of homocysteine inflammatory markers and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) cause many complications, including atherosclerosis, venous thrombosis, and cardiovascular problems. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12-weekHigh Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on homocysteine, CRP, and body composition in overweight men.
In this quasi-experimental study, 20 students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences with a body mass index between 25 and 30 kg/m2, were purposefully selected and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group had practiced in the HIIT program with the intensity of up to 90 percent of maximum heart rate for 12 weeks. Before and after exercise, the amount of homocysteine, CRP, weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio were calculated. The data were analyzed by using dependent and independent t-test at a significance level of P The results showed that12 weeks of HIIT had significant effects on reducing serum levels of homocysteine and HSCRP, body weight, body fat percentage, BMI, and WHR in the experimental group compared to the control group (P It seems that 12 weeks of intense interval training as a non-invasive method can have a positive effect on reducing the amount of homocysteine, HS-CRP, and some anthropometric indexes of obesity and overweight.

Long term exposure to ionizing radiation and its complication have always been concerned by medical physicists. Some previous studies have shown that radiation dose to urology surgeons and involved personnel during mini C-arm fluoroscopy guided surgeries exceeds the secure threshold in some cases. In this study, we intend to evaluate the radiation exposure of urology surgeons and radiology personnel and compare these results to the standard thresholds.
Material & Four urology surgeons, eight residents and eight radiology personnel underwent radiation dosimetry on five different organs during three months. Mentioned surgeons used mini C-arm fluoroscopy and TLD-100s were used for dosimetry.
Calculated mean for accumulative radiation exposure for Urology surgeons, residents and radiology personnel are 174, 198 and 184 milirem, respectively. The absorbed dose for different organs were calculated in descending order at dominant hand, thyroid, subdominant hand, Gonads and Chest wall.
According to the results, radiation exposure during fluoroscopy guided surgeries has not exceeded the standard threshold defined by National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP).

Electromagnetic waves with the frequencies of 0–300 Hz and the intensity of 0.1–100 millitesla can affect several cellular activities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) on the adrenergic system in the small intestine.
21 adult male rats were divided into three groups. The first group was experimental group which exposed to ELF (50Hz, 1mT) for 75 days in powered on solenoid. The second group was sham group which was kept in similar conditions as the first group but in powered off solenoid. The third group or the control group was kept in animal house condition. The isolated strips of the colon were inserted into organ bath and were linked to power lab A to D system force transducer and their mechanical activity were recorded in response to different doses of Isoproterenol (10-4 M and10-5 M). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test.
The results showed a significant increase (p≤0.05) of ileum basal contractions in experimental group compared to control and sham groups. While the relaxation changes of ileum in response to the different doses of isoproterenol (β2 adrenergic receptors agonist) in the experimental group compared to the sham and control groups was not statistically significant.
It can be concluded that prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields may not affect β2 -adrenergic receptors activity.

Anesthesiologists are often facing patients who suffer from hypothermia during anesthesia and shivering after surgery. This study compared the effects of anesthesia with isoflurane and propofol on the intensity of body temperature reduction during anesthesia in knee arthroscopy surgery.
Material & The study was done as a double blinded randomized clinical trial. From 40 patients who underwent knee arthroscopy surgery, 20 subjects were placed in isoflurane group and 20 in the propofol group. Changes in surface and core body temperature, hemodynamic, and shivering after anesthesia in different times were evaluated. The central body temperature for each patient was measured through the tympanic membrane, and the surface temperature of the body was measured through the axillary. SPSS was used for statistical analysis. Data were compared via Student’s t-test analysis. Changes between time points were examined using repeated measurement ANOVA. Comparison of qualitative variables was done by Chi-square test between groups.
Core body temperature in propofol group significantly increased compared with the isoflurane group during anesthesia and after anesthesia (P0.05), and surface body temperature in propofol group significantly increased in the isoflurane group during and after the anesthesia (P0.05); in the propofol group, the chill rate increased more significantly than the isoflurane group. Furthermore, changes in systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure showed no significant difference between the two groups at different times during and after the anesthesia (P>0.05).
It seems that propofol is better than isoflurane in controlling body temperature during and after anesthesia and shivering post-surgery.

