Journal of Qualitative Research in Health Sciences
Volume:5 Issue: 3, 2016

Menopause is a turning point in women’s life. Although it is a physiological process and an event experienced by almost all women, it is not felt equally for them. The aim of this study was to better understand the nature of postmenopausal women experience with menopause.
A qualitative approach based on content analysis as well as semi-structured interviews was used in this study. A total of 15 postmenopausal women were interviewed about their experience of confrontation with menopause. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with data collection.
Three main themes namely, self-efficacy, passivity by focusing on the ideas of others and physical appearance were extracted. Also six sub-themes expanded the description of the main themes. Sub-themes were feeling of adequacy and effectiveness, feeling of inadequacy and inefficiency, negative preconceptions, playing the role of victim, satisfaction with the body, and feeling old.
Exploring the postmenopausal women experience in dealing with menopause can identify the views and needs of this group and leads to designing appropriate interventional programs for improving their quality of life.

Facing the death of a patient is an inevitable part of the nursing profession and nurses in early years of their professional career are more vulnerable to this fact. Understanding their reaction after a patient's death could lead to a better understanding of this phenomenon and pursuit of ways to reduce the damages caused in young nurses. Therefore, this study aimed to explore, describe and explain the initial reactions of the novice nurses in facing the death of a patient.
The study included 12 nurses selected through purposive sampling from the hospitals in Birjand, Iran. To analyze the data, the "Graneheim and Lundman" qualitative content analysis method was used.
The four main themes extracted from the study were emotional turmoil, feeling sad due to altruism, a sense of desperation, and a feeling of guilt and failure. The subthemes identified under the emotional turmoil context were sense of confusion, fear, stress, frustration, shame and concern. For sadness due to altruistism, subthemes of crying, sadness and grief were identified. In the context of desperation, subthemes included feeling tired, feeling depletion of body forces, and inadequacies and shortcomings. As for the theme of feeling guilt and failure, identified subthemes were self-blame, guilt, shame, despair and being disgusted by their profession.
Novice nurses experience many problems at the beginning of their cinical career which can cause serious physical and mental damage. Addressing these reactions provide substantial harm reduction strategies to help nurses and managers.

The aim of this study was to explore the pathologies of interaction between couples and the in-law family.
This was a qualitative study and included 14 women and 13 men selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interview and analyzed using conventional content analysis strategy.
Interactional pathologies between couples and the in-law family were wrong boundary, differences, dependence, expectations, uneven distribution of power, rejection of bride/groom, and unpleasant manners. Also emotional, cognitive and behavioral results of interactional pathologies between couples and their in-law family could affect the relationship between couples and their in-laws, the couple’s relationship with each other, and the personal life of each couple, and cause physical and mental disorders in couples.
Improving couples and family relations can help to stabilize the relationship between the couple and their in-law family, and increase marital satisfaction and promote the health of the community.

Drug abuse is a serious threat to community health increasing in lower age groups. Studies have shown that the majority of adolescents have started the drug abuse in the age of 12 to 13 years. We aimed to explain the perception of risky and protective factors of drug abuse among teenagers.
This was a qualitative study conducted through content analysis based on ecological model. Participating (n = 38) were male (n = 16) and female (n = 22) students at the third grade of high school in Isfahan city, Iran, selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected and analyzed through interviews.
Using ecological approach, four main levels of personal, interpersonal, organizational and social, and public policies divided into the risk and protective factors. At personal level, lack of knowledge about the harms of drug abuse and lack of life skills, at interpersonal level, role of family and not caring religious rituals by families were mentioned, at organizational and social levels, internet and satellite access without any control by the parents and at public policies levels, drugs entry to the country were risk factors for addiction mentioned by the participants. Protective factors were as knowledge and awareness about the harms of drugs, and enhancement of life skills at personal level, influential role of the family and strengthening religious rituals at interpersonal level, assigning one educational course on this subject for adolescents at organizational and social level, and investigating the causes and related factors of addiction and creation of alternative leisure activities at public policies were mentioned by participants, too.
In this study, the risk and protective factors of drug abuse were distinguished by adolescents at different levels including personal, interpersonal, organizational and social, and public policies levels. These issues should be considered in designing and implementing preventive intervention programs.

