Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 4, 2019

Diagnosis of breast cancer and related therapies are emotional experiences for women. The present study aimed to identify the psychological consequences of breast cancer in previous studies based on systematic review. The present study is a descriptive survey and, according to the method of implementation, is a systematic review study. A literature search was conducted by using following electronic databases including scientific information databases (SID), Magiran, Medlib, Sciencedirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web Of Science, Scopus, cinahl and medline from 1991 through 2017 regarding the psychological consequences associated with breast cancer in iran Using keywords cancer, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, mental disorder, life quality, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder, mental hygiene, insomnia, anxiety, body image, mental disorder, behavioral symptom, psychological distress, coping behaviors, traumatic stress disorder and breast cancer. The content of all articles, after extraction from the bases, was evaluated by the prisma checklist and the Content analysis was used to examine data After the search and evaluation of the studies, the final analysis was carried out on 73 articles. The findings of this study showed that the psychological consequences of breast cancer in 8 categories are quality of life, anxiety, stress and stress, depression, sexual function, body image, coping strategies, fatigue and quality of sleep. Based on the results, drawing on the areas identified in the field of psychological outcomes of breast cancer can be used as a conceptual map for more coherent studies and the design of extensive interventions.

Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, it accounts for about 90% of cancer deaths. Cancer treatment has improved significantly, due to early detection and inhibition of cancer growth.
The ability to invade and migrate is important in malignant tumor cells. The study of cell migration is valuable in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, drug development and treatment. New methods are available to investigate the invasion, migration and the activity of enzymes involved in the invasion process in the laboratory. The effectiveness and efficacy of various anti-cancer drugs and compounds can be studied using these methods in laboratory and animal models. In this paper, we offer a summary of in-vitro migration assays, including the transwell migration assay, scratch wound assay, microfluidic chamber assay, exclusion zone assay, fence assay, micro carrier bead assay, spheroid migration assay and in-vivo approach, Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay.
This review also provides an overview of methods, In situ Zymography, ELISA, and FRET based measurement of MMP activity and Substrate Zymography for measuring the level of metalloproteinase enzyme as the major enzyme in the degradation of extracellular matrix.

Macrophages have a variety of functions and different phenotypes that are affected by the microenvironment. Due to the multiple functions, Melatonin can promote the cancer progression or cancer regression in relation to other factors. However, there is no information about the role of melatonin on the formation of macrophages in the tumor environment. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of melatonin treated RAW264.7 macrophages on the growth rate of erythroleukemia cell line K562. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in the 24-well plates at a density of 6 × 104 cells per well. After culturing for 24 h, the cells were treated for 24 h with melatonin at concentrations 0, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 μmol/L. After removal of the supernatant, macrophages and K562 were co-cultured in 1:10 ratio. K562 vitality was then determined by MTT and NR assay. The rate of apoptosis in the cell population was evaluated by staining with acridine orange and ethidium bromide colors. Also, NO and MPO were measured in the supernatant of macrophages RAW264.7. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann–Whitney U test (P<0.05). The growth rate and vitality of K562 cells co-cultured with melatonin-treated macrophages was increased at concentrations of 50 and 75 μmol/L. Nevertheless, at higher concentrations of melatonin, this process was reversed. The levels of MPO and NO were decreased by increasing concentrations of melatonin. These results indicated that treatment of macrophage with melatonin, especially at lower doses (50 and 75μmol/L) could remarkably increase the K562 viability and vitality.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major causative agent of diarrhea. Enterotoxins and the colonization factors (CFs) are major virulence factors in ETEC infections. The bacterium binds to the intestinal epithelial cell surface through colonization factors and produces enterotoxins that cause excessive fluid and electrolyte secretion in the lumen of the intestine, which ultimately leads to diarrhea. Due to the difficult of treatment and the high prevalence of this disease, the design of the vaccine against this organism is one of the goals of the World Health Organization. The CooD-CotD protein, as adhesion tip subunits of CS1 and CS2, plays an important role in bacterial attachment to the intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, the expression and purification of chimeric protein CooD-CotD was carried out with the aim of investigating as candidate vaccine. In this study, codon optimization of cooD-cotD chimeric gene was performed by Gene Designer software. The gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into pJET1.2 / blunt then it was subcloned into pET28a to express chimeric protein. Recombinant protein was purified following expression, using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and confirmed by western blotting analysis. The presence of 82kDa in the SDS-PAGE gel showed that expression of CooD-CotD chimeric protein and confirmed by western blotting analysis. Yield of purified protein was 121 mg/ml. Expression and protein purification studies showed that this protein has expression in the homologous host.

