نشریه فنآوری تولیدات گیاهی
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (زمستان 1396)

Despite the well known roles of phosphorus in plant nutrition, plant responses to this nutrient element have not yet been found out. Therefore, in this study different levels and forms of phosphorus fertilizer applied on two white and red cultivars of stock flower under greenhouse conditions and some growth and development indices were evaluated. The experimental conducted was completely randomized design with four replications. Treatments included the control (without P application), granular superphosphate fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg.kg-1 of soil), liquid phosphate fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 soil) and bio-fertilizer phosphate (Barvar2), 100 g in 2000 ml of water. The results showed that there were significant differences at 5% among treatments for most of traits. Many parameters such as the number of flowering stems, inflorescent length, number of flowers in inflorescence, number of petals in flower, flowering stem length, leaf number and stem diameter were recorded higher in 200 mg P/kg soil (liquid form) compared to the control and other treatments. Regarding these traits, 200 mg granular and then bio-fertilizer were the next best treatments, respectively. Phosphorus levels of 50 and 100 mg/kg soil were resulted in lower amount of yield and quality parameters. Although the two cultivars were relatively similar, but white cultivar showed higher amounts of measured traits.

Potato crop requires substantial amount of water and is extremely susceptible to water stress. Therefore, irrigation management is particularly important for its cultivation. In order to study of yield and biochemical properties of potato leaves under deficit irrigation, a field split-plot experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized block design with three replications. Main plot included six irrigation regimes [100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% of water requirement] and sub-plots included cultivars Sante and Savalan. Irrigation treatments had significant effects on leaf soluble proteins and sugar, leaf relative water content, and yields and dry weights of tubers per plant. Severe water deficit stress reduced leaf soluble proteins content, leaf relative water content, yields and dry weights of tubers per plant. Irrigation regime × cultivar interaction was significant for concentrations of leaf potassium and proline. Results also indicated that the highest values of soluble sugar (2.8 µmol.g-1of FW) and soluble proteins (3 µmol.gr-1of FW) were related to 50% and80% irrigation regimes, respectively. The lowest yield (204.9 gr.plant-1) and dry weight (46.8 gr.plant-1) of tubers were observed in 50% of complete irrigation. Maximum concentrations of potassium(43 mg.gr-1of DW) and proline (2.2 µmol.gr-1 of FW) in leaves belonged to 50% irrigation regime in cv. Sante. Result from the present research indicated that, under drought conditions, adverse effects of water stress can be reduced and desirable product can be attained by managing irrigation (deficit irrigation) appropriately.

In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and water absorbent materials on some agronomic traits and seed protein of Alvand wheat, this study was carried out in the field of Islamic Azad University, Arak branch in 2010- 2011. A split-plot arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The experiment consisted of three irrigation treatments (100%, 85% and 70% of plant water requirement) that applied in the main plot and water absorbent materials on six levels (controls, 30 tons animal manure per hectare, 15 tons animal manure 4 tons zeolite per hectare, 15 tons animal manure per hectare 2 tons bentonite per hectare, 4 tons zeolite per hectare 2 tons bentonite per hectare and 15 tons animal manure per hectare 2 tons bentonite per hectare 4 tons zeolite per hectare that used in the sub plots. Results showed that the highest grain protein content obtained from 70% irrigation with average of 15.44 percent and lowest protein content was determined in normal irrigation treatment with average of 13.58 percent. The maximum and minimum grain yield with the average of 6590 and 3500 kg ha-1 were related to the combination of normal irrigation 15 tons animal manure 4 tons zeolite per hectare and 70% irrigation 15 tons animal manure per hectare, respectively.

In this study, the variation between five populations (Kaleybar, Azarshahr, Urmia, Naghadeh and Doroud) of Iranian Watercress were investigated based on morphological traits and biochemical characteristics such as total antioxidant capacity, total phenol, total flavonoid and vitamin C. The results showed that there was significantdifferenceamongpopulations for all traits except stem diameter. According to the results, Kaleyber (East Azerbaijan) and Urmia (West Azerbaijan) accessions exhibited the highest and the lowest antioxidant capacity, respectively. The results of the correlation coefficient indicated that, leaf length had significantly positive correlation with some characteristics such as leaflet length, internode distance, stem diameter, total phenol and total flavonoid, and total phenol and total flavonoid with antioxidant capacity. Factor analysis showed that the first forth principle components explained 84.69% of the variation. The results of cluster analysis showed, studied accessions were divided into three sub-clusters, which indicates the diversity among accessions is high. There was a great difference between Kaleybar and Azarshahr accessions based on cluster analysis. The obtained results showed that there was high diversity between watercress populations based on morphological and biochemical traits. Also, watercress has a high level of antioxidant activity and Kaleybar population may be considered as the population with the highest antioxidant activity among tested populations.

