نشریه مطالعات کاربردی علوم زیستی در ورزش
پیاپی 9 (بهار و تابستان 1396)

Cardiac rehabilitation have positive effect on Pathologic Hypertrophy and also cardiac function, but the effect of different types of training on these variables after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery, is not clear .So the purpose of this study was to compare the continues and interval training on Pathologic Hypertrophy indices and cardiac function in patients with Pathologic Heart Hypertrophy.
36 patients With Hypertension and Pathologic Heart Hypertrophy after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery, were selected and then divided into three groups. Control group(c) (Without training program) aerobic continuous training (AC) and aerobic interval training (AI) (Exercise training program was performed the training program during 3 day/week for 8 weeks). 48 hours before and after the first and final training program,2D echocardiography and special equations were used for estimation of Left Ventricular Mass Index, Relative Wall Thickness, Ejection Fraction and diastolic disorder level of left ventricular. Moreover, Paired t test, one way ANOVA, Wilcoxon, Kruskal Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for analyzing data at Significant Level of 0.05.
LVMI and RWT decreased in both (AC) and (AI) groups, but this decrement was significant only in AI group with significant difference with other groups (p≤0.001).Systolic and diastolic function also was improved in both (AC) and (AI) groups, but this improvement was significant only in AI group (p≤0.001) and also it was difference with other groups, (p≤0.05).
(AI) vs. (AC) have greater effect to decrease concentric pathologic hypertrophy and improve systolic and diastolic function after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting surgery.

In addition to physical, physiological, psychological and technical factors, the environmental parameters such as ambient temperature could also have an affect on the performance of athletes and especially their health. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effects of different ambient temperature on the level of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers in adolescence wrestlers.
21 adolescence wrestlers of Kurdistan province clubs participated as subjects in this study. Based on body composition and anthropometric profiles, subjects were divided into three groups. After providing the desired temperature (30 °C, 18 °C and 10 °C), subjects were asked to complete a Wrestling Technique Based on Circuit Training protocol. Blood samples were collected before, immediately and 30 minutes after exercise. The Repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze the results, and the significant level was set at p
The results showed that the levels of interleukin-6 (p=0.01) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (p=0.01) significantly increased after exercise in high temperatures group, but no significant changes were observed in the other groups. Also, the increase rate of IL-6 was higher in high temperature group and there was also significant differences between normal temperature - high temperature groups (p=0.001) and low temperature - high temperature groups (p=0.001). In addition, intra-group changes malondialdehyde in all groups were not statistically significant (p=0.56). Also, there were no significant differences between group (p=0.25).
The results showed that heat stress may increase inflammation and oxidative stress in the adolescence wrestlers. Thus, due to the sensitivity of adolescence period it is suggested that pay special attention to ambient temperature of competition and enviroements of this age- group.

Considering the importance of the use of plant antioxidants in preventing inflammatory and muscular damage indices, the present study was performed to determine the effect of 8 weeks of pomegranate supplementation and aerobic training on inflammatory and muscular damage indices in overweight men.
Twenty overweight men were assigned into two equal supplement and placebo groups as randomized and double-blind study (225mg/day pomegranate or dextrose for 8 week). Meanwhile, both groups participated in running tests with 50 to 80% maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) 8weeks, 3 sessions/ week. Then, blood samples were taken during three phases at baseline, immediately and 24 hours after different intensities of aerobic exercise (60% and 75% VO2max). The data was analyzed by SPSS software (V: 20) using repeated measure ANOVA and paired T tests at the significant level P≤0.05.
The result showed a significant increase in Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and C - reactive protein immediately after the exercise in both groups (P=0.001). However, these indices were decreased 24 hours after exercise in both groups, and this decrement was higher in the pomegranate group (P=0.001), (P=0.01). Although, no significant difference was found in Creatine kinase in any stage of the study in both groups (P=0.27), (P=0.20), but, a significant decrease was found in CRP levels in the supplement group as compared with placebo in 75% VO2max (P=0.03).
The results indicated that the combination of regular exercise and pomegranate supplementation had a significant effect on the control and decline of inflammatory markers particularly CRP in overweight males. However, more research is needed based on a few studies conducted in this area.

Strengthen the back muscles such as trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles can be considered as an essential part of any strength training program. The purpose of this study was to compare the electromyography activities in the latissimus dorsi and trapezius muscles during two different types of strength exercises.
Twelve males (age: 23.4±3.19 years, weight: 78.5±2.84 kg, height: 179.8±4.28 cm) who were familiar with strength training exercises participated in this quasi-experimental study. Surface electromyography activity of the latissimus dorsi and trapezius (upper, middle and lower portions) muscles were recorded during performing lat pull-down and row cable exercises with different hands positions namely, close, wide and parallel grip. ANOVA with repeated measures was employed for data analyses.
The latissimus dorsi muscle indicated significantly greater electromyography activity during lat pull-down exercise with the wide grip position compared to other positions. All parts of the trapezius muscle showed greater activity during performing row cable exercise in all three hand grip positions in comparison with lat-pull down exercise.
The results indicate that lat pull-down movement using the wide grip hand position could affects the activities of latissimus dorsi muscle whereas, the row cable exercise is more effective for strengthening the trapezius muscle.

