Frontiers in Health Informatics
Volume:6 Issue: 1, 2017

Pharmacy Information System (PIS) existed in hospitals collects, saves and manages the information related to drug and drug consumption in process of caring patients and results in decreasing error in interpreting handwritten prescriptions, distributing drug and controlling side effects of drug. Regarding the importance of knowing users’ expectations for designing successful system and based on procedure of clinical environment and in direction of patient’ security and improving care quality, this study conducted with the aim of determining functional requirements of pharmacy information system and by offering system ‘final users for poll. Material and This research is descriptive cross-sectional one and of applied kind that conducted in 15 hospitals in 1391. This study conducted in three independent steps including library study, internet search and designing finding semi produced guideline and questionnaire, offering ten experts the finding semi produced questionnaire for poll, offering 50 individuals of experts the final questionnaire for poll using Delphi technique. Validity of final questionnaire and its reliability confirmed through validity of content and re-test test, respectively. Data analyzed using SPSS software and answers given points of 0-4 and requirements with mean’ final point of 3 or more than 3 confirmed. Based on the first and second turns of Delphi technique, final list of pharmacy information system’ functional requirements of 80 requirements determined. The highest mean point related to capability to connect with computerized provider order entry (3.73%), capability to calculate dose of drug and warn about drug interference (3.71%), capability to apply barcode technology (3.71%) and capability to register expiration date , way and place of keeping good (3.63%). Based on experts’ opinions, requirements that related to patient security were paid more attention. Finally, a list of pharmacy information system’ functional requirements presented that could be used by designers, developers and other beneficiaries of pharmacy information system in hospitals.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant global public health problem affecting more than 285 million people worldwide. Evidence suggests that lifestyle and other non-pharmacological interventions can delay and even prevent the development of disease and its complications. This disease should be effectively controlled because of its complications including cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney diseases and etc.
Material and In this research two fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches including fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) methods are used to decide the significance of each diabetes complications due to its main risk factors.
In GRA method values of the first pair-wise comparison between criterions were defined in interval-valued fuzzy numbers, this puts more accuracy on the problem and the final ranking obtained from this method was a little different in sorting and weights of alternatives compared to fuzzy TOPSIS method.
It is a new view point of fuzzy MCDM methods to be used for analysis of complications due to a specific disease.

Telemedicine can help to provide better medical services to remote areas, provide integration of patient records and reduce the cost of health care services. Significant factors involved in the implementation of this technology that are important. This study addressed the barriers to telemedicine from perspectives of the Administrators.
Material and This study was a cross-sectional descriptive study that conducted in 1393. Because of the population was limited so sampling was not necessary. Data collection tool was check list and data were collected through interviews with the population under study. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS software.
The findings showed that organizational barriers had highest score (31.68%) from between exist barriers to implementation of telemedicine. Then the human barriers in terms of respondents were the most important barriers. Technical barriers also were identified as the primary barriers.
Considering organizational factors and the development of strategic plans and planning to implement the telemedicine can bring more successfully in the implementation. The development of telecommunications infrastructure and raising awareness about the benefits of telemedicine, also may contribute to the development of this technology in hospitals.

The integration of healthcare information systems is one of the most urgent priorities of healthcare organizations. Middleware has a major role in the integration of hospital information system (HIS). The purpose of this study is to determine the type of middleware used, their configuration and integration approaches in the hospitals of the research community.
Material and This study was descriptive in nature and was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via a self-structured questionnaire, in 2014. Seventeen hospitals affiliated to TUMS that have the HIS were recruited for this study. The questionnaire consisted of three parts. Simple statistical analysis was used to determine the integration status of HISs.
The most striking result to emerge from the data is that 64.7% of HISs had database-oriented middleware. Approximately half of surveyed HISs (41.2%) used synchronous mechanism and almost two-thirds of them (70.2%) used web service. Although, 17.2% of HISs use service-oriented integration approach, but the overall response to this question was poor.
The result of the study indicates that the database-oriented middleware facilitate accessibility of the databases, on a variety of platforms. It might be related to the variety of company those developed the HISs. The result showed that the using web services could be helpful to application integration. The results of this investigation show that the HIS companies and healthcare facilities must be considered to the standards of interoperability for development and selection of the systems. Further research should be done to investigate the integration status of HISs in cross-national level and with other information systems in the field of healthcare.

Glaucoma is one of eye diseases and is a group of disorders that cause damages to optic nerve. If it does not cure; it can lead to permanent vision loss. There is no sign and pain for this disease and it appears in form of blindness in very advanced phase of its progression. Digital imaging is a useful tool for non-invasive measurements in medical field. By using image processing techniques, many medical images could be processed and analyzed, helping experts to detect diseases, decreasing cost and time of tests and helping to do screening significantly. The main purpose of this study was to suggest an algorithm in order to detect glaucoma suspects in retinal fundus images. Material and This study was an original applied study and its algorithm was developed in MATLAB environment using image processing toolbox. It was evaluated by using existed images obtained from RIM-ONE database. In the present paper, Otsu multi-level thresholding algorithm was used along with MICO algorithm to segment the optic cup and disc and estimate their vertical diameter. The algorithm was run on 124 images containing 57 images of glaucoma suspects and 67 images of healthy retina. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 and 0.90 respectively. Suggested algorithm worked fast because light pre-processing has been done. However, there is no system with 100% correct diagnosis, the results obtained from suggested system was acceptable. Thus using such systems could be helpful for practitioners.