فصلنامه جامعه، فرهنگ، رسانه
پیاپی 19 (تابستان 1395)

Development of social segregation and individual processes in modern societies increasingly lead to expanding social circles in which a person can have mobility and transformation. Such circumstances, in contrast to the limited social relations in primitive and Premodern societies, lead to widening of the person's living area and personality development. In such a situation, a person as a member of different groups with different roles acquires more freedom and choices. Simmel by giving these pre-conditions, and examining the historical and social changes associated with the Renaissance and then, as well, recognizes three types of Individualism of isolation, unique and modern by defining individuality means a state of inner and outer liberation of person about the basic forms, which tendency to be each associated with socio-historical conditions of the 18th, 19th and 20th century has had the strength or weakness. This study tries to study the meanings of individuality and individualism and semantic transformation and its meaning in different centuries from the perspective of Georg Simmel, and explore the relationship between individuality and social structure.

Despite the fact that several decades has been passed from the life of mobile phone in the world and different researches on this field, but various features of this communication tool, such as updating capability, cause that it remains at center of attention till now. The purpose of this research is to answer these two questions: which factors influence on the teenager's kind of use and what is the impact of using these mobile phone on the adolescence's everyday life? For answering the first question we use socio-psychological perspective and for the second one, we employ the communication theories. In this article we use qualitative method and semi-structured interviews. Our interviewees include 15 students from the middle and high school in the Karaj. According to the answer of interviewees some factors like parenting style, peer group, self-monitoring, older siblings and financial dependence on family could be influential on the teenager's kinds of use. Furthermore they use the mobile for showing their interdependency also they could have a new hidden relation.

Probably, emotion is one of the most frequent terms which have been gotten attention for explaining the human modes so far. Changes of human mood are often linked to emotions and human beings are considered as emotional creatures. Emotion as a biological phenomenon was addressed by psychologists in the past decades. However, with advances in sociological studies and attention to language and its structural rules, there has been created more opportunities to study the sociological feelings. Were emotions considered as a physical phenomenon and biological changes once, they are considered as a linguistic phenomenon being resulted of cultural changes now. But like other sociological domains, this new one has also being influenced by theoretical discussions. The differentiation of opinion between positivists and social constructionists and role of social structure in the formation of feelings are involved among the discussions in this area. The article is due to by offering positivist and social constructionist perspectives and studying the role of power and statue in the social structure, contributes a little to the differentiation of these views in the area of the sociology of emotions.

The emergence of approach laboratory studies in the sociology of science, is the consequence of a cultural turn in epistemology of this area. Rational approach based on a realist epistemology, considered science as a rational phenomenon, universal, non-social, one dimensional and ineffective of socio-cultural interests. But the cultural approach based on socio-cultural epistemology (or epistemological relativism) considered science as a quite social and cultural activity, and that have the fundamental connection with ideologies and socio- cultural values. Laboratory studies have focused on the interactions between the human and material vendors. Based on these studies, scientific activity is essentially local, mixed and accidental, so knowledge cannot be interpreted as an activity that obeys the rules of the scientific method. Laboratory studies of science showed that certain forces sociology and anthropology can enter the laboratory space, and show that there is also a political world filled with treaties negotiated and imposed to advancing to the paths accepted and based on seeing those things that should see them. In this paper, we introduce the tradition of laboratory studies in the sociology of science. And investigated the most important evidence and facts of this tradition in the sociologists of science and technology studies. Thus, we review the history of the laboratory studies, pioneers in this field are introduces (such as Michael Lynch, Karin Knorr-Cetina, Latour and Woolgar). Then, Bath school was considered as one of the main trends in this area, and in the end, the approach of laboratory studies was analyzed.

This paper aims at investigating the relationship between religiosity and tendency toward music among the students of Hakim Sabzevari University. Through survey method and stratified sampling a random sample of 385 students were interviewed. Results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between collective and individual rituals and dependent variable. The amount of Pearson coefficient for collective rituals is higher than for individual rituals. Furthermore there is not significant relationship between emotional and belief aspects of religiosity and music tendency. Pearxson correlation results showed that there is a meaningfull and positive relation between media usage¡ mahwarhe¡ internet¡ wido and m.p.3 to dependent variable.These findings indicate that emphasizing on ritual - especially collective- dimension of religion weakens the tendency toward music.

Through an analytical survey¡ in this paper¡ cultural elements of Iranian culture have been analyzed with a psychological point of view to find out the relation between the elements and the weaknesses in previous management models. Through historical documents¡ the survey shows that these elements have dialectical relations and whenever one element has been suppressed it has remained in people collective unconscious and rose in another time in other ways such as a revolution. It has been concluded that one dimensional model of cultural management should be avoided and replaced with the one which considers all cultural elements in cultural management.

Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) or Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has become one of the most popular research approaches in Social Sciences but what is CDS and what kind of trajectory it has gone through? How does CDS approach stand in relation to other trends in Humanities and Social Sciences and what does it have to offer to them? More importantly¡ how does a CDS approach view social realities and how it may proceed to cover them? In this interview¡ Dr. Majid KhosraviNik –a Lancaster university graduate and a Lecturer in Media & Discourse Studies at Newcastle University¡ reviews the roots¡ trends and future agendas of the field and elaborates on the challenges and adaptations of CDS in different historical moments in order to illustrate how the approach has developed over time and renewed its theoretical and methodological engagements to maintain its core principles and relevance throughout the past few decades. In the final section¡ Dr. KhosraviNik discusses the consequences and conditions of production and consumption of discourses in the age of digital interactive media and throws some lights on how a Social Media Critical Discourse Studies approach can be envisaged.