There are few studies that have been examined the association between dietary acid load and healthy diet patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between dietary acid load with alternative Mediterranean diet score (aMED) and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH).  This cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 women with age range 20-50 years in Tehran, Iran. Usual dietary intakes were assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, which contains 168 food items. Potential renal acid load (PRAL) and Net Endogenous Acid Production (NEAP) and Dietary acid load (DAL) was calculated for each person. The scores of aMED and DASH were estimated for participants. The mean ± SD of age was 32.64 ±8.44 years. AMED scores were significant difference among the PRAL, NEAP and DAL tertiles (P<0.001, P=0.01 and P=0.003 for PRAL, NEAP and DAL respectively). Also, the women who were in the middle tertiles of dietary acid load indices, have lower DASH scores compared with the lower tertiles (P=0.007, P=0.03 and P=0.005 for PRAL, NEAP and DAL respectively). These results stayed significant even after adjusting for multiple covariates. The present study showed that dietary acid load indices have a negative association with aMED and DASH scores.

Clinical teaching, learning support activities in clinical environments Which aims to achieve student learning goals for clinical care and good infrastructure to align theoretical knowledge to practical skills, So that the current state of knowledge can improve the quality of students admitted to the operating room to provide in the future. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluation the quality of clinical education from Perspectives of Operating Room Students This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted on 81 operating room students of Fasa University of Medical Sciences Using consensus sampling method in 2015 -2016. Data were collected using a valid questionnaire including demographic variables and assessing the viewpoints of students about clinical education. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS v. 22. In this study, 22 (27.2%) men and 59 (72.8%) were female. According to study results from the perspective of students (37%) confidence clinical instructors to students, 6/55% to prepare students to enter the clinical setting, 48.1% confidence and willingness of teachers to students and to students, 55.6% Prepare students to enter the learning, 50.6% confidence and a positive attitude to education, 44.6% Personnel familiar with the professional ethics and42% Adverse environmental features. Based on the results of this study, clinical education in the operating room has problems and shortcomings that needs to be addressed by authorities, professors and clinical education experts in order to resolve existing problems and weaknesses.

Irisin is myokine, that is secreted by acute exercise activity from the muscle and increases energy consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the response of irisin serum and insulin resistance to acute pilates training sessions pilates training in obese sedentary women. This research is a semi experimental study with pre-and post-test design. The statistical population of this study was made up of disabled obese women in Ahwaz, with 21 subjects (mean age 39.1±10.0 years and BMI 35.9±3.4 kg/m2) were randomly divided into Pilates group (n=12) and control group (n=9). The training group performed 60-minute Pilates training with a14-16 Borg perceived perception index, while the control group did not exercise. After at least 8 hours-fasting, blood samples were collected before and immediately after each activity, to measure the levels of Irisin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance. Data were analyzed with paired-sample t-test and ANCOVA and the relationship between the variables was calculated by Pearson correlation test. The results indicated no significant changes in blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and serum Irisin levels in Pilate’s group compared with the control group after a Pilates exercise session (p≥0.05). Furthermore, correlation was not between Irisin to, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index (p≥0.05). Although research on this regard is a beginning pathway. However, Acute Pilates exercise does not seem to have an effect on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and Irisin level.

