نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال هفتم شماره 4 (پیاپی 25، زمستان 1396)

Nigeria is the most populous country on the African continent with the largest Muslim population. In addition, the geographical and strategic location and its role in political, economic and cultural fields at the regional and international levels have given it an important position. The terrorist attacks of the Boko Haram terrorist group since 2002 have made Nigeria the third largest country with the most terrorist attacks in Global Terrorism Index (GTI) report. It is noteworthy that Boko Haram's operational targets have been mostly civilians, and this has been a source of concern at the local and international level. In 2014, Boko Haram militant group was declared to be the most deadliest terrorist group in the world by institute for economics and peace.
Many analysts believe that there is a serious relationship between terrorist acts and the level of dissatisfaction and inequality in undeveloped societies. Muslims in Nigeria have had a long history as an example SOKOTO caliphate state in northern Nigeria which has been in power for about 100 years, but the British colonial government ended its rule with colonization of Nigeria from 1903 A.D. Following the independence of Nigeria, the ruling government has been a secular state with most of its laws derived from British law. It seems that the discontent of Muslims and (extremist groups of Boko Haram) is rooted in discriminatory condition and Muslim's deprivation. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of Boko Haram phenomenon and the main motivations of its violent insurgencies. This research seeks the role of colonialism in creating relative deprivation due to the difference in expectations of value and capabilities value.

Scientific policy of the countries defines the main framework of scientific, research and educational activities of each country. Scientific policy is directly related to the fate of the people, and political, economic and social groups. This paper attempts to make a comparative analysis of the Malaysian and Turkish scientific policies. The research is based on descriptive-analytical method and the required data were collected through documentary and library studies as well as official scientific policy sites of these countries. The comparison of these two political states takes place according to the two components of the "structure and institutions that are effective in scientific policy making" and "the amount of allocated funds". These countries, Malaysia and Turkey, as the two members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), moved towards the scientific development by granting relative independence to scientific centers and increasing the international connections of universities. These countries increased research budgets with participation of private sector. In Malaysia, in particular, scientific development played the role of jump platform for achieving economic, social and political development. Comparing these two political states with respect to these components can provide an appropriate perspective of scientific policy in these countries in comparison with scientific policy in our country, especially in the field of human sciences in the country, so that we can step towards the development of politics in scientific research.

With the onset of the political crisis in Syria, regional and transnational actors, based on their own interests, have adopted different orientations in relation to this country, which has a special geopolitical and geostrategic importance in the Middle East. Meanwhile, the role of actors such as Russia and the Islamic Republic of Iran is of great importance. The purpose of the present article is to study the position of Syria in regional politics of Iran and Russia using the theory of structural realism. The findings of the research show that Syria in the international equation of Russia; given the geopolitical and geostrategic situation of Syria, the long-standing and traditional relations of the Kremlin-Damascus, the existence of the Tartarus military base, the prevention of further Western influence in the region, the Russian's distrust towards the West as to how to deal with the crisis Syria, fear of repeating the Libyan scenario in Syria, confrontation with America, economic considerations, the existence of military contracts with Syria, and the prevention of NATO expansion, has a special place. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran, with its continued support, pursues several vital goals such as preventing similar events in the Middle East aimed at preventing the development of the influence of the Israeli regime in the region, maintaining the Shiite coalition and maintaining the geopolitical balance of the region. As a result, the scene of Syrian developments has provided a favorable context for Iran's and Russia's shared points of view on international developments and the Middle East. Both countries disagree with the expansion of the political, economic and military domains of the Western world in their regions for historical, geopolitical and national interests and national security, and they play a significant role in the formation of new Syria. The paper uses the descriptive- An analysis has finally been made.

The twentieth century, with two bloody global wars and numerous killings, brought thinking about the West's new crisis about to the center of thought, a crisis whose backgrounds, according to some, should be sought in the existing political thought. Leo Strauss was among the philosophers who attempted to present a plan of a Western crisis or, in his words, a new-era crisis from the perspective of political philosophy. In this article, we are going to discuss his views on the three axes of the separation of philosophy and science, the modern idea of ​​the progression, and declination of political philosophy, and illustrate the reasons of his inclination to Farabi's philosophy and his influenced philosopher, Ibne-moimon. In addition to textual references and exegetical interpretations, content criticisms are expressed in the form of footnotes. Strauss's special look at Islamic philosophy can help us understand the political dimensions of Farabi's thoughts, and show how one can understand the leading pattern of the crisis of his time in the light of philosophical wisdom of the past. This important issue can be done through the refreshing Strauss's thinking and, in particular, observing the content of Farabi's philosophy about non-divine medina.

