Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:4 Issue: 4, 2016

1. Tourism is considered as a social event by many researchers, because the tourism activity occurs between two different groups of people of which one is the local and the other one is the visitor. Tourism as a social event, makes a relationship between communities that have different social characteristics and creates the mutual relationship between the different cultures, traditions and behaviors. As a result, it may cause changes in social structures, modes of behavior and life style. Hence it can be said that tourism as a social and cultural activity, is a potential of change, but. Since the direction of this change is not clear, it would cause difficulties for tourism management. Unbalanced and uncoordinated social changes with society can cause chaos and confusion and heavy blows for the society. Therefore, it is necessary to review them. The aim of this research is the assessment of the host communities’ perceptions of tourisms role on social changes of Ziarat village. In the present article, we have tried to answer the following fundamental questions: What is tourism's role in social changes of Ziarat village from the perspective of the villagers? What are the affective variables on perceptions and attitudes of the villagers about tourism's role in social change in Ziarat village?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Issues on social change in the humanities have a continuous history. There are numerous definitions regarding the concept of social change. According Vagu (1994), social change is a process of qualitative and quantitative replacement of social phenomena which can be planned (intentional) and unplanned (unintended). According to Giddens (1998), social change is change in the basic institutions of society during a given period. Sociologists often consider effects of social changes in macro and micro levels. In macro level, the effects of changes in society and dimensions such as family, school, economy, and political system is studied. And the effects of changes on phenomena such as individual behaviors and awareness, ideas, beliefs, desires, and impulses are considered in micro level. Therefore, several factors are involved in social change. These factors influence each other and are interdependent. Although social change is a feature of all societies, the original source includes natural environment, demographic changes, technology, governance, competition, war, planning, and social movements. However, there are several reasons that ensure social changes. In this context, mankind and his natural curiosity, his eternal desire for new experiences and his wishes to know the unknowns can be mentioned. Changes in a society are different according to the nature of changes (i.e., endogenous and exogenous). Changes caused by internal factors generally are not associated with value conflict and structural instability. But changes caused by external factors make trouble for at least parts of the society. According to the aforementioned classification, tourism is one of the exogenous factors of social change in communities. Presence of tourists in rural areas and their contacts with villagers cause the promotion of different cultures and change of the lifestyle in the village.
3. This is a questionnaire-based survey research. The questionnaire used in this study consists of two parts. The first part includes demographic characteristics of the population and the second part is related to the social changes in the region under study. Through reviewing the literature, four indicators were chosen to measure social changes (ie., social status of women, tendency to migrate, social interaction of residents, and increasing social pathologies). The population of this study consisted of 557 households in the Ziarat village of which 250 have been selected as sample by use of Morgan table. The questionnaires were distributed between samples through Judgmental sampling. In order to test hypotheses, binomial test with SPSS software was used. To examine the role of demographic variables that influence the perception of host communities on the role of tourism in the local community, the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and ANOVA test were used.
4. According to the findings of this study, which are based on the perspective of the residents, tourism is contributed to the changing of social status of women, social interactions of residents, and increasing social pathologies. Thus, the means of these variables are greater than the expected mean (%50). In relation to the indicator of tendency to migrate, the research hypothesis was rejected. Tourism not only does not increase the desire of the residents to emigrate, but also reduces the willingness of residents to migrate. Moreover, based on the findings, sex and age of the residents influence their perception of the role of tourism in social changes. The results also present that, men more than women, and young people more than elder ones can feel the social changes caused by tourism.
5. According to the findings, tourism has increased employment opportunities, independency, and participation in family issues for women in the village. Tourism is a favorable ground for the promotion of rural women's entrepreneurship. They can find employment with minimal cost and risk. Tourism development has provided many areas for the women to participate in the economy and creat small businesses in the Ziarat village. With the development of the tourism, the importance of visiting relatives, the importance of cooperating in village council, and familyinvolvement in public session has been decreased. In the dimension of immigration tendency, it seems that tourism development makes the rural infrastructure improved , good communication with the surrounding area happens, and also creats job opportunities. All these changes facilitate the possibility of life in the village. Tourism and delinquency with some abnormalities in the host community has a positive correlation. Tourism has increased the level of crime in the region.