In order to identify the most important effective traits on grain yield and to evaluated the genetic diversity of 9 bean cultivars, three separated experiments, were conducted at three conditions of normal, moisture stress before podding and moisture stress after podding, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that the difference between the cultivars was significant for all traits, except seed number per plant. Result also indicate that the cultivars had different genetic potential in different moisture conditions. The maximum grain yield belonged to Daneshkade and Dorsa cultivars and the minimum to Sayad and Goli in three conditions. Total grain yield was significantly reduced through the transition from non-moisture stress to moisture stress condition. Indicating the significant effect of moisture stress on grain yield. In fact, the effect of different moisture conditions was significant on the majority of traits, except the traits of days to 50% podding, days from planting to maturity and harvest index. Correlation results indicated that the traits of pod weight per plant, biological yield, pods number per plant, seed number per plant, harvest index, 100-kernel weight and seed filling period had significant and positive correlation with grain yield. The results of stepwise regression showed that the traits of pod weight per plant, harvest index, biological yield and number of pods per plant were the most important effective traits on economic yield. The highest genotypic and phenotypic variation coefficient belonged to pods per plant in all conditions.

Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica) is a valuable medicinal plant adaptable to different climatic regions found in the North and North West of Iran. Soil salinity is known as a limiting factor for plants growth in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Iran. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in order to investigate the effect of four levels of salicylic acid solution (0, 0.5, 1 and 5.1 mM) and three levels of salinity with sodium chloride (0, 2.5 and 5 mmohs/cm) with three replicates on some morphological traits, yield and essential oil of Moldavian balm at greenhouse. Number of lateral flowering stems was reduced by 9.3 and 28.4% under 2.5 and 5 mmohs/cm salinity, respectively compared to non-stress condition. Also, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM salicylic acid increased number of lateral flowering stems by an average of 32.5 % compared to the control. Results of mean comparison showed that in 2.5 mmohs/cm salinity, application of all three concentrations of salicylic acid, and in 5 mmohs/cm salinity, application of 1 and 1.5 mM salicylic acid, shoot dry weight of plant, essential oil percentage, essential oils yield and harvest index of essential oil had better performance than the control. Concentrations of 0, 1 and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid increased root dry weight of plant in 2.5 and 5 mmohs/cm salinity compared to the control. Chlorophyll content was significantly decreased in 5 mmohs/cm salinity level, but the application of all three levels of salicylic acid increased Chlorophyll content as much as 15 percent compared to the control.

Identification of informative markers associated with morphological traitscan be important in breeding programs specifically in selection of elite plants and constructing genetic maps. In this study, association analysis was used to detect informative markers. This technique is applied to study the relation between phonotypic and genetic diversity which allows subsequent constructing genetic maps. Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the association between 15 morphological traits and 10 ISSR markers in 27 Iranian melon (Cucumis melo sp.) accessions. The 10 ISSR primers generated 88 polymorphic markers. The average number of ISSR markers generated was 17.2 per primer and the level of polymorphism was 51.2%. Polymorphism information content (PIC) was ranged from 0.15 for (AC)8G to 0.36 for (AG)8T and (CA)8A. Marker index was ranged from 0.54 (for (AC)8YG) to 6.67 (for (AG)8T). Minimum and maximum number of markers was found for placenta diameter (7 markers) and seed diameter (27 markers) respectively. Maximum total adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) (99.7 %) was estimated for 100-grain weight.Results indicated that the use of markers having high linkage with morphological traits can also be utilized to identify informative markers associated with these traits. This result showed that relation between primers and morphological traits is independence of marker index and polymorphism information content.