In the present era, economic, political, cultural and social various thoughts, attitudes and activities have passed national boundaries and circulated globally; affected by different thoughts and interact with them. This issues are all influenced by globalization processes. Therefore, globalization in the economic, political, cultural and social dimensions has led to consequences that could create opportunities for different societies. Shiite political Islam also has been able to globally present itself by use globalization opportunities. In this research, we try to use a descriptive- analytical method to explain the concepts of Shiite political Islam and globalization and study their characteristics and aske following question: What opportunities globalization provide for Shiite political Islam? The hypothesis here is that: globalization in the economic, political, cultural and social dimensions have implications and consequences which can create opportunities for different societies; thus in the globalization space Shiite political Islam also has exploit to use advantage of globalization opportunities for its peresantation.

Developments after September of 2011 confirm the pessimistic view towards the Middle East because opposed to the expectations of the optimists, ending the Cold War and the collapse of bipolar system did not mean regional peace. One of the reasons for this instability and regional conflict is direct and indirect intervention of the United States and its presence in theregion. One of the areas that is in the focus of these interventions is the Middle East, because fears of losing regional allies and the formation of the dominant discourse of resistance and independence caused by the Arab revolutions led the country indirectly continues its presence by proxy wars in, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq to keep its interests and continuous presence in the Middle East. Consequently, as proxy wars have important role in the redefinition of the new order of the region, the main discussion of this article is the analysis of the US foreign policy in the creation of proxy wars and its impact on the security of the Middle East. The question of this research is: “how does American foreign policy play a role in the generation of proxy wars and its impact on the security of the Asian West region? In response to this question, it can be said that the US foreign policy in in generating proxy war has been an attempt to institutionalize a kind of subliminal counterbalance in the West Asia.

This research aims to study identity change of English language learners in foreign language classes at the university in Islamic Countries in the Middle East. The case study is Pakistan where English is taught as second language in its universities due to being under the colonial of UK in the past. English language is considered as the second language in this country because Pakistan used to be the colony of the UK and hence English had been the formal language there for long times and now it is still considered and taught as the second language. It is why the researcher has chosen this context for her research. This article explores the impact of English as the second language on identity of Pakistani students at the university. Forty (45) students who were studying English as second language in a College in Pakistan participated in this research. The required data was collected in mix method through a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. Results show that identity is fluid and changing. The results recommend educators and policy makers to develop such policies which could enhance students’ identity; thus, students could know themselves as real Muslims, good Pakistanis and a peaceful member of global community.

The Study and recognition of the past, present, and future is the basis of decision making in the international policies and adopting appropriate strategies. Recognition of the future in the framework of futurology is carried out based on various methods. The purpose of this article is to examine the involved actors in the Syrian crisis at the three national, regional, and international levels in order to explain and illustrate different scenarios for the future of the Syrian crisis. This research used library resources, scientific research, and documentary reports in the framework of futurology and the method of scenario writing to map out different futures for the Syrian crisis. In response to this question that what future(s) can be predicted for the Syrian political-security crisis according to the past and present circumstances and various involved actors in this crisis, the article suggests this hypothesis that three scenario categories, including desirable, probable, and possible scenarios, are predictable for the future of Syria. Thus, within these three categories, five scenarios, namely, the annihilation of the ISIS and other opposition groups against Bashar al-Assad, the continuation of the civil war, the division of Syria, the collapse of the Assad Government, and the outbreak of a regional war are anticipated. The most desirable scenario for the United States and its internal, regional, and international allies, is the fall of the Assad Regime, to achieve this, they use all levers against the main supporters of Bashar al-Assad (i.e. Iran and Russia).

In this paper (through the approach of the Spraygens method), in addition to analyzing the political situation and the intellectual conditions of the time of Ibn Rushd, we look at the political thought of Ibn Rushd based on the book of the description of the Republic of Plato. According to some scholars, Ibn Rushd is a philosopher who does not have a book on the political philosophy, and this view contributes to the hypothesis that the philosophers of the Islamic world after al-Farabi and Ibn Sina only addressed the existence and metaphysics. With the discovery of the book of the description of the Republic of Plato in Latin and its translation into English and then Arabic, new horizons have been opened up to the thinkers and political scholars. Ibn Rushd does not just describe the republic, but he interprets the republic in the light of Islam, and despite his belief in the independence of religion and political philosophy, he believes in the harmony of the two. In the book of Descriptions of the Republic, he not only rebuilds the role of wisdom in political philosophy and builds religion on the basis of argument, but also he provides a critical look at the state of the Islamic society. If we accept that philosophy exists in Ibn Rushd’s Medina, whose foundations are based on religion, in fact, we accept that philosophy has a religious understanding because in Ibn Rushd's thought there is not any conflict between the rights.