نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 15 (بهار و تابستان 1397)

Crisis management and Precautionary protection is one of the most important challenges in the Historical Sites and Monuments, especially in the World Heritage Sites which have been registered in the UNESCO list. In this paper, at first, Specifically, we identify the potential and threats in field of crisis management in Persepolis World Heritage Site and Persepolis buffer zones that have been registered on World Heritage List in 1979 and have been analyzed towards the Strength, Weakness, opportunity and Threats in Persepolis World Heritage Site and Naqsh-e Rostam. In this research by using SWOT, internal and external factors, includes: weaknesses, strengths, threats and opportunities have been used. In this research by drawing SWOT Matrix we investigate and show strategies (WT), strategies against internal weaknesses and external threats, (ST) strategy against internal strengths and external threats, (WO) strategy of internal weaknesses and external opportunities and finally, strategy of internal strengths and external opportunities. It is noteworthy that these results are suggested in the optimal management of Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rostam sites and according to the studies carried out; these results also will be used in other historical sites.

Residential buildings are the main consumer of materials in construction industry. Selection of appropriate materialled to a great impact on quality of architecture in many aspects. Considering the extent of construction in the residential sector, study on this context seems necessary. Therefore the aim of this study is to represent a “materials selection model” for residential building facade in hot and dry climate of Iran. For this purpose, according to Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM) analytical methods, specific questionnaires has been prepared in order to gathering expert’s opinions using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Finally FAHP hierarchy of material selection for residential buildings facade is represented.

Development of static analysis and relations between the cracks caused by subsidence in the walls without opening is necessary and unavoidable in the process of restoration of historical monuments, before preparing restoration plan and pathology. In other words, accurate and correct pathology, will determine the success of the restoration plan. Pathology process is an analytical issue which should be based on strong and correct arguments in order to achieve the desired result. the damages that requires reasoning and analytical studies include the cracks which were caused due to subsidence in the walls. Balance of forces of the building is disturbed by subsidence and subsequently, cracks are created. On the other hand, wall cracks can also endanger the stability and balance of the building structure in addition to cause instability by the subsidence, and accelerate the process of destruction by reducing the resistant cross-section of the wall. Therefore, analytical and static study of cracks caused by subsidence in the walls has a special and important place. For this reason, several researchers set to study and static analysis of cracks caused by the subsidence. They have obtained ratios and computations based on the length of the subsidence and height of the wall without opening for their detection and analysis. But the question always is whether obtained equations will suffice to analyze the cracks caused by subsidence in the walls without opening? In other words, is there any other types of subsidence and equations that has not been studied so far? So in answer to the question above, this study aimed to find new equations to expand and complement the existing computations in the cracks caused by subsidence in the walls without opening. The research method in this study is theoretical and static analysis and it is tried to be in connection with the studies of other researchers. According to this study another mode of subsidence can be considered in addition to other states which have been studied by other researchers. New equations and ratios were obtained with appropriate definition and static model analysis and consequently it was found that cracks form depends on the length of the subsidence.

Environments where children will be present is effective in the formation of personality, the child's behavior and his all-round development. The researchers concluded that the experience of recreation and play are effective in preparing children for effort, problem-solving and creative activities. In the current child's environment, spaces that do not give the children a chance to thinking and questioning, and learning from the environment. The paper studying Play's environment for children in the age of 6-12 And considering that do have children needs in this environment and What solutions are there for designing a pleasant environment for the children's favorite plays and entertainments that this play space is effective for enhancing creativity? To achieve the paper's purpose, Paper’s method is mixed and Data were collected through evaluating and analyzing 60 children's drawing 6 to 12 years (child's imagination from favorite play space) which were categorized into 2 groups (girls & boys), observations of children's behavior, and Evaluated and analysed in qualitative manner with Atlas Ti. The finding show that children use their imagination to draw their favorite play's environment and Considering these needs and combining these with solutions extracted from previous research in the promotion of children's creativity, this paper offer creativity promotion's design solutions for children's play environment that Can be offered children's play space design solutions to enhance their creativity
To create a more favorable environment for children's play space. this include Natural Elements, The presence of animals, furniture-equipment, view, decorations (Visual detail), Variety spaces (Opened and closed space), Variety play (Individual and group play), According to age and generic groups and provide freedom for children.

