پژوهشنامه مدیریت ورزشی و رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 28 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Background & Purpose: The aim of this study is to qualitative and quantitative analyzing the students’ perceived constraints toward involvement in sporting activities in Iranian and Hungarian universities. The hierarchical model of leisure constraints was used as the theoretical framework of this research. 1315 students from Iranian public universities as well as 793 students from Hungarian public universities completed a self administrated questionnaire which was translated to Persian and Hungarian language. Also, 60 students from both countries participated in a semi-structured interview. A one sample t test and MANOVA were used for analysis the quantitative data. Also, the qualitative data was analyzed by content analyzing method. The results indicated that Iranian and Hungarian students were differently perceived intrapersonal and structural constraints however, they similarly experienced interpersonal constraints. Furthermore, Iranian female university students more than males experienced all of the categories of constraints whereas Hungarian students did not show any differences based on gender. From the results it can be concluded that different socio-economic situation between Iranian and Hungarian students, regardless of the cultural differences, could be affect the attitude and their tendency to sporting activities. The negative attitude of Iranian people to women sport might be one of the most important factors affect the participation of female students in sport. On the other hand, improving the technology as well as unpleasant economic situation of Hungary and Hungarian universities might be affecting the level of Hungarian students’ involvement in sporting activities.

The aim of this paper was to survey about the relation between social capital and quality of life (QL) among Physical Education teachers. In this study, our target community was 416 people that 250 cases were selected by Multi-stage cluster sampling method. For assessment of Social Capital used onyx and Bullen (2000) scale and for assessing QL used WHO questionnaires respectively. Validity estimate with Cronbach test that was 0.81 and .0.83 for tow questionnaire. Data were analyzed with spearman brown correlation and Regression tests. Result showed that among social capital factors, structural factor was most important factor and relationship factor were low important. Most important factor of life quality was Physical Health factor and environmental factor were low important. Also, correlation test showed that there was a significant correlation between total social capital with total life quality (r =0/514), Also regression analysis showed that social capital anticipated .34 0/0 of QOL variance of Physical Education Teachers. according our finding showed that there was positive correlation between social capital and health related QOL among teachers. It appears that communication factor as most important factor of could increases QOL of physical education teachers.

Background& Purpose: This study, we examine the sociological factors affecting the company's employees tend to sport The Khorasan Region Electric Company. In this regard, method is survey and between officials of the company, number 175 of them randomly were selected according to the sampling table Morgan. Data collected and analyzed using SPSS. Findings show that most respondents were male (88.5%), married (96%) has a bachelor's degree (40%) and without a second job (90 percent) and the mean hours of leisure per day is (7.1 ± 5.3), the number of competitions in the job (4.7 ± 5.9). On the other hand, employees and those around them to engage in sports activities average between 7 to 8 hours per week. Respondents are satisfied from leisure time (45%), exercise (35%), sports facilities management (48%) sports staff (52%), and access to facilities (49%) and Costs of leisure (50%). Correlation is between sport exercise and satisfaction variables of physical health (21%) leisure (0.31), exercise (0.57), the sports facilities (0.18), access to sports facilities (0.21), the amount of information (0.19) and the use of company facilities (0.51). satisfaction of the sporting activities, leisure and access to the desire to exercise are effective on sport activities.

Because of sport organizations act in a dynamic environment and different cultures, they should pay attention the concept of cultural intelligence and organizational intelligence. Because they can a major role at their success. So the purpose of this research was to design relationship model of cultural intelligence and organizational intelligence at the Tehran’s Taekwondo boards. Statistical population of this study included all of managers and employees that working at the Tehran’s Taekwondo boards (N=217). All of them selected of research samples. To achieve the research goals, Ang et al (2004) cultural intelligence questionnaire and Albrecht organizational intelligence (2003) questionnaire were used. Content validity and face validity of two questionnaires was confirmed by 15 sport management experts and their reliability were studied in a pilot study with 30 subjects and calculated as (r= 0.93), and (r=0.94) respectively. For data analysis the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Single sample T-student test, and confirmative factor analysis by application of AMOS and SPSS software were used. Research findings showed that organization intelligence id desirable, but cultural intelligence is not desirable at the Tehran’s Taekwondo boards. There is a significant relationship between organization intelligence and cultural intelligence. Also their relationship model has desirable goodness. According to the desirable goodness the relationship model of cultural and organizational intelligence at the Tehran’s Taekwondo boards, it is recommended at these Taekwondo boards’ planning an make decisions, the model be used.

