نشریه مطالعات سیاسی جهان اسلام
پیاپی 26 (تابستان 1397)

The objective of this article is to present a new framework in strategic issues based on scenario development methodology. Scenario is a look with logical consistency to the future aimed to dealing with future uncertainties. Scrutinizing the cardinal share of scenarios to our future prosperity, returns to our ability in transmuting the uncertainty to a prominence source and is essential.
Given the fact that each of the strategic issues has a specific context and a specific pathway for the development of a scenario, it is necessary to present a new framework. The methodology of this research is based on the methodology of the field of futures studies based on the deductive approach and using the improvement of the model of the global business network (GBN).
The findings of the research indicate a native framework in strategic issues using the step-by-step framework and the 9-step scenario (identification of actors, identifying the components and influential factors, identifying drivers, identifying uncertainties, drawing up a general perspective, Determining key uncertainties, Describing scenarios, evaluating scenarios, and reviewing and revising scenarios) in order to illustrate this, scenarios of Syria future crises include Passing through the crisis, Maintaining a trench, Breaking the siege, Maintaining the ruin and Conquering Damascus are case studied.

The invasion of modernism to the Islamic territories has caused different reactions in the Islamic world. These reactions are of three-folds: disregarding the integrity of the west and returning to the fundamental Islam with respect to reviving Islamic identity, accepting western culture indisputably and neglecting Islamic virtues while adapting to modernism, and eventually returning to Islamic virtues once accepting some aspects of modernism with focus on the two concepts of "finding identity" and "being adoptable". This paper stands on this point that the third reaction in the form of political Islam has emerged in Tunisia; therefore, it is necessary while studding about the political Islam in this country, as well as the whole Islamic world, the concepts of " finding identity" and " being adoptable" be considered and Islamists reaction be analyzed with respect to these two concepts. This analytical-descriptive research, hence, has been carried out to answer to this question that how and in reaction to which issues political Islam has shaped and developed in Tunisia.

Today, the Islamic-awakening in the Islamic world that is derived from the Islamic Resistance Discourse and its teachings, continues its course powerfully, vibrantly and dynamically, and despite the attempts and plans of the enemies to create a deviation or restrain it, the side of the movements and liberal movements is still against the world's arrogance and their puppet rulers. In fact, the Islamic Resistance Discourse in the Islamic World, is being institutionalized as an irreversible and redemptive phenomenon and In the future, Will transform the face of the Islamic world. These evolution were not accidental, ordinary and linear, but is a very complex and the product of many years of expectation and acting together and have been affected by various causes and factors which the element of Islamic resistance is the most prominent of them.
In this regard, this paper by using the descriptive-analytical method, is following to answer to this main research question, what are the most important cultural components of the Islamic Resistance Discourse in the Islamic World?
The findings of the research indicate that religious belief, national identities and the ideologies of the political Islam are the most important cultural components of the Islamic Resistance Discourse which play a major role in creating, enhancing and continuity of the Islamic Resistance Discourse in the Islamic World and also overcoming Western or fundamentalist discourses, and neglecting any of these components will cause to the Islamic Resistance Discourse is challenged by the dissident discourses

Today, with regard to the influence of globalization process, not only the security of the countries has not been improved, but the threats against their national security have become more and more diversified than before. It should be said that governments, unilaterally, can’t provide their national security. In many cases, the elimination of threats and keeping safe the national security is possible only through the system of collective security and multilateral cooperation. The issue of terrorism is one of the most fundamental threats that all countries are facing. Currently, the phenomenon of terrorism affected by globalization and the spread of communications and information technology which has become much wider and more powerful day after day. It has many destructive effects than the past, which virtually no country is safe from its dangers, and no single country is able to deal with it lonely.
The paper, using a library-based qualitative research method, Multilateralism is proposed as an effective approach to counteracting terrorism and its gradual extirpation in the Islamic world. Accordingly, the research question is, in view of the increasing threats of terrorism in the Islamic world, which approach is more efficient and comprehensive to deal with this phenomenon? The study findings showed that the most effective way to fight terrorism in the Muslim world is to develop a multilateral approach and joint efforts of the countries of the region (i.e. Middle East countries). The influential countries of the region, including Iran, Turkey, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and other regional actors, should adopt a common approach to confront terrorism in the framework of multilateral relations and regional institutions. The multilateral approaches promotes the effective coordination of regional actors, reduces the cost of fighting terrorism, decrease the involvement of foreigners in regional affairs, eliminates the formation roots of terrorist groups, and etc. It ultimately ensures the establishment of security and stability in the region for an all-embracing development in the Muslim world.

The Boundary is a Phenomenon that Causes the Land and Geographic Location to be Separated from each other and to be Determined. The Study of the Boundary in the Academic Discourse has been completely new, but its Effect is as much as Human Life. The Functions of the Borders are different in Relations between Countries, and Borders have Different Types. When we look at the Political map of the World, it is observed that some of the Land Borders between Countries are Dashed Line. These Borders are, in fact, the Borders that still exist between the Neighboring Countries on the two Sides of the Border, Disputes and Challenges. In this paper, a Qualitative Method with a Descriptive-Analytical Approach has been developed to examine the Role of International Land Borders, in Particular the Dashed line Boundaries, in Creating Conflicts among Countries. In Some Cases, the Status of Borders between the Countries of China, India and Pakistan has been examined. The Results of the Research show that, in View of the fact that in the Current Century, the Advancement of Technology and the development of Cultures among the Countries of the world, the Formation of Economic Discourse and the Recognition of more States from each other, We faced, but the land Borders Still Play a role in Creating a Challenge and Controversy Political-Security between Governments and Societies, and Sometimes cause Conflicts among the Border Landers. This Issue Remains in Islamic Territories the South Asia.

The US military invasion of Iraq (2003) and the shift in the balance of power in the region have led to tension in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Their rivalry for regional hegemony, although they have not entered the two countries into a military conflict cycle, but represent two opposing political ideologies in the region, which used it as a means to pursue their own interests and regional allies. Through proxy wars, they launched sectarianism in weak countries of the region. One of the issues that has led to tension in relations between the two countries is the Syrian civil war. Using the descriptive-analytical method, the author sought to answer the question of whether the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in the Syrian crisis can be explained in the form of proxy wars? The hypothesis in response to this question is that the two Iranian and Saudi governments are involved in a proxy war in the Syrian crisis trying to increase their influence and reduce the rival’s influence. The findings show that the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (the sponsor) has tried to maintain Lebanon’s support channel for the Syrian government (proxy) and help increase its position and influence in the region of Levant. In contrast, Saudi Arabia seeks to reduce the influence of Iran in the region by altering the balance of power in the wake of the collapse of the Assad regime and the interruption of Iranian aid to Hezbollah by supporting opposition groups.

Salafism was formed as a religious and intellectual current with a critical approach in the Islamic world, but after a while, the flow of Salafism was torn ideologically to several parts. Jihadi Salafists only accept the followers of their principles as real Muslims, and excommunicate those individuals, groups, and religions who do not accept their foundations, and seek to deal with them in the hard and violent way. Various factors such as political, social or identity are effective in the thoughts, beliefs and actions of the jihadi Salafist. In this regard, the main question of the research is how the identity factor influences the ideas of the jihadi Salafism currents in the Islamic world. Indeed, the ideas of the jihadi Salafist and its widespread propaganda in the Islamic world, give rise to very deficient definitions of "our" identity along with a very broad definition of "other" identity and tensions in the Muslim world. They also consider the retardation and humiliation of the Islamic world as a result of the influence of Western culture and of the concepts derived from the West, and therefore it is incumbent on them to confront the West.