Cultivar selection and proper plant density could be employed for increasing grain yield of any cultivar. With respect to the long history of sesame cultivation in Rostam region and the presense of local accessions and new cultivars in Fars provience, this study was carried out through a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Rostam region, Fars province in summer 2014. Effect of five plant densities (15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 plants m-2) on yield and yield components of three of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) accessions (Nurabad local, Borazjan local and Darab 14) was evaluated. The results indicated that increasing plant density from 15 to 55 plants m-2 caused a significant decrease in seed oil content (40%), seed weight (14%), number of capsules per plant (8%), and number of branches per plant (88%) in three accessions. Increasing in plant density aslo resulted an increase in grain yield (68%), biological yield (66%), grain protein content (26%), oil yield (54%) and the number of seeds per capsule (9%). The local Borazjan had the highest seed oil (57.%). Finally, because of maximum yield (1982.48 Kg ha-1) Nurabad local can be suggested for planting at 55 plants m-2 in Rostam region.

Drought is one of the most restricting factor affecting plants growth and development in arid and semi-arid regions. Evaluation of plant yield under stress condition and the use of soil microorganisms to reduce stress damages is a new strategy for sustainable agriculture in these regions. The effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and four irrigation interval (2, 4, 6 and 8 days) on the symbiotic root, and growth parameters (leaf number and area per pot, stem height and diameter, total dry weight) and concentration of P in shoots of two rootstocks (Sour orange and Rhough lemon) was studied through a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design, with three replications in a greenhouse located in Jahrom. Evaluation of growth parameters (leaf number and area per pot, stem height and diameter, total dry weight) showed that these parameters were significantly reduced with increasing drought levels but mycorrhizal symbiosis decreased the adverse effects of drought on both rootstocks. Uptake of phosphorous was increased under stress in mycorrhizal plants. Drought stress reduced root colonization of both rootstocks for about 44.8%.

In order to evaluate the effect of training methods and seasonal changes on growth and yield of greenhouse cucumber, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of two training method including Twin-stem method (V-method) and single-stem method (high-wire method). Seasonal changes were considered as the variation of solar radiation and natural light during winter and spring. The result showed that training method had significant effect on plant growth. The highest plant length and node number was obtained from single-stem method. Reduction in the light radiation decreased the number of flowers per node without affecting the pruning and training methods, while the number of flowers per plant and consequently number of fruit and yield per plant varied in different treatments. Positive correlation was observed among light radiation, fruit number and yield.

This experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oils of Salvia macrosiphon, Hypericum perforatum and Zhumeria majdae at two levels: 250 and 500 ml/l and calcium chloride (2% and 4%) were applied on fruits that had been immersed in Botrytis cinerea spores, stored at a temperature of 4±1℃ and then kept for 16 days. Fruit decay (%), pH, fruit weight loss (%), TTS (%), total acid (mg/100 ml), tissue firmness ,color and changes in vitamin C were measured. Result showed that essential oils and calcium chloride had significant effect on fruit decay. Decay completely controled in all treated fruit expect Salvia macrosiphon (500 ml/l). The lowest and highest water loss was observed in calsium chloride (4%) and Salvia macrosiphon essential oil (500 ml/L) treatments, respectively. Tissue firmness was significantly higher in treated fruits than in control. Generally, calcium chloride (2% and 4%) and Salvia macrosiphon at 250 and 500 ml/l level showed the highest firmness. The lowest TSS (%) was shown in control fruits. Fruits treatment with calcium cheloride (2% and 4%) and essential oils of Zhumeria majdae at 250 and 500 ml/l level showed significantly higher vitamin C content. In general, all calcium chloride and essential oil treatments (except Zhumeria majdae at 250 ml/l) showed better color than the control. This research revealed that calcium chloride and Essential oils of the above three plants were effective in decay control and maintaining strawbery fruit quality during 16 days storage.

In order to investigate the quality and shelf life of mango, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications, in Hamedan Science and Technology Park, in 2015. Treatments consisted of four levels of chitosan (0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 2%) and storage duration of 0 (control), 8, 16, and 24 days. The results showed that chitosan could improve the physical and biochemical properties of mango. Changes in tissue firmness and physiochemical indices including weight loss, pH, TSS, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and phenol contents were examined. The results revealed that decline in fruit firmness was effectively inhibited by chitosan coating. After 24 days of storage, maximum firmness was observed after the application of 2% chitosan (5.3) and the lowest was obtained from the control (3.2). Also, the chitosan coating effectively inhibited decline in fruit weight, pH and ascorbic acid. During the period of storage, there was a decrease in Total soluble solids (TSS), but no significant difference was observed among the treatments at the end of the storage period. Phenol content first increased and then decreased at the end of the storage period. The maximum amount of phenol was observed in 1 and 2% chitosan, while the minimum amount was obtained from the control.