Angiopoietin-like Proteins 8 (ANGPTL8) which secreted form adipose tissue due to downstream PGC-1α pathways, is the main factor for regeneration of beta cell. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 endurance training program on PGC-1α expression in adipose tissue, ANGPTL8 serum concentration and beta cell function (HOMA.B) in diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats (N=24) divided in 3 groups include healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC) and endurance training (ET). After induction of diabetes with STZ, training groups performed 4 weeks endurance training and real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-Time PCR) method used for the relative expression of PGC-1α in visceral adipose tissue, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for measuring serum ANGPTL8 levels. Also beta cell number was counted with pancreases hematoxylin-eosin evaluation. Results analyzed with ANOVA. The relative expression of mRNA PGC-1α was significantly increased in ET (P=0.001). Although ANGPTL8 levels increased in ET group, this change wasn’t significant (P=0.47). HOMA.B didn’t showed any significant change in ET (P=.0.08) but the number of beta cells in this group significantly increased (P=0.001). There was a positive correlation between relative mRNA PGC-1α and ANGPTL8 levels. Despite the positive and significant correlation between relative expression of mRNA PGC-1α and ANGPTL8, this increase wasn’t significant, but this could increases the number of beta cell in endurance training group. Further studies with differences training programs are recommended.

Resistin is an adipokin secreted from adipose tissue and immunity cells. Relationship between resistin and metabolic syndrome and its components is controversial. The aim of this study is measurement of serum resistin level, insulin resistance and other factors in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome. this cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015, 56 availableperson including; 31subjects were enrolled as the study group and 25 subjects were recruited as the control group of the study. Serum resistin concentrations were measured by ELISA and its association with metabolic syndrome markers was measured. Data were Analyzed using independent T test, Pearson correlation Test and, Chi-squared Test Serum resistin levels were significantly higher in the metabolic syndrome subject compared with control group (p-value=0.002). Correlation analysis revealed body mass index (p=0.018; r=0.480), waist circumference (p=0.015; r=0.431), systolic blood pressure (p=0.008; r=0.467), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001; r=0.562), cholesterol (p=0.018; r=0.421) and LDL (p=0.003; r=0.515) were positively correlated with plasma resistin. Serum resistin levels are elevated in subjects with metabolic syndrome and are associated with some of its components in metabolic syndrome patients, resistin may be associated with the severity of this syndrome and its complications.

Prenatal seizures cause neuronal damage in the limbic area of fetal brain leading to learning deficits and cognitive impairment in newborns. This study examined the effect of prenatal tonic-clonic seizure and lithium chloride (LiCl) therapy on the learning and memory of rat’s pups. Pregnant Wistar rats were kindled by (i.p) injections of 40 mg/kg/BW of Penthylentetrazole (PTZ) on embryonic day (ED) 13 for 7 consecutive days. LiCl treated rats in PTZ+Li0.04, and PTZ+Li0.08 groups received 0.04% and 0.08% of LiCl in tap water from ED10 to postnatal day (PND) 24, respectively. The spatial performance learning was evaluated at PND 30 using Morris water maze (MWM). After behavioral study, the hippocampal level of BDNF was measured using ELISA. In comparison to controls, PTZ group showed a significant increase in latency time and distance to hidden platform in MWM test and decrease level of hippocampal BDNF. LiCl-treated rats showed a significant lower latency time and distance to hidden platform in MWM and higher level of BDNF than PTZ group. The LiCl with elevated of BDNF in hippocampus can ameliorate spatial memory in prenatal seizure model.

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the eighth cause of death in Iran. Angiogenesis is the major cause of metastatic and drug resistance in this cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks of high intensity periodic exercises on resting levels of some angiogenesis markers and also the pulmonary function of men with prostate cancer.  20 male patients with prostate cancer aged 55 to 62 years old were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10) and experimental (n = 10). The experimental group subjected to 10 weeks of periodic exercise with intensity progressed weekly, three sessions for 40 minutes and intensity of 70-75 was set for each session. 48 hours before and after exercise, the serum levels of VEGF, FGF, nitric oxide (NO) and also pulmonary function were measured. Intra and intergroup changes were analyzed using dependent t-test and independent t-test, respectively. The results showed that 10 weeks of severe periodic training significantly increased the levels of VEGF (P = 0.001), FGF (P = 0.001) and NO (P = 0.001) in the experimental group compared with the control group. Moreover, considering the results, FVC in patients with periodic exercise has increased significantly (P = 0.002). As for results, it can be concluded that 10 weeks of periodic exercise increases the angiogenesis and pulmonary function in patients suffered from prostate cancer.