During the socialization process, children learn that sports are categorized as masculine, feminine, and neutral. The purpose of this research was to study the gender stereotyping of sports from the viewpoint of the physical education teachers of Izeh city. Methodology of research was descriptive survey which was done by field study. Sampling was census method and whole of society was chosen as the statistical sample (N=n=130). The data-collecting tool was a researcher made questionnaire categorizing the sport gender stereotyping of the sports using a five-option Likert scale. Reliability of questionnaire through alpha cronbakh (0.71). Descriptive statistics were used to investigate the personal characteristics of the teachers, and Chi-square tests was applied to determine the gender stereotyping of sports, while content analysis was used to analyze the answers to open-ended questions. Results demonstrated that physical education teachers perceived sports such as wrestling, weight lifting and boxing to be completely masculine, soccer and throws to be mostly masculine, figure skating, ballet, aerobics, rhythmic swimming, and artistic gymnastic to be mostly feminine, and the rest of the sports to be neutral. Furthermore, they characterized feminine sports with aesthetics, elegance and flexibility, whereas masculine sports were mostly characterized with power, violence and confrontation. Based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that most of the traditionally masculine sports are in transition toward neutral, which is most probably due to the increasing participation of the women as well as the way of their coverage by mass media.

Introduction & goal: the aim of this research has been to study the effect of perceived waiting time on evaluating service quality and customer satisfaction in the sport services area (including swimming pool and sport hall) as a case study in Gas National company. The research method was descriptive. Statistical sample of the research are consist of 100 persons from women users of provided service in sport complexes of Gas Company in 1391. The research tool was a part of Hightower (2002) which its validity was considered by using factor analysis technique and its reliability was 95%. For data analysing in this part, structural equation modeling and its special type of this model, confirmed factor analysis technique, with the application of Partial Least Squares (PLS) through the SmartPls2 application used.
Findings: In this model, the perceptive wating time could affect service quality directly and with satisfaction relatively powerful effect coefficient (0/614) as well as effect coefficient (0/59). Furthermore, service quality could has a role between waiting time and satisfaction as a mediator factor. Therefore, it is proposed that managers enjoy this area to make changes in the other variables of the model and by understanding the various forms of perceptive waiting time in the sport service, use the waiting time more effective management in order to improve customers satisfaction.

Background & Purpose: Childhood in the midst of life is the most important period of growth of motor, growth of fundamental motor skills is the most important growth item in childhood. The aim of this study was to compare development of fundamental movement skills of 7 year old rural and urban children of Kashan. The Study was Casual-Comperative Expost facto study. For this purpose, 53 children (26 boys and 27 girls) from city of Kashan and 49 children (22 boys and 27 girls) from villages of Kashan were selected in available. Fundamental movement skills of children were evaluated by the use of "the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Test (M-ABC)”. This test has three subtests of manual dexterity, ball skills, and balance skills. To compare the two groups in each of these sub-tests and also the total score, independent t-test were used. The result of study show that difference between urban and rural children in Hand Dexterity subtests, and ball skills were not significant. However, rural children in balance skills subtest and total scores were superior to urban children. Findings of this research show that supporting elements in rural lifestyle such as time for training, doing household task and the chance to play in openness environment have great influence on child fundamental skills development, so rural families should be more concern about the side effect of rural life style which impose to their children and provide their children with more chance of playing in openness and sport environments.

