فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 34، تابستان 1397)

Nowadays, economic and political development of a society depends on the performance of critical infrastructure such as energy, water, ICT, banking, research and education, transportation, health and treatment, etc. Control and monitoring of critical infrastructure and industrial systems are performed by intelligent network control systems. Major threats to critical infrastructure and industrial control systems are targeted attacks such as cyber ones in which the attacker tailors its strategy for industrial control systems. In order to achieve a secure community, development of protected infrastructure, securing the critical information, and construction of intrinsically secure control systems are absolutely essential. There are a vast number of solutions to security of industrial control systems. The aim of this paper is to classify the solutions into two categories, namely basic strategies and structural strategies. Moreover, some of the common pitfalls and mistakes in the employment of security solutions are addressed.

Passive defense is a perfect support for national sovereignty and appropriate sustainable development of the country and is one of the most effective and sustainable methods of defense against potential human, natural and cultural, political and economic threats. This is also a great way to impose. passive defense is as a stable and the cheapest way for the National Defense to deal with abnormal or man-made disasters in all areas of human life. One of the ways of dealing with the enemy other than military confrontation is to implement the principles of passive defense in critical infrastructure and human settlements of the country. Throughout history, urban planners and planners of Security-military matters consider big cities as centers of power, population centers and transport communications, intelligence systems, industrial and financial node keys, administrative and governmental positions, wealth and national resources . On the basis of this research, using descriptive and analytical (structural approach strategy) through the study of urban areas experience different countries (library documentation), the implementation of passive defense principles and practicality of strategies in urban areas (the main objective of the research) have been done. To continue the research, a variety of solutions are given based on principles of passive defense in the urban areas in line withsustainable development and passive security-safety strategies related to geographical, economic, social and cultural structures whose most important is the attention to defense approaches in the preparation of detailed plans of cities, location and deployment of activities and uses and access to them based on providing security of citizens and the city during the incident and possible attacks.

Nowadays, terrorism is one of the challenges that the built environments and public realm are faced with. Due to their ease of access, little protective security, the prospect for high casualty rates and political impact in the event of a successful attack, highly-important buildings and crowded places are considered attractive targets for terrorists. Therefore, how to deal with the ongoing threat of global and domestic terrorism are important. Urban managers and designers need to consider the hostile vehicle mitigation when designing buildings accessible to the public and public open spaces. One of these measures is the use of bollards, which plays a significant role in reducing property and human losses by creating a stand-off distance. The aim of this research is acquaintance with requirements of the bollards design and layout in order to protect pedestrians against the vehicleborne improvised explosive device threats. The research method of the study is descriptive and the contents have been collected by using the approach of review in the context of documentary studies, based on the documents and references provided by the UK government. Finally, the findings confirm that the bollards affect the movement and behavior of pedestrians. So, after site analysis and also studying the behavior of pedestrians based on the certain technical standards, the bollards design and layout should be implemented.

Principles of civil defense, in particular urban residential context, not only reduce the losses and costs arising from any risk of war but also maintain national sovereignty and thwart all conspiracies of the enemies. With this regard, monitoring and evaluation of imperative physical-space systems based on the principles of passive defense can Identify existing shortcomings and be effective in defining priorities and presenting solutions. Now the Insecure and worn out structures and also poor neighborhood with many users severely increase the residential vulnerability. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to investigate the spatial analysis of structural vulnerability of E-frame residential use of passive defense in the 6th zone of Ahvaz. A metropolis role of Ahvaz in the position of geostrategic, geo-economic, geo-culture and social and cultural fabric of the city, shows the need to examine the research. The research regarding the purpose is of the cross - sectional type and relies on the library studies and field surveys. At first, indicators of determining the quality of residential access to vital factors in times of crisis were extracted. Then, Regarding the different coefficients of each of the selected indices, the multivariate weighting method was used to weigh the indicators and finally, using Geographic information system (ArcGis) and through fuzzy overlapping functions (fuzzy), the final layer of quality access was provided and in the final step, using spatial statistics, distribution of vulnerable zones were shown. The results of the spatial analysis showed that about 48.5 percent of the 553 hectares of residential users had the vulnerability of medium to high. the largest concentration was also in the East and the margins of 6the zone of Ahvaz. Such a reality, on the one hand, requires a comprehensive agenda for serious action retrofitting of urban housing in the area under review priorities and strategies and, On the other hand, it calls for the priorities and strategies of such a program, which is mentioned at the end of this paper. The results of this study also confirmed the accuracy of the use of fuzzy functions in the GIS to analyze the vulnerability of urban housing.

Underground metro stations in the metro transport system are considered as one of the main components linking the underground and ground spaces. This important component is always exposed to natural hazards and human-made threats for various reasons, especially the aggregation of passengers in it. The multiple uses of metro stations, both during peacetime and in times of crisis, have also increased the degree of their functional significance. Therefore, one of the basic measures of passive defense is the selection of suitable metro stations. In the present study, using library studies, field visits, and interviews with 35 experts, 21 criteria for site selection of metro stations have been identified and categorized. Then, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the relative weights of the identified indices is determined. The sample of this study is Metro station 3 in Isfahan zone 13. The ArcGIS system has been used to generate and analyze the overlay map of the spatial information layers related to the effective criteria. The results of this study indicate that the location of the stations determined according to the passive defense principles corresponds to the places determined by the technical viewpoint. Moreover, in this study, other routes for subway in zone 13 are proposed based on passive defense principles.