Backgrond & This study was performed to evaluate the antitumor effects of valproic acid (VPA) drug on K562 cells in vitro.
Material & For this purpose, K562 cells were cultured and treated with different doses of valproic acid, and its antitumor properties were measured by MTT assay 24, 48, and 72 hours after treatment. Then, DNA electrophoresis and staining with Hoechst were used to analyze apoptotic cells in vitro.
The antitumor effects of valproic acid increased in a dose- and time- dependent manner. Also, the apoptotic effects of the drug were approved by electrophoresis. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed in higher concentration and after 72 hours treatment. IC50 was calculated 80Mµ by Compusyn software. The results showed that valproic acid was an efficient drug for inhibiting K562 cells, and its antitumoric effect would warrant further.
Accordingly, valproic acid is suitable for inhibiting K562 cells, and these antitumoric properties would warrant further studies on the clinical application of valproic acid. Therefore, this drug might be effective for the prevention and treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Adaptations in neuromuscular system are due to changes in the expression and activity of proteins and its transmitters. JIP 3 protein plays a role in the regulation of structure and function of neurons as well as the establishment of multi-nuclear muscle cells. Considering the effects of exercise on neuromuscular system, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of endurance training on JIP3 gene expression in soleus muscle of male Wistar rats.
Material & Ten Wistar male rats were randomly assigned in two groups: trained and control. Endurance training protocol was performed for 6 weeks. Forty eight hours after final training session, the rats were dissected, and soleus muscle was removed. JIP3 gene expression was performed through Real Time PCR method.
Endurance training increased JIP3 gene expression significantly compared to the control group.
It appears that a period of endurance training increases intramuscular gene expression of JIP3 through this can lead to a better consistency and functionality in the muscles.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the cause of genetic variation to living organisms. Single nucleotide polymorphisms alter residues in the protein sequence. In this investigation, the relationship between prion protein gene polymorphisms and its relevance to pathogenicity was studied.
Material & Amino acid sequence of the main isoform from the human prion protein gene (PRNP) was extracted from UniProt database and evaluated by FoldAmyloid and AmylPred servers. All non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) from SNP database (dbSNP) were further analyzed by bioinformatics servers including SIFT, PolyPhen-2, I-Mutant-3.0, PANTHER, SNPs & GO, PHD-SNP, Meta-SNP, and MutPred to determine the most damaging nsSNPs.
The results of the first structure analyses by FoldAmyloid and AmylPerd servers implied that regions including 5-15, 174-178, 180-184, 211-217, and 240-252 were the most sensitive parts of the protein sequence to amyloidosis. Screening all nsSNPs of the main protein isoform using bioinformatic servers revealed that substitution of Aspartic acid with Valine at position 178 (ID code: rs11538766) was the most deleterious nsSNP in the protein structure.
Substitution of the Aspartic acid with Valine at position 178 (D178V) was the most pathogenic mutation in the human prion protein gene. Analyses from the MutPred server also showed that beta-sheets’ increment in the secondary structure was the main reason behind the molecular mechanism of the prion protein aggregation.

Narcotics abuse can induce liver disorders; nevertheless, exercises improve liver disorders. The present research aimed to review the effect of eight weeks forced swimming training with methadone supplementation on liver enzymes of rats.
Material & In this experimental research, 48 rats were selected, and after one week adaptation to lab environment, they were randomly divided into four groups of 12 rats including (1) forced swimming training, (2) methadone supplementation, (3) forced swimming training with methadone supplementation, and (4) control. Groups 2 and 3 used 2 mg/kg methadone daily for 8 weeks. Also, groups 1 and 3 swam for 8 weeks, three sessions per week and each session for 30 minutes. For statistical analysis of data, one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used (α≤0.05).
Findings showed that forced swimming training, methadone supplementation, and forced swimming training with methadone supplementation had no significant effect on AST (P=0.90) and ALT (P=0.99) enzymes; forced swimming training had significant effect on increase of ALP (P=0.001); also, forced swimming training, compared with methadone supplementation and combination of forced swimming training with methadone supplementation, had significant effect on increase of ALP (P=0.001).
Accordingly, 8 weeks of forced swimming training with methadone has possibly no significant effect on liver enzymes.

One of the plants used in traditional medicine is lemon which has analgesic effect. However, little research has been performed on the analgesic effect of lemon and mechanisms of action with an emphasis on neurotransmitters systems. Therefore, the present study set to investigate the peripheral effects of lemon essential oil on somatic pain using formalin test with an emphasis on histaminergic system in male Wistar rats.
Materiala & Sixty male rats weighing approximately 200-250g and aged 14-16 wk were divided into 10 groups: sham (Salin Formalin 1% intraplantar), three treatment groups with lemon essential oil (EO) (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg), three treatment groups with Chlorpheniramine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), 1 treatment group with Histamine (10 mg/kg), 1 pretreatment group with Chlorpheniramine (20 mg/kg) EO (50mg/kg), and 1 pretreatment group with Histamine (10 mg/kg) EO (50 mg/kg). Formalin test was used to assess somatic pain. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA.
Intraperitoneal injection of lemon essential oil reduced the pain response induced by formalin in both phases (P Lemon essential oil had analgesic effects, probably caused by the histaminergic system.

Breast feeding is the only food created exclusively for human, and its ingredients are according to the needs of the infant's body and it provides the most appropriate growth conditions. Mother’s BMI is one of the most important factors in duration of lactation. Few studies have yielded conflicting results in this field. The present inquiry set to determine the relation between maternal BMI before pregnancy and duration of breast feeding.
Material & A retrospective cohort study was conducted. The samples consisted of 243 mothers who had 2-4 years old children and were visited in Shiraz urban health centers for their growth monitoring. Stratified sampling method was applied, and the data were collected through questionnaires on their medical records.
There was a statistical significant relationship between BMI and breast feeding duration. There was not any statistical significant relationship between duration of breast feeding and mother and her husband’s education, mother's occupation, mother's age, type of delivery, and child gender.
Considering the relationship between short duration of breast feeding and maternal obesity, health education should be made for balancing mother's weight and contribute to the health of mothers and their children. Further research is recommended to confirm the results.

I read, with interest, the article entitled “The Orbital and Sinonasal Hemangiopericytoma, 2 Case Reports” by Maryam Maghbol et al. published in this journal. I would like to draw attention to the number of reported orbital hemangiopericytomas and a possible risk factor for this tumor.
Accordingly, in the discussion and conclusion section, the authors claimed that thirty-three cases of orbital hemangiopericytomas already has been published. However, with regard to the literature, at least 50 cases of this tumor already has been published.
Moreover, the authors affirm that no specific risk factor already has been recognized for this tumor. In a study stated that previous trauma has a possible role in the origin of hemangiopericytomas.