نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 22، بهار 1396)

The study of US Congressional foreign policy over the eight years of Barack Obama's presidency shows that the focus of the neoconservative research centers has been influencing on Congress since 2009. Since the time of the 11th United States Congress, the American legislature's approach towards the Islamic Republic of Iran has been steadily moving towards a preemptive legislative diplomacy and with the literature on protecting the security of American citizens and allies of the United States and the scope of sanctions of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been increasing significantly. Putting Islamic Republic of Iran in the Axis of Evil, the belief in democratic peace, consolidation of the hegemonic system in the Middle East, the use of coercive diplomacy, and strengthening military presence in the Persian Gulf based on aggressive realism, shape the behavioral characteristics of the US neo-conservative legislators towards Iran. Monitoring the behavior of Iranian sanctions architects in the US Congress during the presidency of Donald Trump indicates that Iran's future sanctions focus on the organization of a full-fledged economic warfare and the reduction of the defense capability of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research is a descriptive-analytical method to examine the influence of neoconservative political thought on the Congress and its consequences on the US legislative diplomacy against Iran by collecting data through documentary and library studies.

The epidemic of environmental impacts is one of the factors that necessitate examining its various dimensions in a wide range of political actions of governments. Environmental rights, as the most important case in the four factors of solidarity rights, beyond the political actions of governments, have also raised international concerns as a result of its impact on the globe. In this regard, attention or lack of attention to environmental development is one of the effective indicators of the governments in terms of economic-social development. Regarding the direct supervision of the governments to implement this important issue and in view of the importance of socio-political and economic development of countries in environmental developments, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach and modeling to examine the role of macroeconomic policies of Islamic Republic of Iran during the period of 1380 to 1395. The results of the study indicate the significant impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in general and governments in particular, on improving environmental development. In addition, any activity that is effective by the government in improving the economic, social and political development of the country heavily overwhelms the environmental pollution in Iran.

The epidemic of environmental impacts is one of the factors that necessitate examining its various dimensions in a wide range of political actions of governments. Environmental rights, as the most important case in the four factors of solidarity rights, beyond the political actions of governments, have also raised international concerns as a result of its impact on the globe. In this regard, attention or lack of attention to environmental development is one of the effective indicators of the governments in terms of economic-social development. Regarding the direct supervision of the governments to implement this important issue and in view of the importance of socio-political and economic development of countries in environmental developments, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach and modeling to examine the role of macroeconomic policies of Islamic Republic of Iran during the period of 1380 to 1395. The results of the study indicate the significant impact of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in general and governments in particular, on improving environmental development. In addition, any activity that is effective by the government in improving the economic, social and political development of the country heavily overwhelms the environmental pollution in Iran.

Diaspora, as a development agent, plays an important role in the political life of Iraqi Kurdish in recent years. In addition, it is a wave that has led to conflict and expansion of nationalist tendencies in the Middle East in recent decades. In this line, the Kurdish, who established the forth ethnical group in the Middle East, following mandatory deportations to the West, have created a rise in host societies which is visible in their countries. This manifestation can be observed in Kurdish intellectual resurrection and referendum on independence of Kurdistan. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method. By using subjugation of the thought of Galtung's conflict and the field dialectic and the habit of Bourdieu, this research attempts to show that the Kurdish Diaspora in Western societies affects identity and nationalist conflicts and influences the independence of the Kurdistan region of Iraq.

The contemporary history of Afghanistan has been accompanied by various internal and external crises. In this regard, the issue of state instability can be considered as the most important one. This important issue has many reasons; therefore, the present articles aims to address the issue with the historical approach and inspiration from the elite theory of paradigm, which is the first cause of the government's fragility in Afghanistan during the years of 2016-1919. The authors of the present study believe that not only the internal and external components, but also the mediate factors, namely the actions and policies of Afghan political leaders and political elites who have often had less ethnic and religious color, were the main cause of the fragility of the government in Afghanistan. These perspectives, not only leads to the elimination of "ethnic fanaticism", "impedance", and "crass ideology" of some existing research on this country, but also enables us to accurately measure the vulnerability and traumatic of the state in Afghanistan.