According to the importance of educational sport in elementary schools,sport development in these schools is obvious.The first step to achieve sustainable development is checking obstacles and their removal. So this study is to examine the obstacles in sport development in Mazandaran province schools at the level of education.The method of this research is descriptive and rvey. The sample consists of 50 school sport experts, including faculty who had years of being in education, managers and provincial education department managers and experts in physical education with a master's degree or PhD. Data collection tools, questionnaires, which includes items related to internal and external factors. The number of professors and specialists authority, confirmed the validity of this questionnaire.To analyze the data, the Friedman test was used. Findings show that the most obstacles in internal environment of organizations : managerial dimension , human , financial affairs , facilities and infrastructure , And the structure of the education system . On the other hand, the most important external effective factors are cultural weakness , lack of using technology , insanitary social environment , lack of rules and economical recess are in the priority of effecting. Despite the obstacles that have been more powerful in outer dimension, Need to consider the overall strategy for this area of the country is at the macro level to the underlying reduce internal barriers to the department of education,To examine the obstacles, with thinking of all the officials and policymakers together to promote sports schools found.

Background& Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual in-service training periods on the job performance of physical education's teachers in Ardebil province. The research method was descriptive. The population of the research includes all physical education teachers in Ardabil province which according to Cochran's formula 242 persons was identified as the sample size (N=242). Data were gathered by researcher maid questionnaire (effectiveness of virtual in-service training periods and job performance) which it's calculated reliability coefficient through Cronbach's alpha for in-service training and job performance 0/95 and 0/96 respectively. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and multiple regression). The results showed that all the components of the virtual in-service training (promotion component of teaching-learning process, promotion human interaction, promoting the use of Internet and familiarity with computers, saving the time, technical and practical skills, use of new educational methods and patterns, tend to physical education) have the ability to predict job performance. The availability of the Internet makes access to the new information in less time and this item in the field of the teacher's use of new methods and patterns cause to increase their job performance.

Introduction and aim: Video presentation method is the best model presentation in observational learning. One of the visual variables that practitioners put more emphasis on its effects on observational learning and has not been fully investigated is angle of video presentation. So the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of different angles of video model presentation on acquisition and retention of a novel task. this study is a semi-experimental study with pretest- posttest design. 60 female university students voluntarily participated in this study and according to their pretest’s performance score, divided in to 6 homogenous groups Data were analyzed with repeated measure analysis of variance test in α=0. 05 level of significance. result of this study shows the effect of block and angle on acquisition of participant’s skill, but the effect of angle was not significant; while in retention phase, significant difference was seen among examined angles, in this caseوsubjects of 180 degree group had better performance in retention test. observation learning training, especially observing video model from angle of 0 to 180 degree, due to better observation of movement patterns and better subjects’ imitation of model, lead to performance improvement; while for better learning, observing the movement from angle of 180 degree, due to involvement of subjects in more cognitive and memory processes, can be considered with the aim of learning improvement

Disturbance in the visual motion perception is the subject that is proposed in related to malfunctions such as attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and healthy children in visual motion perception tasks. This was a description of the causal-comparative study. The sample consists of 25 children with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder and 25 healthy children were selected with accessible method. The main tests used include of biological motion perception and point light tests of the visual perception tests and s digits spam test of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale to identify the working memory. The way multivariate analysis of variance and independent t-test was used to examine the differences between the two groups and correlated variables was measured. There is the different performance in two groups of children with and without attention deficit in the biological motion perception and point light tests only in noisy conditions with consistency of 50%. Results of the different performances in noisy conditions in both groups showed that is not seen the significant differences in point light and biological motion perception tests in noisy conditions in children group with hyperactivity disorder / attention (p Keys:

One’s own motor system is activated by viewing and imaging another person performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the motor simulation in prediction of interpersonal coordination among jumping rope elite boys. An applied research was done as a single-stage case study with 14 jumping rope elite boys (13-18 years). The subjects practiced the jumping rope tasks (jumping rope in different distances and online landing) for four months, until they could do them properly and without any online feedbacks. This study used a Vicon motion analysis device with six infrared cameras capable of 120 frames per seconds to record three-dimensional movements of the legs and rope whirling. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that with enough practice, movement onset time, hand-foot deviation time, timing variation in rope whirling, and landing time of joint groups were equal while a significant difference was observed in movement time and jump height between them (P≤0.05). ) When people simulate a partner’s performance to do joint coordination, they may be relying on internal models that govern the interpersonal coordination. Indeed by increasing difficulty of task and so by increasing joint task demands, degree of interpersonal coordination would increase.