  Azole nucleuses are very important part of antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. The azole class of compounds is the most popular among the antibacterial and antifungal classes because of its lower toxicity, higher efficacy and a broad spectrum of activity. Today, Efforts have focused on the development of new, less toxic and more efficacious antifungal and antibacterial drugs, with the novel mechanism of action. In this study, we tried to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal effects of the new azole derivatives. This research is a descriptive – cross sectional study. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of compounds was evaluated using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method on a series of gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration from the growth of this bacteria and fung ranges from 12.5 mg/ml to 200 mg/ml. Among the tested compounds, 4- Nitro, 2- methyl imidazole hetrocycle-pathic compound exerted potent in vitro antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus while compounds (imidazole, benzimidazole hetrocycle-pathic compound) exhibited potent in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Our results indicated that the designed derivatives (4- Nitro, 2- methyl imidazole, imidazole and benzimidazole hetrocycle-pathic compounds) showed effective antibacterial and antifungal activity mainly against a series of gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains. On the other hand, the tested compounds had an appropriate spectrum effect, because they showed antibacterial effect on both positive and negative strains.

The level of NF-κB factor expression (a transcriptional factor which increases the expression of inflammatory genes) is often increased in various human cancers. Therefore, NF-κB inhibitors such as Celastrol may prevent cancer development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effects of Celastrol on K562 cells proliferation. First, the K562 cells were cultured and cytotoxicity effects of celastrol were determined by MTT assay. Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis are used to check apoptosis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 16 and ANOVA test (P<0.05) Statistical analysis of MTT assay data showed that the growth of treated cells with different concentrations of the Celastrol significantly decreased (P<0.05) and inhibitory effect of Celastrol was time and concentration–dependent; so in higher concentrations (8 µM) and 72 hours, the maximum effect has occurred. The IC50 value of Celastrol was obtained 4 µM. Also, the results of Hoechst staining and DNA electrophoresis showed that Celastrol caused fragmentation of cell nucleus and DNA. Based on the results, Celastrol decreases cells viability (P<0.05) and induces apoptosis in K562 cells, its effect is time and dose-dependent. In conclusion, the agent may be applied as an anticancer drug for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.

Liver X-Alpha Receiver is a family of large hormone receptors that play a role in cholesterol homeostasis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of ten weeks of moderate and long term endurance exercise on the expression of the LXRα gene and the evaluation of serum levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in male rats. 18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided in to three groups of six, control, moderate and long swimming, in the range of 275±25g. The training groups swam in 32 degrees water for ten weeks and 5 days a week. The moderate group swam for one hour and a long group each session for three hours. After the completion of the exercise, blood sampling from the underlying vena-cava and tissue from the rat liver was performed. Real-time PCR was used to measure the of LXRα gene expression by Ampliqon mixer and DNA synthesis kits. Differences were determined by ANOVA One-Way method and the groups were compared by Tukey follow-up test. Pearson correlation was used to determine the correlation between levels of expression of LXRα gene with cholesterol and triglyceride. SPSS software version20 was used at the significance level of p≤0.05. The moderate exercise group showed a significant increase in LXRα gene and a significant reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride compared to both control and prolonged groups (p=0.001). Also, LXRα gene expression in this group had a negative and significant correlation with cholesterol (rs=-0.912) and triglyceride (rs=-0.862). It seems that the positive mechanism induced by moderate swelling by increasing the expression of the LXRα gene results in the release of cell lipid makers.

