نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 24 (زمستان 1396)

The Discourse Theory introduced by Ernst Laclau and Shintal Mouffe , provides the researchers with an effective tool for analysis of the interactions between actors in the field of politics. From the perspective of these researchers, discourses are the lonely way the human could use for recognition of the world. Following the seeking to answer the main question of "The main military-security approaches in the Islamic world could be explained or recognized better by which theory?", this study suggests the hypothesis that "by using Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Analysis Theory, it is possible to understand the either main military-security approaches in the Islamic world or the evolution of these approaches". To do this, in addition to studying the theoretical foundations of the formation of Laclau and Mouffe discourse analysis theory, the security-military discourse of the Islamic Republic in the Islamic world in the early 1990 is explained, by focusing on the “Otherness-maker’ relationship of such discourse with the hegemons military-security discourse in the Islamic world, that is the military-security discourse established by the United States. Then, the "evaluation" of the military-security discourses of the Islamic Republic and the United States after formation (or more precisely, strengthening) of the "Salafi-Takfiri" security-military discourse in 2001 in the Islamic world has been discussed.

A street vendor named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest after a police officer seized his cart and produce. This embarked a set of social Unrest and demonstrations across Tunisia and the events rapidly exceeded Tunisia to many other Arab Countries. Now, more than six years after the start of uprisings in Arab States, Tunisia is almost the only country that emerged as a democratic state. The country witnessed a more or less gradual democratic process of transitional and legally elected governments after 2011 developments. Yet, debates remain about Women’s role and status in the Tunisian society. The article thus, tries to examine the possible relationship between two socio-political factors; 2011 uprising in Tunisia and its consequent developments as an independent factor and Tunisian women’s socio-political status as the dependent factor. In this regard, Michel Foucault's approach to power was chosen as a theoretical framework of the survey. The research results reject radical changes in women’s social status after 2011 developments in Tunisia.

Aligned with aggression, extremism displays a unique paradigm of political behavior in the international system which is unique in its kind. The use of this paradigm helps extremists cause change through the spread of horror and affect their audiences to promote their own political motivations. The target population of the extremist groups involve political leaders, mangers, military, economic activists and the public in the crowded centers. The tendency towards extremist attitudes and the use of naked violence has increased in different societies in the recent decade, the phenomenon that prior to this was considered specific to underdeveloped and third world countries is increasing in developed countries and radical groups easily add to their members. So the present article is after the answer of this question: what are the internal reasons and grounds for the formation of extremism? The answer to this question involves different factors such as long term social and political conflicts, poverty, unemployment, lack of education, ideological dictations, coercion, experience of political violence by the government or supported groups and group punishment policy that lead to the creation of groups such as Army of God in the US, Kach and Kahane Chai in Israel, Aleph in Japan. The aim is to recognize these factors so that proper courses of action can be taken to fight against the roots and foundations of extremism and create a world free from violence.

The Islamic awakening is the basis for the reemergence of Islamic civilization. The traditional attitude of Sunni jurisprudence regarding to legitimacy of governor is the awakening obstacles. From this perspective, the governor will be legitimate by consensus of agreements or substituting the prior governor or by superiority or dominating, then it is obligatory to follow & obey him even if he`ll be immoral & unfaithful. Fiqh Al-waqi (jurisprudence of reality) as an emerging phenomenon in the field of Islamic sciences of Sunni which is obliged Jurist to infer rulings by considering current facts & science, brought serious criticism to this attitude about legitimacy of governor. Current Jurists consider the necessity of indisputable obedience to governors in contrast to democracy & along political despotism. They believe that the jurisprudence texts in this regard, are inadequate & interpretable & it is necessary to modify it based on findings of political scientists & realities of contemporary times. This article, after reviewing the traditional Sunni approaches to legitimacy of governor, is regarding to the essence of jurisprudence of reality & its impact on amending this attitude & eventually its role in the awakening of Muslim youth.

Human rights and Citizen rights are both derived from natural and inherent rights of all people and historically have been uniquely addressed among the various world thinkers. However until the end of the Second World War the idea of human rights did not find a place in a wider arena of thought. Although with the declaration of human rights in 1948 and owing to other related conventions, human rights became world-wide phenomena and many governments in the Middle East still have not accepted all its clauses. These governments having stated that some aspects of the world human right laws are at odds with the Koranic teachings balk at carrying out their duties with respect to human and citizen rights. Citizen’s rights are those class of people’s rights which are given as national rights according to the constitution of relevant countries and as such cover only the citizens of the relevant nations. The passage of the constitution of the I.R.I which had contained the equal rights and citizen’s rights had generated great hope that the people of Iran will again after much time regain their human rights and citizen’s rights. The manner that these rights are accepted and are made to coexist with the Sharia and the way the populace of the nations in the Middle East are taught and informed on their quest for human rights and citizen’s rights are among the most noteworthy guides of their governments in carrying out its relevant duties.

Frequent application of the term “proxy war” indicates its prominent place in academic researches on international relations. Separate implementation of soft power and hard power proved to be unsuccessful in recent years. Accordingly, great failures in classic wars increased tendencies towards proxy wars. By the outbreak of Arab Springs in the early 2011, Syria was devastated by different opposition groups and driven into terrible violence. Obama administration, refraining from the bitter experience of Bush in Iraq and Afghanistan, avoided direct intervention and managed to afford for the largest logistic support for rebel groups in Syria. The United States this time, tried to realize its policies in Syria by means of proxy war. The research, aims at analyzing the reasons for applying proxy war in the US policy in Syria in a general framework of Offensive realism. As a hypothesis, it seems that the new approaches towards proxy war can generally be interpreted according to the brother concept and the logics of smart power.