This study was carried out evaluate the effect of planting dates on the trend of leaf surface growth indicator, growth, and net photosynthesis rates and also the yield of rice cultivars through a split plots experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the north region of Khuzestan. Main factor was the date of planting at three levels (26 May, 10 Jun, 26 Jun) and the subordinate factor included three cultivars of Red Amber (long and short grains), and Champa. Results of variance analysis indicated that there was a significant difference between different dates of planting and all properties, but no significant difference observed in the interaction of both factors. In addition, the maximum LAI, CGR, and net photosynthesis rate was related to the first date and the highest yield of grain was related to the third date of planting. Evaluating the trend of leaf area indices and crop growthrate on 26 May, which had the maximum thermal stress at the reproductive stage, they reached the maximum growth in a shorter period of time. However, after that, the leaf area indices and the growth rate rapidly reduced, which can be referred to a mechanism of escaping the heat, while the rate of net photosynthesis reached its maximum changes on 26 May. Among the cultivars, short-grain Amber had the minimum changes in above characteristics and Champa had the maximum yield with an average of 3795.4 kg/ha.

Weed flora identification in the fields dramaticaly helps to you decide about weed management operations. Weed flora characteristics in the fields of wheat, tomato, sugarbeet, onion and chickpea were investigated by method of random sampling on a area near research farm in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2007. In this experiment, five weed sampling includings 7, 14, 21, 60 and 67 days after crop emergence were conducted. All weeds in 0.25 m2 samples from 10 points according to “W” method were identified and the weed species found in all samples counted. Nineteen weed species were identified from the beginning to the middle of the growing season in these fields. Field bindweed, prostrate knotweed, common fumitory, prostrate pigweed, redroot pigweed, black nightshade, common lambsquarters and barnyardgrass were the most common weeds. Field bindweed, prostrate knotweed, common lambsquarters and barnyardgrass had the highest level of distribution uniformity in these crops. Common cocklebur, green foxtail, London rocket, wild mustard and shepherds purse reached to high densities in wheat. The lowest and the highest weed densities were observed in the tomato and sugarbeet fields, respectively. Weed species richness was less than the other crops in onion and chickpea fields. Common lambsquarters and prostrate knotweed were dominant species in these field crops.

This research was conducted to evaluate drought stress effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes Catalase, Polyphenol oxidase, and Ascorbate peroxidase in sensitive Hyola308 and resistant SLM046 cultivars of canola (Brassica napus). Factorial experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Seedlings were cultured in liquid MS medium supplimented with different amounts (0%, 3%, 6%, 12% and 15%) of PEG 6000. Leaf discs were collected at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after stress. Results showed that drought stress made significant changes in enzymatic antioxidants activity. In comparison with Hyola308, Catalase activity in SLM046 increased at lower amounts of PEG after 48 hours. Polyphenol oxidase activity in SLM046 cultivar reduced in medium containing 12% and 15% PEG. Polyphenol oxidase activity in Hyola308 was higher than SLM046 cultivar. Ascorbate peroxidase activity increased in media containing PEG after 48 hours, in both cultivars.

The importance of selenium to human health is generally known. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO), an adult need about 50 µg Se per day. Unfortunately, most crops are poor with Se content that shed light on necessity of selenium enrichment of crops. Among vegetable crops, garlic and broccoli are considered as an excellent Se accumulator. Substitution of sulfuric amino acids by selenium amino acids (like: selenomethionine and selenocysteine) can disrupt biochemical reactions. High Se resistant plants can enter Se to non-protein amino acid compounds. Although the toxicity of Se in extra concentration for plants is clear, positive effects of low Se concentration on plant protection against abiotic stress, reactive oxygen species and activation of oxidative stress ameliorating systems have been reported. In human, the line between Se deficiency and toxicity is thin related to chemical form of Se. As a result of Se toxicity risk for human, before any crop enrichment plan, the average Se intake by individuals and Se content of soil must be carefully premeditated in different regions of the country.