Ulcerative colitis is one of the common causes of gastrointestinal tract diseases in developing countries. This disease causes disability, especially in young adults, and imposes many social and economic burdens on the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects Effect of Fasciola hepatica extract on acetic acid induced ulcerative colitis in rat model. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 equal groups. Colitis was induced by administration of 4% acetic acid. Control group just was administrated phosphate-bufferedsaline (S.C.) and the other groups were received Prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg) and Fasciola hepatica extract (100 mg/kg) for 10 consecutive days.Since then, the animals were euthanized and intestinal tissue and blood samples were taken. Macroscopic and microscopic features, inflammatory mediators as well as cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 were assessed. The amount of the myeloperoxidase production was the same between the two treatment groups. As compared to the control, both of the treatment groups produced lower amount of TNF-α and IL-6, however this reduction was more pronounced in Prednisolone treated animals than those of extract treated. There were no significant differences between Prednisolone andFasciola extract regarding gross damages and histopathological features. since preparation of Fasciola extract is easy and simple, it may be used as ameliorative agent for ulcerative colitis.

In previous studies, the effects of food restriction on the changes in immune responses and brain dopamine content have been determined. On the other hand, it has been shown that immune cells, in addition to dopamine production, also have dopamine receptors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of inhibition of D2 dopamine receptors on several functions of monocytes of peripheral blood in rat under food restriction In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (weighing 200-250 gr) were allocated into six groups (n=6), including control groups, food restriction (25%), food restriction (50%), food restriction (75%), food restriction 75% and Sulpiride and rats treated with Sulpiride. Sulpiride was injected Intracerebroventricular at a concentration of 50 μg / rat on day 21 after the study initiation. At the end, the Rats were bled and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by ficoll gradient method. Food restriction caused a significant decrease in the activity of monocyte cells of gradient of peripheral blood mononuclear cells like neutral red uptake test and respiratory burst (NBT reduction test) simultaneously with decreasing lymphocytes proliferation after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. Administration of Sulpiride with a 75% Food restriction resulted in the improvement of these functions of monocyte cells of gradient of peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as lymphocyte proliferation. Intracerebroventricular administration of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists (sulpiride) effectively inhibited the effects of a severe dietary restriction on the suppression of immunity system.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the third most prevalent type of cancer in Iran and fifth in the world, which includes 8% of the whole type of cancers. The Janus kinase and transcription activator (JAK-STAT) pathway plays pivotal roles in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis, which is closely related with the development of some hematological diseases. The JAK-STAT is an important signaling pathway which abnormal inactivation of that is involved in leukemia development. One the important gene in this signaling pathway is JAK2 and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the JAK2 gene expression in AML patients and compare it with control group. In this case-control study, blood sample from 30 AML patients admitted to Mirzakochak Khan Jangli Hospiyal, Tehran in 1395 and 20 healthy individual as control were collected. RNA was extracted and after cDNA synthesis, the expression of JAK2 gene was evaluated using Real time PCR (ΔΔCT computational). Statistical analysis was performed software Graphpad prism 6, using t-test and P<0.05 was considered significant. The results showed there was a statistically significant association between increasing in JAK2 gene expression in patients compared to the control group (P=0.0001). While no correlation was observed between the age (P=0.753) and sex (P=0.494) of patients with JAK2 gene up regulation in the studied population. Investigating the rate of JAK2 gene expression, can play a significant role in the precaution of patients afflicted with AML.

This study is intended to evaluate the effect of One Session of resistance exercises on expression of BDNF gene and TrkB receptor in Alzheimer model male Wistar rats. 32 mature male Wistar rats with mean weight of 230 to 280 grams were chosen and divided into Alzheimer and Sham groups. Rats in Sham group received normal saline while rats in Alzheimer group received STZ via intraventricular injection. These rats were then divided into the following four subgroups: 1. Resting Sham, 2. Exercising Sham, 3. Resting Alzheimer, and 4. Exercising Alzheimer. The two exercising rat subgroups, exercised 3 times a week for a period of 8 weeks. Exercise included lifting weight from the ladder. At the end of 8th week and 24 hours after last exercise session, the rats scarified by head separation. Hippocampus tissue was precisely extracted and samples were sent to laboratory for molecular and cellular tests. To determine the gene expression, RT-PCR method was used for analyzing the data and ANOVA was used. The amount of BDNF, and TrkB between exercising rats and resting rats. These amounts were much higher in exercising Alzheimer rats group. It seems that eight weeks of resistance exercises increased expression of BDNF gene and TrkA an TrkB receptor in Alzheimer model Wistar rats.