Background & Purpose: The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of contextual interference on learning simple and complex tasks with indexes difficulty. A number of 56 right handed Yazd university students with a mean age of 22 1.3years were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to four groups which differed in scheduled practice and type of task performed (simple and complex). Fitts’ task with different indexes difficulty were designed as software and appeared on a computer monitor.The aim of this task was maximum movement speed and accuracy. The subjects practiced 8 blocks of 8 trails in the acquisition phase and then practiced 1 blocks of 8 trails in the immediate retention phase. In transfer tests, they performed 1 blocks of 8 trails. The data were analyzed by mixed factor ANOVA, two way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test (P The results showed a significant difference between various scheduled practices and type of tasks in different phases of movement speed. Meanwhile there was no significant difference between various scheduled practices of movement accuracy. These findings suggest that contextual interference effect depend on trade of speed and accuracy. The results suggested usage from low contextual interference (blocked scheduled practice) is appropriate in tasks that benefit from the principal of speed and accuracy.

Background & Purpose: DCD is one of the obvious inadequacies of motor skills in children in primary school age. This study aims to examine the effect of sensory-motor integration activities on cognitive variables such as attention and working memory in children with Developmental Coordination Disorders (DCD). Hence 20 children with DCD (ages 8-1) who were referred to a rehabilitation center in Kermanshah city were selected as available samples and then randomly divided into two groups as experimental and control group. Then the Continuous Performance test and the Wechsler´s working memory test were completed as
Pre-test. The experimental group practiced for 8 weeks, three 120-minute sessions per week which were included activities such as (swinging, trampoline jumping, spinning around themselves, spinning around the coach, etc). Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Leven test, Box test and analyze of covariance. The Results shows, in working memory variable, the effect was significant on both practicing (p=0.001) and group (p=0.001). In attention variable, although the effect was significant in practicing (p=0.002), it was not significant in group (p=0.056). This pattern of findings suggests the sensory-motor integration activities could promote Attention and Working memory in children with DCD.

The purpose of this research was effect of instructional and motivational self-talk in covert and overt levels on learning the shape and accuracy of over arm throw in children. Participants in this study, 50 female students from primary first and second grade were and were divided randomly in five groups. During 6 sessions, the throwing task was done with the right hand to the target on the wall. In the pre-test and retention test throwing accuracy based on the task Luciana et al. (2012) and the shape of over arm throw based on the list Czech Anderson (1999) criteria evaluated. Participants 24 hours after the last training session, in retention test performed a block of 10 trials from a distance of 3 meters, similar to pre-test conditions. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that difference is statistically significant between the accuracy of throw in control, covert instructional self-talk, overt instructional self-talk, covert motivational self-talk, overt motivational self-talk. Covert instructional self-talk group with higher accuracy compared with the overt motivational and instructional self-talk groups. In retention phase, findings of shape of over arm throw showed covert and overt instructional self-talk groups had significantly higher performance compared to the covert and overt motivation self talk and control groups. According to the findings of this study suggest that teachers in teaching basic skills such as throwing pattern, revealing the use of instructional self-talk.

Purpose & Background: The relationship between cardiovascular fitness with cognitive processes is greatly attractive, and the present study was designed to investigate the relationship between cardiovascular fitness with the response inhibition ability in students. Among physical education male students at university of Kurdistan, 38 students were randomly selected as statistical sample (age: 22/23±1/60 year, weight: 70/82±6/88 kg). To estimate cardiovascular fitness, maximal oxygen uptake of subjects was measured by using Bruce test and to assess the response inhibition ability, the computerized Stroop test was used. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient (p The results showed that, there was not significant correlation between maximal oxygen uptake with interference number, error number in the congruent and incongruent condition and reaction time in the congruent and incongruent condition. These findings indicate that, there is not a significant relationship between cardiovascular fitness and response inhibition ability in students.