نشریه پژوهش های زبانشناختی در زبان های خارجی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

The purpose of this research is to help instruct students the particular aspects of using articles in the Spanish language، a concept that has not yet been thoroughly studied by researchers. Articles are one of the most controversial issues in the Spanish language، since there are many controversies about their uses and functions. These differences creates many difficulties in learning the article for students taking Spanish as a secondlanguage. Therefore، through an experimentalstudy composed of a questionnaire that aimed at assessing Iranian learners’ competencies in three levels،an introductory level، an intermediate level and an advanced level، this paper aims to present the differentapplications of this linguistic element in the form of a specific model، divided into three categories،i. e.، grammatical، syntactic and semantic. The study of learners’ errors in each of these categories will be discussed. Finally، the main factors affecting these errors in order to facilitate the understanding and learning of the article are identified.

Undoubtedly، curriculum planers، experts and researchers should benefit from the latest scientific advances and achievements when developing the curricula. Overlooking this critical concept will lead to a decline in the educational system، and may cause irremediable damages to the process of education. This article primarily aims at briefly introducing the Iranian universities that offer German Language Programs with different subfields، and secondly aims at analyzing، criticizing and studying the current BA curriculum program for German Language and Translation offered by the German Department of the Faculty of Foreign languages at Payambar Akram Complex، Islamic Azad University. The objective is to present the program’s weaknesses and strengths. Results and new findings will be offered as suggestions، recommendations and solutions for improving and raising the quality of this field as a major university program.

The translator’s multilateral role as a user and processor of the source text as well as the producer of the target text in today’s multi-cultural and multilingual communications has always drawn researchers’ attention to examining translators’ actions and behavior including the translation process of novice translators This study، outlined in the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS)، explains the processes undertaken by Iranian novice translators while translating an expository text from English to Persian. Eight novice translators took part in the study and three methods of Think Aloud Protocol Technique، Observation and Retrospective Interview were used to gather the data. All the actions of the translators were encoded and categorized according to the steps introduced in Grounded Theory Method Data Analysis and were examined on Rhetoric، Conceptual and linguistic levels and divided into four stages of Planning، Comprehending، Transferring and Monitoring. This study specifies that all novice translators went through all the stages and levels in the process of translating an expository text from English to Persian. However their main focus was on the linguistic level.

One of the main concerns of Iranian students who learn English is the fact that they cannot learn the different English rules of negative and interrogative tenses and hence suffer from numerous grammar rules. The present study is based on the researchers'' experiences، who have been educated in Linguistics، in Teaching English to Persian students. They applied a new teaching method (the Rule Teaching Method) unconciouslly and found that there was an essential improvement in grammar learning by students. In the present paper، the authors will introduce the Rule Teaching Method which is the result of the utilization of linguistics principles. Using the findings of linguists، instead of explaining each verbal form، in this method، a general rule is expressed.. For testing this method، 40 students from two general English classes were chosen. After the adjustment of their homogeneity، the students of the first class were trained in the traditional method، in four first sessions، while the other students were trained in the Rule Teaching Method. Then a test prepared by the researchers (its content validity was approved by related expertise) was given to both groups. The result was statistically analysed and the data analysis showed a significant difference between the score of the two groups. The results showed that the efficiency of students who were trained in the Rule Teaching Method was higher than the other students.

In the greatest poetry of the world، value is equally distributed between form and content. Among all kinds of formal specifications of a poem، phonetic specifications are of a great significance and with respect to poem-level transcendence، they have a great role to play. In translating a poem، the translator must equally pay attention to the transferance of both form and content. A poem''s special features and structures makes it distinguishable from prose. So in the process of poem translation paying attention to these complexities is a necessity. In this article، we tried to review the translation of one of Hafez’s lyrics into Russian with regard to formal specifications and particular phonetic aspects of the poem. First we considered the specifications of this lyric and then we analysised the translated version of it. We will see how the ignorance of phonetic aspects of the poem in translation could interrupt the process of the writer’s message transferance.

The present study was carried out to find if the personality traits of introversion and extroversion have any effects on the speaking ability of Iranian students of Japanese in terms of accuracy، fluency and lexical density. To this end، 60Iranian students of Japanese were given the Eysenck personality inventory; they were also given a role play interview test to elicit speaking samples from them. The application of the t-test procedure revealed that there is a significant difference between the subjects in accuracy and fluency in favor of the introverts. However، no significant difference was found between the two groups in respect of fluency. The findings of the study accentuate the need for teachers to heed their students’ personality trait as a means for the betterment of teaching practice in relation to speaking skills.

Recent interaction studies have focused on the relationship between interactional feedback and L2 development. Despite the large body of knowledge in this regard، few studies have examined learners’ preferences for interactional feedback. Besides، different findings have been reported concerning learners’ preferences for feedback and none has examined the factors accounting for the variation in the results. Thus، the present study considered the role of age in forming language learners’ preferences for oral corrective feedback. A feedback questionnaire was distributed among 136 language learners. The results confirmed the relationship between age of the learners and their preferences. While adults were more inclined towards only-teacher feedback، younger learners were more in favor of peer feedback. Adults also had a higher preference for implicit recast while younger learners were more positively oriented towards explicit recast. The results suggested the need for teachers to take into consideration learner characteristics and their perceptions when correcting their errors.

There are several reasons for the problems of translating Russian works to Persian. In the present article، Stationmaster، a novel written by Alexander Pushkin، is investigated with emphasis on issues of translating the work from an intermediate language. In the discussion section of the paper، the definitions and different theories of literary translation and the identification of the characteristics of literary translations arediscussed and then the problems existing in the Persian translation of Stationmaster are classified. The main existing problems of the mentioned work occurrs on several levels: transmission of proper nouns، titles and designations to the objective language; translation of complex grammar structures available in the text which might exist due to the intermediate translator misunderstandings; representation of descriptive and explanatory translations for many of the short sentences and wrong understanding of meaning of words. In the conclusion of the paper، referene is made to the principle that in translations، which are performed from an intermediate language، many changes may occurre in concept، style and the structures of the literary work and as a result the originality of the work can not be maintained.

There have been many theories and paradigms trying to provide answers to the challenge of the best method. After the rise of many colorful language teaching methods، in postmethod era، it was postulated that there is no magic formula to teach a foreign language but that a localized methodology based on learners and teachers’ experience will have suitable results. In this article، after investigating teachers’ pedagogical knowledge according to Gatbonton model (1999)، we have studied the pathology of teaching methodology based on the teachers’ viewpoints. To figure out teachers’ pedagogical knowledge، the present researchers observed thirty five EFL teachers. After the pathology of teaching، teachers reportedthat to assess the quality of effective teaching، such criteria as learner management، teaching quality، educational output، expertise، personality and educational policies should be taken into consideration. The observation of EFL classes revealed that there are some differences in novice and experienced teachers’ pedagogical knowledge.

In this paper، by analyzing some data from Persian and English، it is shown thatpragmatically there are two main kinds of euphemisms. The first (common euphemisms) are used to be polite and not to hurt other''s feelings on several subjects like sexual relations، death، birth، body parts، disability، mental illness، intelligence and insults. On the other hand، language users by substituting the first kind of euphemisms for unpleasant words، try to preserve their own and addressee''s social face. But the second، i. e.، ugly euphemisms، are used to hide political and economic scandals، disguise the truth، and guide public thoughts when speaking about social issues and events. It is at this point، when speakers and writers seek not so much to avoid offense as to deceive that we pass into the universe of dishonest euphemisms.