Position is a part of space whose identity is defined based on the features of on which it is located and it is a space that is meaningful for a person or some people. Regarding the houses with historical identity and revival of them which are symbolic phenomena is essential. The question raised up here is how the process and humane conformist activities with constructive body are recognized and applied in relation to the distinctive features and conditions of each and every set and how the entire totality case is made in relation to the convergence between the elements of a historical building. According to what has been mentioned, the main purpose of this study is noting the revival of historical houses as a place and the case study is Molasadra historical house in Kahak, Qom. The main perspective of the authors of this article is a case study in which it is attempted to collect the data by means of historical interpretive method to make a better understanding of Molasadra house and its potential capabilities based on the Canter's possibility model that necessitates the three elements of meaning, activity and body to identify a place and define adaptive applicatory features with the meanings of historical building. In this regard, a suitable application for the set is made and the results under the title of knowledge and philosophy school of thought show that this applicatory does not make a new meaning but adapts with the meaning of the building and is in the heart of the historical city of Kahak as a judicial center for Qom.

This Paper raises its main question in determining an effective paradigm shift in conservation and development of Historic Urban landscape with the aim of recognizing the evolution process of conservation and development approaches in order to define the paradigm, moving from an integrated approach towards the ideal approach. For this purpose, first the Historic Urban Landscape concept, as a new approach in conservation of urban heritage, is analyzed. After that, the role of change management concept in integrated approach of conservation and development is determined and reveals the necessity for a paradigm shift in order to fix its shortcomings. Based on this, the evolution process of conservation and development approaches is classified into two main steps, the separate approach and the integrated approach. Then, the Ideal Approach is introduced as a comprehensive approach that provides the possibility of balancing conservation and development approaches using the concept of change management and through the self-refining cultural filter of indigenous people. The proposed paradigm shift of this paper, by benefiting from the components of flexibility, dynamism and process-orienting, is formed in defining the self-refining cultural filter and paves the way for moving towards the Ideal Approach by which the conservation and development approaches would be like a single action with maximum compliance and compatibility.

Sense of belonging to place as a growing sense between place and people with common goals contains interests and attachments of individuals to the place. Places with these qualities have distinct atmospheres that remain on the individuals mind and lead them to return to the place. It is obvious that these distinctions are trying to illustrate physical and social spaces of life, containing meanings and activities. Trying to give sense of belonging to settlements is a relatively new method in managing public urban spaces which aims to transform boring and abandoned spaces to vibrant and high quality places. Lack of smart and coherent thinking for a comprehensive guide in planning and design of urban historic areas is a threat to conserve identity and heritage of a city. Old quarter of Gorgan as one of the most important economic hubs of the city is facing with many challenges. part of these challenges are because of declining in sense of belonging to place in this area. The results of this declining are forming disease visual landscapes, incongruous buildings comparing with historic identity of place, population displacement and presence of immigrant and unfamiliar populations. to assess the sense of belonging, some questions can be regarded: What are the constituent factors of the sense of belonging? And what are the conditions of Gorgan’s old neiborhoods in this sense? The aim of this paper, therefore, is assessing sense of belonging in traditional neighborhoods of Gorgan to compare the results between neighborhoods and find weaknesses and strengths of them in this field. Using library studies, criteria affecting sense of belonging are gathered by the view of urban professionals. Then normes and criteria are weighted by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP). In the next step the assessed statements through questionnaires, observation and interviews in the neighborhoods analyzed in TOPSIS method. Between examined norms of sense of belonging to place, most important criteria were vitality, place attachment, satisfaction of place and collective memory in order. The results of rating by TOPSIS model indicate neighborhoods of Sarcheshme (0.681), Naalbandan (0.662), Pasarve (0.625) and Dabaghan (0.553) have got the most final scores, on the other hand, neighborhoods of Baghepalang and ShazdeGhasem, Mirkarim and Chaharshanbeyi have got the least final scores. Sarcheshme is located nearby Naalbandan and Pasarv where the main old Bazzar is located and It is in the center of old Gorgan where are relatively lively. Generally in the three dimensions of sense of belonging, subjective (durability, place attachment and dependency) and functional (Social interactions and vitality) dimensions had the most influences in assessing and rating of neighborhoods.