1- Iran is one of the vulnerable countries about earthquake issue in the world which is placed in earthquake- belt prone of Himalaya Alp. So it is necessary to identify and evaluate dangerous areas because it can prevent of human and financial losses, when environmental crisis occurs. We did a lot of efforts to decrease and minimum results of earthquake and confident to buildings safety, but slums areas that shaped illegal and spontaneous, control and safety issues dont have legal placed and these areas always have natural, social and economical crisis. Uncontrolled growth of Mashhad city during this decade caused to made narrow streets, locations and small population nuclears inform of illegal and spontaneous in suburbs. There are a lot of out comes in illegal constructions such as non-observance of safety principles in constructions, incorrect usage of structural elements and responsible organization have no control in these areas. The most important purpose of this study is to identify effective factors on vulnerability rate of slum against earthquake. This study is based on physical and vulnerable model in form of internal factors (age of building, kind of building materials, granulation of parts, kind of possession) and external factors (topography, close to fault line, kind of texture, passageways, population density in hectare, household density in residential unit, person density in residential unit) Vulnerable areas identify and finally present for decrease the rate vulnerability procedures caused by earthquake.
2-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Environmental risks are a collection of natural, social and economical process so in this study earthquake is considered as a natural risk that has direct and indirect effects in the society. There are 3 general view points: social and economical construction, physical- biology construction and combination construction. In this study theory is based on combination view point that is a collection of natural and human factors and tries to investigate a combination of internal and external variables based on natural, social, and economical.
3- This study is analytical- descriptive method with systematic view. The usage model is a physical vulnerable model in form of internal and external and their indicators with use of ARC GIS software and evaluate vulnerability rate of slums areas in Mashhad with AHP model. In this study 1181 number of households in 9 regions of Mashhad slums selected to answer the questions based on Morgan method.
4- In 9 regions of Mashhad slums are based on physical vulnerability model in form of internal factors (age of building, kind of building materials, granulation of parts, kind of possession) and external factors (topography, close to fault line, kind of texture, passageways, population density in hectare, household density in residential unit, person density in residential unit) and also prepared a vulnerable map with available indicators that showed 70 percent of residences in 9 regions of Mashhad slums are very high vulnerable. So studies show that when the earthquake happen close to fault line, kind of building materials, age of building, person density in residential unit and household density in residential unit are very important in houses vulnerability of Mashhad slums. Results show that 93 percent of Mashhad slums houses are made by long lasting building materials but they didnt have any technical and engineering principles. This subject with non-standard situations elements of urban usage, inefficient communication network, compressed texture, shortage and inappropriate distribution areas of open spaces.etc intensify the vulnerability of residences.
5- The results showed that residence situation in Mashhad slums are very critical. 93 percent of houses in these areas are made by long lasting building materials but out of engineering principles. These houses will be destroying even by an earthquake with less than 5 Richter scale. The most important solution is to decrease houses vulnerability of Mashhad slums. The first step is to recognize the vulnerable areas and define standards of vulnerability and also to do detailed studies in natural, social, economical fields which are limits of this study. In addition, continuous control to prevent of illegal construction and legal facilities such as: house loan, rebuilding and improving loan for houses that made with no engineering plan are very effective for crisis management.

1. Monitoring the evolution of tourism life cycle in Iran is relatively new; and despite of the fact that this approach can be a useful framework for understanding the relationships among the activities of tourism destinations, limited methods and approaches are introduced. Therefore, this research introduces a new approach to monitoring and evaluating tourism activities in tourism rural destinations from Tourism Life Cycle point of views.
According to Butler approach resort areas undergo an evolutionary cycle of six stages. In the exploration stage, the resort is isolated with a ‘sleepy’ appearance and with little or no development. In this stage, limited number of businesses exists, the provided facilities are used and owned by locals, and there is only a road that connects the settlement with an urban center. In the involvement stage, visitors from the overcrowded urban centers are attracted by the relaxing and unspoiled landscape of the resort. In this time, local entrepreneurs realize the economic significance of tourism and begin to provide facilities and services to tourists.
In the stage of development, the number of tourists increases; and in the specific seasons, it reaches at its peak that is way more than the size of the local population. The accessibility to the resort areas, through the extension of the road network, makes more tourists visit these places. In the consolidation stage, building construction follows international standards and the road network expands further in order to provide access to the accommodation establishments, businesses, and residences. Awareness of these stages helps planners and managers to plan tourism destination effectively. This approach in tourism planning is relatively new in Iran. In the lack of such methods, tourism destinations have been remained stagnant.
Since rural areas in Ardabil province have been faced with poverty and exclusion, it is necessary to fulfill its potential by means of tourism. This study tries to discover the evolution of tourism life cycle in rural destinations of Ardabil. The main targets of this article include: 1.An investigation of the influential factors on the sustainability of tourism destination
2.Proposing an appropriate methodology to measure Tourism Life Cycle
3.Proposing and designing indicators to evaluate TLC
4.Tourism destination assessment of Ardabil province in TLC
5.Sustainability levels’ evaluation of rural destinations.