Egypt has been undergoing radical changes in the region, and this deep impact is due to the Egypt's position in the Arab and Islamic world. Due to its geographical location and historical background, Egypt has an important role in the Middle East. Now, the changes in the Middle East and popular movements in Egypt have been accelerated by influencing the process of internal and external pressures, and thus, when there was no way to reform the political structure, the changes has led to a popular revolution in the country. The political structure formed in Egypt has had a major impact on the political structures of the countries of the region, which is related to the intellectual influence of the Egyptian people in Arab and the North African societies. There are many discussions about the causes of the events that led to the Egyptian Revolution and many factors are mentioned as reasons. The main concern of the present study is to examine the role of democracy in the Egyptian revolution. In response to the research question, it seems that the democratic and reformist groups, the authoritarian rule of Egypt, the new middle class, the role of the political elites, the way of dealing with of the Egyptian government (during Mubarak era), the 2010 parliamentary elections in Egypt, and the hopelessness of democratic process in the occurrence of the revolution of Egypt played significant roles.

The Western Sahara and Kashmir are the oldest unresolved crises left behind the colonial period which have the same fate. Although the executing the regulation of fate determination has been foreseen for both territories in the Security Council resolutions, the destiny of both movements have been forgotten due to various regional and international ups and downs. The reason of inefficacy of this rule, which was initially submitted by 1514 resolution for decolonization, but at present is used beyond that, is the absence of a convention or special international treaty for this principle. The right to fate-determination should not interfere with the common sense of "territorial integrity". But today, many lawyers, especially human rights activists, believe that there are no more sacred and more devious rules than human dignity and the rights of citizens. One of the current problems in the Middle East is the interpretation of the two terms.

Since the ancient times, one of the concerns of the political scholars and philosophers has been the interactions between Ethics and Politics in the destiny of the society. The conceptual framework of this paper is based on the theory of the unity of the ethics and politics. We also applied the analytical research method for examining the issue. In this article, the views and thoughts of “Plato” and “Alasdair MacIntyre” in western tradition and “Farabi” and “Ghazali” in Islamic tradition about the ethics and politics and concepts such as government and its role in bringing up the citizens in the society, utopia, different kinds of utopia, destination, moral virtues and conditions, and characteristics of the rulers were scrutinized and then, by the comparison of the said views, differences and similarities of them were identified. It was found that the common view point of both groups is the unity of ethics and politics. This research starts with the question of: "what is the relation rate of Morality and Policy from the viewpoints of Plato, MacIntyre, Farabi, and Ghazali?" Based on the research question, the hypothesis of the research is "from the viewpoint of Plato, MacIntyre, Farabi, and Ghazali, there is a unity between the policy and morality categories." It is concluded that according to the important role of the mentioned scholars in government in training, teaching, and guidance of the citizens, and also the observance of the morality rules by the government, the policy and ethics have a unique and tied up relationship.

India's foreign policy has changed over the past two decades. From the time of independence in 1947-191, the bipolar structure of the international system formed the overcoming of the consensus of Neo-Rumi on foreign policy, the sub-continent's geopolitics, and the colonial heritage as a set of factors of Indian foreign policy. In the early years after independence, Jawahar Lal Nehru, the country's first prime minister, undertook a policy of non-alignment. In the light of the principles of non-alignment of India's foreign policy, it was based on the support of the Palestine Liberation Organization (FSA), the expansion of political cooperation with the Arab revolutionary republics. After the Cold War, the Middle Eastern policy of India has been transformed by economic pragmatism, and non-alignment has been replaced as a guide to India's Middle East policy in the Cold War with alternatives to pragmatic principles, followed by a strategy of looking at the West. The India's strategy of looking at West is broadly focused on the Middle East and Africa, so the subject matter of this article is India's foreign policy in the Middle East whose transformation has been examined from the perspective of the balance-of-interest theory through an exploratory method.