One way to confront challenges of clinical evaluation of the students is by means of 360 degree method. Understanding experiences and viewpoints of nursing students as evaluatees are very important. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the experiences and viewpoints of nursing students about clinical evaluation by 360 degree approach.
In this qualitative study, junior nursing students attending a pediatric internship program were chosen by purposeful sampling. Focus group sessions were held for data gathering. Totally 27 students participated in 4 focus group discussions. For transcription and analysis of interviews Microsoft Word and OneNote software were used and date were analysed using content analysis approach.
“dynamic atmosphere of clinical field” was the main theme of study that consisted of four categories; “active learning”, “justice”, “communication”, and “discipline”.
Finding of this study can help nursing instructors to gain a better understanding of the nursing students viewpoints toward this evaluation approach and help them take essential steps and plannings towards implementing this approach.

Self-efficacy as the main predictor of nurses’ behavior plays an important role in caring and nurses’ professional behavior. However, various aspects of this concept have not been considered. This study tried to explore perceived self-efficacy of care process management in pediatric nurses.
This study was part of a larger study on the caring self-efficacy concept that was conducted through content analysis and from a qualitative approach during 2014-2015 in Iran. 27 pediatric nurses and clinical instructors participated in this research according to the purposive sampling employed in the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The collected data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method.
The “Management of care process” theme was one of the main themes extracted from the interview analysis. The theme was of two main categories “Provide process-oriented care” including caring according to nursing process and caring decision making, and “Guidance and control of the caring process” including supervision and leadership of care and self-control.
Nurses with self-efficacy perception can manage care to children. Perceived self-efficacy of care process management takes place through infrastructures such as caring according to nursing process, caring decision making, and supervision and leadership of care and self-control appear. These results can be used by nursing managers and instructors to help development of self-efficacy perception in nurses, especially in pediatric care.

Teachers are among the most important parts of the education system and have an important role in achieving educational goals. Teachers evaluation and assessing the quality of their work is one of the most important aspects of improving the quality of education. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate viewpoints of nursing students on teachers evaluation.
This was a qualitative study conducted on 14 nursing students from the Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and informed consent was obtained. Data were collected through conducting deep and semi-structured interviews, presence in the field and taking handwritten notes. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and reviewed on paper. Data were analyzed using inductive approaches and content analysis.
Three main themes and 13 subthemes emerged about factors accefting teacher evaluation that included the evaluation process (inefficient questions, time, distribution of questionnaires and explanations), functional characteristics of the students (trueness, awareness, integrity, inclusion of personal feelings) and student view (experience of previous encounters, positive, and negative evaluation).
Evaluation is endorsing effective activities and procedures and eliminating or weakening the ineffective or undesirable activities and methods. Based on the results of this study, the assessment process should be changed and the current evaluation process should be corrected to improve the quality of teachers’ work in order to positively impact students’ learning.

One of the emerging methods of qualitative research methodology is discourse analysis. This method is a non-reactive and non-intervention method that seeks to analyze and view documents and texts that have already been recorded. The aim of this study was to determine this method and its application in nursing.
A comprehensive search was performed through multiple databases such as Ovid, Medline, Google Scholar, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Social Sciences Index, SID and international and internal sources with keywords such as “discourse analysis” and “discourse analysis in nursing”, and related articles and books were identified and studied. In addition to exploring this method, its application in nursing was also revealed.
Discourse analysis is a non-intervention qualitative method to analyze recorded documents and texts and their implicit and explicit meanings in order to share experiences and human thoughts. Discourse analysis is a useful and productive qualitative methodology but has been underutilized within nursing research.
Discourse analysis can be used in producing new knowledge, and analyzing and clarifying disputed concepts and theories of nursing, and plays an important role in analyzing not only correct communication between the nurse and the patient but also nursing professional identity.