Eccentric muscle action has more mechanically efficiency, predisposes the muscle to damage due to unique activation strategy. Postural control also is necessarily required for many daily and sport activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high velocity acute eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of dominant knee extensors on muscle damage indices and postural control in trained young females.
Ten young trained females (21. 9±1. 66 years) voluntarily participated in this study. To analyse muscle damage, subjects performed 300 (20 sets, 15 repetitions) high velocity (240°. s-1) eccentric contractions of dominant knee extensors with a load equal to 150٪ of the maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVC). Muscle damage indices (MVC, perceived pain, thigh circumference) and center of pressure distance and velocity in the antero/posterior (AP) and the medio/lateral (ML) planes of movement were recorded before, 1 and 48 h after eccentric exercise. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS (version 16. 0), and the repeated-measures ANOVA test also were used.
All muscle damage indicators changed significantly (p0. 05).
In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that high velocity eccentric exercise that designed to elicit localized muscle damage of dominant knee extensors did not influence postural control during one-legged stance in trained young female.

It is believed that dysfunction of the quadriceps muscle can be considered as one of the cause of patellofemoral pain syndrome with great emphasis placed on vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles imbalance. The purpose of this study was to compare the EMG activity ratio of vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis muscles in athletes with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome.
12 athletes with Patellofemoral pain syndrome (age 23.23±3.70 year, height 179±7.00 cm, and weight 73.86±12.00 kg) and 12 healthy male athletes (age 23.45±3.17 year, height 177±4.00 cm, and weight 68.84±8.53 kg) Participated in a quasi-experimental study. Numerical Pain Rating scale was used to assess the pain. EMG activity of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis muscles during dynamic postural perturbation were collected using a 16- channel EMG System. To data was analysed by Independent-t test at the significance level was set as P≤0.05.
The mean vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis EMG activity ratio in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome were less than control group. No significant difference was observed in the vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis EMG activity ratio between two groups during forward perturbation (p=0.568) and backward perturbation (p=0.521).
Our findings suggest that vastus medialis oblique: vastus lateralis ratio was not differe between athletes with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome in postural dynamic perturbation and it is likely that long-term pain cause’s muscular balance reactions adaptation in athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The results of this study would be useful for therapists to identify changes in motor control strategies and in a rehabilitation program design for athletes with patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Chronic nonspecific neck pain considered as a common problem which most of the time comes with changes in sensorimotor functions, beside high financial expense, its accompany with pain and personal concerns in society. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of the direction- movement control training in head repositioning accuracy (HRA), pain and disability of people with chronic non specific neck pain.
Thirty female (36.5±5.7years old) with non- specific chronic neck pain were recruited. Pain disability and HRA of people with chronic neck pain were measured by Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) respectively. The equipment was including laser pointer, helmet, and eye patch and marking pens. Shapiro-Wilk and analysis of Co Variance tests were used for data analysing.
Statistically significant changes were observed in disability (p=0.001), pain (p=0.001) and HRA (p=0.013) of people with chronic neck pain after the 8-week of training intervention.
The training intervention has been successful in improving head repositioning accuracy, and reduction in pain and disability index in people with chronic neck pain. Due to the high reported effect size (0.391), it is suggested to use the direction- movement control training as a supplementary method in treatment of people with chronic neck pain in the future.

The main activities in handball and volleyball players occurs with upper limb, so the prevalence of injury in upper extremity is high than other organs. The purpose of this study was to identify the upper extremity injuries in handball and volleyball players in Iranian clubs and its relationship with some physical features.
80 subjects as handball (n=45, age 24.71±3.62 yr, height 186.58±5.67 cm and weight 86.66±9.81 kg) and volleyball players (n=35, age 25.71±4.57 yr, height 193.59±5.92 cm and weight 88.02±6.93 kg) were non-randomly participated in this study.A researcher-made questionnaire with 0.84 reliability was provided to determine the type of injuries.. anthropometrical parameters such as: height and Arm span, biacromial breadth (shoulder width), shoulder-elbow length, elbow-wrist length and carrying angle were measured by suitable divices. . After determining the normal distributionBy Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between variables and Significant level was set as p
The results showed a significant negative correlation between sprain injuries in upper extremity and the biacromial breadth in athletes (p=0.007), moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between upper extremity fractures, and weight (p=0.02), height (p=0.01), Arm Span (p=0.01), shoulder width (p=0.01), the top arm's length (p=0.01), the arm's length in non-dominant hand (p=0.01) and the forearm in non-dominant hand (p=0.04).
Some anthropometric parameters can be related with prevalence of upper extremity injuries in volleyball and handball players, so it can be considered as a one is important risk factor. Accordingly, giving consideration to athlete's preparation exercises on motor patterns, muscles and involved joints is among the most functional preventive strategies that can be useful to reduce sport injuries and promote championship life of elite athletes.