2. This research is based on the theory of fundamental analysis and has been done through a descriptive–analytic method to analyze the tourism destination rural in Ardabil province. The data was gathered through surveys and by using librarian methods. The study area consisted of four villages including boosinej, Ganzagh, Gazaj, and Biledaragh. Statistical population of this study consisted of 3541 people (1388 households). The sample society (210 people) has been estimated through Cochran techniques. Households sample was selected through systematic sampling and tourists were chosen by simple random sampling.
Based on the aforementioned theoretical literature, this study explains tourist destination evolution through the application of the tourism area life cycle model (TLC). The life cycle model proposed a hypothetical evolution of a tourist area and suggested that destinations pass through six stages (Exploration, Involvement, Development, Consolidation, Stagnation, Decline, and Rejuvenation), each with specific characteristics.
3. DISCUSION: The result of this research shows that since there are not easy and accessible ways, from the villages to the destination of Ardebil, these villages are placed in the early stages of development. Hence, Gazaj (with a score of 0.499) and Boosnij (with a score of 0.432) are placed in the intervention and involvement of the local community and the village of Ganzagh (with a score of 0.269) and Bilehdaragh (0.206 points) in the exploration stage.
The analysis of the results also shows that the evolutionary perspective of all destinations is placed in tourism era.
4. According to the findings of this study, we need to propose suitable strategies to the tourism destinations which are appropriate based on their place in TLC model. Therefore, the following strategies are proposed for the villages of Biladaragh and Ganzagh which are placed at the discovery stage.
•Training local community (as a basic strategy for the development of rural tourism activities in this phase)
•Developing infrastructure (transport, communications, accommodation, etc.)
•Identifying capacity and attractions in destination rurals
•Identifying infrastructure investment
Also, the following strategies are proposed for the villages of Gazna and Boosnij that are placed at the involvement stage.
• Engaging local stakeholders
• Developing infrastructure services, welfare, etc.
• Developing advertising and information systems to introduce tourism potential and opportunities
• Developing attraction system
• Completing infrastructure, residential, and recreational levels
• Expanding private sector investment.

1. lack of control on wastes and inattention to qualitative and quantitative condition of all productive waste, collecting method, transportation and their correct and hygiene removal result in special problems, threatening the health and environment. in any rural and urban centers, study on waste condition is differently Done because of various factors including waste management manner, type of the services presented by medical-hygiene centers, admission numbers, cultural and economic condition of The society, etc. wastes and their distribution in the environment Is one of the most Important problems of Human society and Its extent is increasingly increasing with regarding to rubbish production rate.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Locating in the sciences related to earth is an operation In which by presenting the needs, aims and information about the existing condition to the other experts and summing them in his/her aims and opinions, an individual tries to attaining at the best choice among the available alternatives for the intended operation. Optimum locating is possible when the researcher can establish a scientific and logical relationship between the data and information obtained by the related experts in location area. Man chooses his activity place in order to attain at bearing less cost, more earnings and easy access to the resources. However, as the effective factors on locating become complex, we have to use scientific and modern methods (especially after world war2). In this respect, different theories, assumptions and Models have been presented, each one has its own advantages and disadvantages and is intended for the special operations. In term of approach and problem analysis, locating theories are divided into three groups: 1) theories based on minimizing the cost,
2) theories based on access analysis (most emphasize on demand and market factors a maximizing the intended earning),
3) theories based on maximum earning and in fact they are the result of two above methods.
As more local models are employed for finding the optimum locations or optimum design, they are called as site selecting models or locating models. the aim of these models is to find the best location for an activity or settlement.
3. this investigation is in applied type and descriptive-analytical method. The aim of this study, the optimum locating for the waste rural landfill in shahrekord. In this respect establishing the required installations and equipment’s in order to locating the hygiene burial of the rural wastes requires using many various criteria. Then, in the present study, hierarchical analysis process model has been used for pair comparison by the experts and determining the final weight of sub-criteria. Then, by creating the information layers of sub-criteria and integrating them in arc Gis environment with regarding to the final weight abstracted from this model, the best sites for the final locating of the hygiene waste landfill have been prioritized.
4. in this investigation, the best location for the establishment was identified by integrating 13 information layers in GIS environment. In the identification process, three locations were chosen as the proposed locations. AHPF model was used to select the best location.
5. in the analysis, three proposed sites (first site 18.2 km2, second site 12.6 km2, third site 6.7 km2) were identified as he best places for waste rural waste landfill which were located in the west and east regions of county sharekord.