Characterization of structural woods in historical buildings has a great importance in technological study of applied details. Herein, seven historical buildings located in Alborz, Isfahan and eastern Azerbaijan provinces related to Safavid and Qajar periods have been assessed. Samplings were done from structural woods of the buildings. Samples were prepared, sectioned and evaluated by transition optical microscope according to IAWA committee instruction. Assessment of microscopic sections of all samples showed the anatomic properties of Salicaceae family and Populus genus. Populus spp is categorized as a native and fast growing wooden species in Iran. Poplar wood has different applications because of its low density with fine uniform texture and showing high flexibility under mechanical stress and. Abundance, lightness and appropriate physical properties were resulted to their widespread application in architectural structures. Identification of poplar wood of all samples indicated to suitable knowledge of expert architects about the wood properties with respect to easy access of the species.

In livable city streets, the physical and social components should work together to enhance the health and development of the urban community and every individual member of the society. These streets are known as the heart of urban social life, and also as a place for providing social needs of citizens. Due to the essence of modern lifestyle and allocation of larger part of people's time to outdoor activities, it seems necessary to provide social needs in urban spaces, especially streets. In this regard, the present study aims to compilation a theoretical model of social vitality in streets. The research question is that the theoretical model of street's social vitality, includes what components and variables. The research method is confirmatory factor analysis type of correlation methodology. This method is used to confirm the coordination between data with a certain factor structure (theoretical research model). The study of the Sepah St., located in the historic center of Isfahan, with a good level of social vitality, has been done to confirm the research factor model. The field method (questionnaire) is used for collecting data and confirmatory factor analysis in the Amos Graphic software is utilized to test the research factor model. The result indicates that compiled factor model has fit well with data and there is a meaningful relationship between the design elements shaping the quality of social vitality and the related variables on Sepah Street. Based on findings, the quality of social vitality consists of three components of urban design: experimental-aesthetic component, functional component and environmental component. Experimental-aesthetic components include variables of street transparent wall, community control, lighting, context congruency, flooring and furniture. Environmental components consist of variables of smell of the environment, seating position, desirable shading, Cleanliness of the environment, noise pollution and public green spaces, and variables of functional component comprising of access to public transportation, access to the parking lot and mix using

Education, obtaining and expanding it among religious minorities; particularly among Armenians, has attracted great interest in the present era. Due to the geographical situation and unique features of Isfahan on the one hand, and the existence of Jolfa Quarter and Armenians as well as other religious minorities on the other hand, this city has always been the center of attention by western countries and religious minorities outside Iran. The importance of conducting this research is that the beginning of developments in education and formation of modern contemporary schools in Isfahan has its roots in establishing Armenian and other Christians’ schools in this city and their precedence in this regard compared to Muslims’ schools. This research aims to carry out a contrastive survey of architecture in samples of Armenian schools in Jolfa Quarter of Isfahan with French missionaries’ schools in this city. The research method is descriptive-analytical-contrastive. The results obtained in this research are divided into two general sections. The first section is in relation to historical developments leading to the creation or establishment of schools. This section is itself subdivided into two groups: the first group includes factors or people who had a role in creating and forming modern Armenian schools in Jolfa. The role of churches, formation of renaissance in Europe, the relationship between Armenians inside Iran with European and East Asian countries through economic activities and financial support of Armenians inside and outside the country are included in this group. The second group comprises factors related to the creation and establishment of schools by western (French) missionaries. In this regard, the French government’s policy to expand its influence in Iran culturally and through religious teachings is among the most important factors. The second section is related to the stylistics of architecture of contemporary schools of religious minorities in Isfahan. The architectural style in these buildings is mostly a mixture of Iranian classical traditional architecture and western classical architecture.