In recent years, an ever-increasing trend in mass data production is observed over the recent years. According to IBM, interestingly, around 90% of the existing data in the world is produced only in the last two years. It was in 2007, when the size of data exceeded the available storage resource for the first time. Also a wide range of applications such as search engines, medical research, weather forecasting and scientific programs needed distributed data for the processing and analysis ofbig amounts of data , Big Data, as in other technologies, has numerous opportunities and challenges in front users. The use of opportunities and benefits in the business and proper management challenges is converted into one of the hot topics in the field of IT, So there is a very important mechanism for processing mass at a cost effective, Therefore, one of the best ways to solve the problem of massive information processing is the use of the Apache Hadoop. Gartner's definition of the Hadoop is “Hadoop is a data management system that brings together large volumes of structured and unstructured data that affects almost all organizational layers. this causes the positioning in the heart of data centers”. Hadoop is part of the Apache Software Foundation supported byApache projects , in fact Hadoop is a free Java-based programming framework that allows us to process massive sets of data in a distributed processing environment supports. Therefore, in this article, we have a comparison of structured and unstructured Database and then, we investigate the Apache Hadoop architecture and its wide range of applications in today's Big Data as well as challenges facing this emerging technology, such as batch processing, real-time processes and bottlenecks.

Nowadays, underground structures are increasing day by day due to the population increase, technology development, increasing of military threat and economic saving. The impact rate of underground spaces against explosive loads caused by enemy invasion depends directly on the success and effectiveness of passive defense. On the other hand, stability of the underground spaces is very crucial in various lithological conditions. Due to the increased need for the implementation of these structures, many of these projects may be carried out in unfavorable geological conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the stability of these spaces for different lithology conditions. In the present study, by means of numerical methods of discrete element, a code has been developed by UDEC software. In the numerical developed code, the influence of water level on the tunnel final support has been investigated. To investigate the effect of water level on the tunnel stability, the pressure of 10 tons of explosives has been exponentially applied to the top of the tunnel. Research indicates that as the water level rises, the damage caused by the explosion increases to the tunnel support.

Investigating the factors and identifying the type of potential threats and risks of important assets at the time of incidents are of the key measures in reducing vulnerability with the passive approach. Therefore, in order to develop the most likely scenario to prevent or reduce vulnerability and the consequences, we need to develop comprehensive indicators and risk analysis techniques. In the present models, all stages of risk analysis are linear, while it can be a major weakness in the evaluation process. For example, in the asset screening stage, an asset that does not have a high value in terms of assets is eliminated, but with high potential for large system vulnerabilities. In fact, due to the nature of the linearity of the models, the asset is eliminated in the first stage and prevents evaluation in the next steps (vulnerability assessment). Due to the weakness of linear models for determining the priority of the vulnerability of the three nuclear sites, the network analysis process model has been used. The research method of the present study is based on the purpose of the developmental type. From the nature of the subject, a description of the library resources and the views of the elites to examine the proposed models have been used. Finally, while explaining the indicator, the model of the network analysis process is described in order to evaluate the final risk, which is the most risk related to sites A, B, C.

In this article a new technique is proposed for detection of polymorphic malware based on image processing. With the proliferation of polymorphic malware, the efficacy of signature-based static analysis systems is greatly reduced. This survey is based on the comparison of the images developed from malware samples binary code. With the advent of image processing applications for binary code analysis, numerous features could be extracted for comparing malware isomorphs. Based on these features, we have been capable of detecting malware isomporphs with an unprecedented accuracy. Most often, malware samples binaries are packed. Using our proposed method, we have been capable of detecting the unique similarity between executables packed with a same packer.

Passive defense and resistance economy are among the most important concepts in Iran's economic literature. These two categories have contributed a lot to economic research in recent years, and there is a relationship between the two concepts of research which have not yet been taken place. In the past years, passive defense had been set before the resistance economy, in order to establish the agenda of executive and military apparatuses. However , a concept of passive defense was raised by the Ayatollah Khmenei, leader of Iran ,therefore it raised the question in the scholars’ mind about the relationship between these two crucial issues?. This research responds to this fundamental question; how non-economic defense or economic defense relates to a resistance economy. In order to illustrate the relationship between economic defense and resistance economy, the principles of passive defense were applied to the general policies of resistance, then they were analyzed through a questionnaire. After analyzing the questionnaire by experts , they confirmed all the cases except one of them . Also, the basic principles and characteristics of passive defense and the general policies of the resistance economy were applied in order to prove the issue . the present study has shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between the resistance economy and economic defenseresults.

After disasters and unexpected incidents, one of the most important issues in the field of public health concern is maintaining the provision of safe drinking water. So before occurring the crisis, measures should be taken to provide emergency drinking water for the crisis. Birjand is the second city in Iran to have the urban water plumbing . Due to political and strategic position of the city of Birjand, and the proximity to the border of Afghanistan, as well as being the capital of the province in where the second-level institutions and centers of the country are located, both the air and ground attacks are possible. In this study, the effective parameters to optimize the location of water supply stations in emergency and crisis are identified and compared and evaluated. The optimization parameters include: drinking water wells, water pumping stations, fault lines in the metropolitan area, the main communication lines, special subscribers and land use. To determine the weight and effective coefficient in the final relations,using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) pairwise comparison between the parameters is made in order to finally determine the weight of each function. Then with a layer of intelligence and the coefficients obtained from the AHP, by overlaying layers and applying layer summation formula based on the weight of each criterion in GIS software, the optimized range was calculated. Finally, to improve the inconsistent areas resulting from GIS with management measures, areas near these locations were selected by considering the type of land use.