مجله پژوهش های اخلاقی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، زمستان 1393)

Trusteeship is one of the important bases of ethics that the Holy Quran and infallibles‟ (Ma‟asoomin‟s) tradition have emphasized on it and no excuse is accepted for forgoing it. In Islamic medical ethics trusteeship has many applies but trusteeship with respect to secrets, patients‟ honor and life has a special importance in the interaction between medical staff and patients. Regardless of emphases on the importance of secrecy, especially in medical profession, Islamic instructions urge and require disclosure of patients‟ secrets at special cases because sometimes preserving patient‟s health and people of society is not compatible with “absolute secrecy”. Chastity and virtue of eyes are in the most required ethical considerations at medical profession which without adhering them, one cannot talk about medical gentility and virtue. Eventually, preservation of patients‟ life and diligence in order to recover patients‟ health are the main tasks of doctors and medical staff that beware them from any delay and nonchalance in the patients‟ curing.

Solving the Contradiction of Moral rules and actions from the Point of View of Richard Mervin Hare In moral philosophy, this issue is considered to be one of the problems of applied philosophy and is presented as follows: Sometimes the free willed agent faces a dilemma when choosing between two or more moral deeds, and does not know which action is truly moral. The goal of this research, which has been carried out in the form of a descriptive-analytical method, is a study of the method of solving moral contradiction from the point of view of Hare and presenting solutions for eradicating moral contradictions in a critical moment, in order to emancipate individuals from practical impasse and preventing mental, psychological, financial, reputational and physical losses which are caused as a result of immoral actions in life.Therefore, the significance of this research lies in its attempt to discover the ways of solving moral contradictions and relieving the individual from bafflement and confusion in the process of an action. Hare‟s solution is the rule of exception and selection based on the principle.However, the impracticality of this method, collapse in relativism, misinterpretation of moral issues, and the inapplicability of the rule of exception to all circumstances are the elements that have resulted in the criticism of Herr‟s method.

Beauty is a special influence from thing or different deeds that in a particular condition takes us to a certain condition. If we examine the cases that provoke the feeling of beauty and admiration in side us, we will find out gathering state related neither to us nor that certain thing or act. It is obvious that the same thing should have same essential adjective, feature and harmony of beauty and on the other hand we become ready for receiving the beauty. Beauty is a qualitative pleasure that produced in an intuitional way and make haste to get started in mind. Undoubtedly, the beauty which exists in outside and in mind is important in perception and receiving it, but not all of the humans are unanimous in aesthetics and different views in beautification are very perceptible. Now, a question that is related to the subject of this essay is the relationship between beauty and ethic. As for different considerations about distribution of beauty to sensible and reasonable, identical and mental, to know the beauty as proportional or unconditional, which kind of beauty is true about ethic values? And do we know ethic values and ethic after percepting their beauty and judge them as a true and right thing?

What is the definition of artistic wisdom, ethical wisdom and negative wisdom? How is the process of formation the antinomies on the basis of theodicy? What is the role of theoretical reason about authentic and doctrinal theodicy? What are the differences between sincerity and truthfulness with falsehood and impurity? What are the relations between formal and material consciousness with sincerity and truthfulness? This paper intend to pursue these questions in Kant„s thought specially “On the miscarriage of all philosophical trials in theodicy”.

In personal and social life, principles and laws should be valued that lead the person and society toward realities and desirable notions, removing any incorrect notion and maladjusted thought. The principle of fairness (based on Islamic teachings) and its proximity with the “Golden Rule” as elaborated in the Western ethical systems, can meet our need of desirable personal and organisational life, in as much as knowing the functions of both in different states of life can cause the consistency of social relationships, more empathy, correlated growth of logic and awareness, less bias and more coherence.Therefore, if agents of social life act upon fairness as a basis of action upon which people expect reasonably from their own selves and others in a given situation, it creates the ground in the society and the organisation for arousing of conscience, self-esteem, a sense of cooperation, trust, mutual respect and institutionalisation of the behavioural pattern “I like this … so let me be responsible to others”.

Civil rights are the most important issues in the contemporary rights. However, considering the word citizen and the term civil rights, their investigation seems to be useful to truly clarify the civil rights. Citizenship is one the most significant social concepts coined to help better understanding of society, its internal affairs and the conduct of actions and behaviors. Likewise the others, this concept reveals its meaning in the historical- social context and within the conceptual networks. As cities, at the present time, increasingly gain importance and with the rise in urban population and the emergence of megalopolises, in addition to the accumulation of wealth and great powers, cities become the units with high political capabilities. In the meantime, strengthening the citizenship in general and the ethics of citizenship in particular could be a suitable and cultural way to link the legal, political and social domains to each other. Since three decades ago in urban planning, our country, to some extent, has been able to create some metropolises rather than one to help the distribution of population in the country. However, this, on its own, could not improve the culture and the ethics of citizenship. With the socio-cultural problems in cities, the discomfort of citizens and the negative effects on the country‟s macro policies, the formation and institutionalization of ethics of citizenship seem essential for us. Therefore, with the suggestions to increase the awareness and understanding of society and the activation of citizen participation in promoting ethics of citizenship and its institutionalization, a serious step will be taken for the recognition and the full implementation of civil rights.

Here are some examples of economic utilitarianism and the nature ¬ minus spirituality has been studied. Utilitarianism and the desire for profit and is derided as a way to earn more revenue per se lawful and necessary to provide for the welfare of their obligation to exercise its Alnfqh more Islamic economics in the sales, those concerning prohibited transactions that God is with you extravagance illegitimate and forbidden to be away from ethics and spirituality; What is the property of the treasury or in private transactions, which is definitely a deal or was not aware of side (low sales, embezzlement) Or, if informed consent has no heart (bribery, usury). Quran mentioned consensual deal with important social noting that the financial relationship is based on the correct Healthy society and the economy goes into another's property unjustly seized and not; And where truth along indulgence non ¬ ¬ you are right, (the battle between the right to self-centered and profit-centered) into the truth of self-interest and avarice will prevail; And where profit-oriented and tend to be more profitable price violating the rights of the people and ignoring God's commands is This is mere materialism and spirituality is socially and morally.