فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال هشتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 32، زمستان 1396)

Advances in technology and above all Internet and network, have today affected all the everyday activities of citizens and organizations. With this regard, data centers are an important storage space in immunization of volumes of information. These centers continue to function and retain information, as the information source suppliers of critical services such as banks and military bases from the perspective of passive defense are emphasized. Accordingly, in this study, evaluation of the vulnerability of building data centers against the threats posed by dynamic loads has been addressed. 8 main indicators have been loaded and designed including the foundation, structural frame, cross members, structural systems, wall coatings, building materials, ceiling and floor, and 24 variables have been extracted. Using multi-criteria decision-making techniques including smart way and saw and distributing a questionnaire among experts, indocators have been prioritized and weighted. Design and loading indicators have been the most important ones weighing 0.221 and then the structure skeleton with 0.17 and structural system with 0.163 were in the following places. After calculating the weights, the risk assessment process and the vulnerability have been addressed.

The use of underground structures, particularly tunnels and shelter, is one of the most basic defensive measures of each country. However, studying the possibility of detecting underground structures is one of the most complex issues in the field of passive defense. Today, electrical resistivity and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) geophysical methods have been greatly developed to identify structures and underground cavities. In this study, the ability of these methods to detect tunnels has been investigated by conducting a case study. The results of both methods show abnormalities in the tunnel under test. However, estimating the location of the tunnel by combining the results from both methods gives reliable results. Also, in this study, geo-electrical abnormalities of a rectangular block through various simulations have been examined and defensive strategies to reduce the probability detection of buried structures have been provided.

Iran is located in one of the most sensitive parts of the world; a place where besides wars and terrorist attacks, embodies many natural disasters every year and brings a lot of human and financial damages. So, because of the accumulation of material and spiritual capital of the country, focusing on cities is very important. Cities of Khouzestan Province, in addition to a lot of damage during the eight years Iraq war against Iran, nowadays are also exposed to different types of natural and manmade disasters. Dezful has a strategic situation in the province and according to the records during the holy defrence war, it had repeatedly been attacked by enemy missiles. Hospitals are one of the most important infrastructures of cities that, in addition to providing services at normal times, should also perform well during the crisis. Obviously, the hospital that has properly implemented the principles of passive defense can play such a role. Accordingly, Dr. Gonjavian Hospital in Dezful has been selected as an active and important hospital in Dezful whose design and location have been investigated. According to criteria extracted for the analysis, the hospital in terms of location is consistent with the principles of passive defense. But in terms of architecture and building design, defense principles have been partially implemented at the building and other principles and different designs can be performed in hospitals’ vision without making major changes to the building.

Since various threats including man-made and natural threats threaten the country, presenting the principles and design criteria of buried safe hospitals is very necessary. These principles and design criteria should have least vulnerability against all types of possible threats and as well as be ready to serve continuously in critical situations . In this paper, , Principles and standards of passive defense in Mechanical Design buried safe hospitals were studied. They include water supply facilities, sewage disposal, ventilation and exchange air, firefighters and medical gases. Method of research was combination of descriptive- analytical and data collection . After data classification, and identification of Principles and standards of Mechanical Design of hospitala with passive defense approach, a questionnaire was designed using Likert scale and was distributed among the experts community. Then, using software SPSS, the data were analyzed in two descriptive and analytical dimensions. The findings of this study showed that using measures of management principle to facilitate crisis will be the most effective and measures of AFA principle will have the minimal impact to reduce the vulnerability of mechanical installations of buried safe hospitals. Also this research provided a perfect reference for designers and engineers of mechanical installations of buried safe hospitals based on passive defense .

Chemical and biological warfare can cause irreparable effects on human and other creatures. Among the most common chemical agents are nerve agents, mustard, blood agents, arsine, chlorine and phosgene. Electrospinning is a method for production of different nano and microfibers from polymers solution, solutions containing polymers and nanoparticles or melted polymers. One of the main applications of nanofibers produced by electrospinning is their use for production of protective clothing against chemical and biological agents. This is based on the active materials used in nanofibers and can decompose or neutralize different chemical and biological warfare agents. In this review article, first electrospinning process and affecting parameters are summarized and then conducted research on the preparation of protective nanofibers against chemical and biological warfare are studied. Also, different decomposition mechanisms of chemical agents are investigated based on used active materials in nanofibers. Based on the research in this field, nylon 6/ ZnO composite nanofibres is proposed as the most suitable choice for preparation of protective clothing against chemical and biological warfare.

With the increase in using cyber space in organizations, cyber-attacks specially DDOS attacks by malware and intruders have increased. According to limits that do not allow the terms of a cyber attack to be created in organizations, in addition to providing information about systems at the time of the attack, using simulation provides the possibility of a wide variety of attacks with different sizes. Agent-based modeling and simulation is a method for simulating systems comprised of different agents. In this article, in addition to describing the concepts and features of the agentbased modeling and simulation and DDOS attack, the necessary conditions to examine the various scenarios of distributed interactive and non-interactive cyber attack and defense and evaluation of its performance is provided. The results show that the Defense Distributed Interactive has a better performance than non-interactive mode and the load at the time of the attack is reduced to an average of 15 percent. This reduction of traffic load is due to interaction of defence agents with each other that subsequently increases the defense capability of agents when the attack occurs.

Responsiveness to safety and security requirements is one of the most important design concerns in industrial complexes. The probable number of potential dangers in these complexes, including heavy morality and financial losses, confirms the importance of practical and theoretical efforts to increase their safety and security.This essay aims to answer how to improve the safety and security ratio in these spaces, and the hypothesis is based on the idea that the defense in-depth helps secure and safe conditions through the expansion of defense layers throughout the project's life, the life of the incident, or the number of active and passive systems. The most important aspects of this research are as semantic explanation of safety and security criteria in industrial complexes design, explaining the concept of defense in-depth, explaining the appropriateness of safety and security criteria with the idea of defense in-depth, operating safety and security scenarios with defense indepth, and the comparative advantages of its application in design. This research has an analytical nature that tries to answer the research question through rational deductions on words, views, and standards. The findings confirm that the idea of defense in-depth in architecture leads to an increase in safety and security in industrial complexes.