With regarding to the results of the investigation, some suggestions can be presented as the following:in preparation step of information layers, if possible use the figure data provided by mapping organization which should be update as much as possible, so that in addition to assuring the geometric accuracy and precision of the input data, excess costs and longtime spending for providing the information layers will be prevented.
it is necessary to study the ownership type and land cost in the located places so that final decision will be made about the intended ownership.
present the selected place characteristics in the form of an intelligent model.

1. The pattern has been the same for the planning and management of agriculture in rural areas, which is applied to various forms of state failure and inefficiency of the agricultural development programs. Because this planning and management have not been designed based on needs, talents, and abilities of the rural areas, but based on consensus over the potential and actual needs and abilities. Accordingly, knowledge of the distribution and degree of development of agriculture in this area could be a prerequisite for agricultural and rural development projects and programs to be considered. In this regard, one of the ways that can be useful in planning and managing the development of agriculture is the classification of rural areas according to conventional indicators of agricultural development. Results obtained from the survey studies, showed that due to changes in development, regardless of its natural resources, these regions are among the deprived areas and to achieve the appropriate level of development requires government intervention and planning. Hence, in order to reduce the problems of development, intervention and orientation of the agricultural structure will be an important factor. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to determine the level of agricultural development (Farming Subsector) in rural areas in Dashtroom village in Boyerahmad county to improve rural development planning.
2. The present study, from the objective point is an applied research and from the analitycal point is quantitative research method. The population of the research consisted of rural areas more than ten households in the central part of the Dashtroom village in Boyerahmad county that includes 39 villages. To determine the sample size, Krejcie and Morgan methods was used through families residing in the study area. Sample size of 320 households were calculated, and then in every village, according to its population, a number of farmers who were the heads of households were selected. In this research, the data were primarily collected through field studies and questionnaire. Content validity was checked to determine the validity of the questionnaire which was designed and revised after consulting with university professors and experts. In order to determine the reliability of the questionare, the pre-test (30 questionnaires) was conducted; the Cronbach's alpha coefficient obtained indicated the reliability of the questionnaire. To assess the development of agriculture in the region, the hybrid method of TOPSIS-entropy was used. Data processing was carried out through using MATLAB 7.10 software.
3. The results showed that the agricultural development coefficient (Farming Subsector), in the rural areas of Dashtroom, is the highest (0.90) in Tangary village and the lowest (0.08) in Cheshmeh Baloot village. Thus, the amplitude of the development level in the agricultural sector was estimated 0.82. In addition, villages including Cheshmeh Balutak, Gav Barg, Kooshk Olia, Saadat Abad, Bahareh-e-Barg Khiari, Cheshmeh Khersi Piroozak, Chel Mohammad Bagheri Pereshkaft, Chel Mohammad-e-Bagheri Pereshkaft, Dare Khani Pereshkaft, Moradi Pereshkaft, Dare Galga Pereshkaft, Cheshmeh Roghat, and Chah Pazanan were considered as underdeveloped villages, and Tangary and Hussein Abad Olia as developed villages. Furthermore, the results indicated the unfavorable development of agriculture in the region (with an average of 0.35 in a range of zero to one); thus, most of the villages in the region (58.97 %) are the least developed ones. The calculated dichotomy coefficient reflects the existence of inequality and differences in the rate of development in rural areas. The results showed that the spatial distribution of agricultural development in the region is not in a balanced state. The data indicated that the average rate of development, in the agricultural sector, in terms of economic, social, technological, infrastructure, and environmental dimentions in the region is equal to 0.34%, 0.43%, 0.49%, 0.34%, and 0.52%, respectively. Given the agricultural development dichotomy coefficient, it can be said that, the lowest dispersion, with the coefficient of 0.34, was the technical dimension and the infrastructural dimension, with the coefficient of 0.53, was the maximum amount of dispersion and the lack of balance in the rural districts. Other findings indicated that the natural location of the villages under survey is effective in enhancing the rate of development of rural areas. So that, the villages located in the plain areas had higher development rate. It can be said that, the villages which are in a plain position have been developed more because they are in the normal position of infrastructure and services (i.e., good communication, good access to transportation, fertile lands, etc) for its residents in comparison to the villages in the hills and further development of the forest have created.
4. The findings suggested that, the studied villages have different levels of agricultural development. Tangary village, with the degree of development equal to 0.909%, and Cheshmeh Balootak village, with the degree of development equal to 0.082%, have the highest and the lowest level of agricultural development in the Dashtroom district. Among the five dimensions of agricultural development, dichotomy coefficient of technical dimension was the lowest that is indicative of the relative homogeneity of the villages in this dimension. Infrastructure dimension had the highest level of dichotomy coefficient. Data analysis revealed that, the degree of agricultural development in the region under study in terms of economic, social, technical, infrastructure, and environmental dimensions was 0.34, 0.43, 0.49, 0.34, and 0.52%, respectively, that reflects the superiority of environmental dimension compared to other dimensions. Overall, the results suggested that, the spatial distribution of agricultural development rate in the studied region is not in a balanced state.

1. Health is a concept whose fundamental attention is on keeping capitals (human, natural, social, and economic) for inter-generational justice. Paying attention to the health dimensions (ecologic, social, and economic) of Rurals is one of the fundamental basis of sustainable development. Health in rural and nomadic regions is a complicated phenomenon and is the pre-requisite of rural sustainable development, and its realization requires a healthy environment and appropriate social, economic, cultural, and environmental grounds. Identifying the nature and dimensions of health, and factors affecting it on the one hand, and doing measures for enhancing it in rural regions on the other hand, have significant necessity and can have important roles in the sustainability in these regions. Now, after three decades of the experience of nomad settlement, the present study is to answer this general question that “how is the state of rurals of nomad settlement in terms of enjoying health indicators in four healthcare, sociocultural, economic, and environmental-physical dimensions?” The present study is an effort to present and evaluat health levels in nomadic rurals.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Health planning is a relatively new term which has nowadays been coined by regional planners who have always have intended to link the environment with physical and psychological health. In the oast, planners and authorities of healthcare were not in coordination regarding making their decisions about some basic issues such as ’social welfare, improvement of human life, and health.. Consequently, the unfavorable expansion of physical spaces, destruction of natural habitat and biodiversity, reliance on automobiles in urban transportation, paying more attention to internal regions of cities, the reduction in urban public spaces, and also the expansion of marginalization of lower-income social layers. The objectives of the millennium development indicate that, there is a relationship between health and social conditions. According to the framework of the objectives of the millennium development, without significant reduction in the level of poverty, creating food security, education, giving rights and authorities to women and improvement in life conditions in poor regions and ghettos, gaining access to healthcare objectives will be impossible in so many countries.
3. The method employed in the present study is an applied one in terms of objectives, and a descriptive-analytical one in terms of method. In the present study, to collect data, documentary study, questionnaires, and observational methods were used. To analyze the data and prepare tables and information maps of the studied scope, SPSS and Arc GIS software programs were used. The statistical techniques including one sample t-test and multivariate regression were used. In addition, to rank nomadic Rurals, TOPSIS models were employed. The population of the present study was 4496 individuals residing in five regions of nomad settlement in Isfahan and Fars Provinces. According to Cochrane’s formula, the sample size was evaluated to include 384 participants. Selecting participants among Rurals was random and the mode of distributing questionnaires was proportionate to the population of each village.
4. In the present study, health levels in nomadic Rurals and households residing in villages were investigated and according to the general sense of health, it was measured in four health, sociocultural, economic, and environmental-physical dimensions. Regarding the findings of the study, regions of nomad settlement are not favorable in terms of health indictors in such a way that economic criterion with the mean scores of 2.56, environmental-physical criterion with 2.75, and health criterion with 2.91 have moderate to low health levels and they are in unfavorable states. Finally, sociocultural criteria with the mean scores of 3.48 have moderate to high health levels and they enjoy relatively favorable levels. In general, sociocultural criteria are more favorable than other criteria and are in moderate to high levels, while other criteria have lower levels and sometimes relatively unfavorable levels. The poorest state is for economic criteria.
Regarding that the strategy of sustainable development in recent decades have had the highest effects on planners’ attitudes, villages of nomad settlement in the studied regions have not been able to provide the sustainability in the life of households residing in the regions in terms of health levels because with the comprehensive approaches and the strategies? of sustainable development, a society reaches sustainability when it can provide appropriate conditions coherently. But the results indicated that although in social domains, effects were high, regarding health indicators and different environmental indicators, not only sustainability has not been created, they have also resulted in the unsustainability of the economic status of households.

1- One of the problems that is important in the waste management is the topic of waste rural landfill site selection and Latex resulting from that in rural areas. The Latex can be because groundwater pollution the contamination vulnerability and groundwater protection assessment has proved to be an effective tool for the delineation of protection zones in area affected by groundwater contamination. So the main objective of this study is waste rural landfill site selection, this study also deals with examining the application of DRASTIC model to determine Potential aquifer pollution in rural areas and zoning maps of vulnerable areas.
2-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: During everyday lives to resolve their variety of needs, people use materials found in nature in various ways. Always a part or most of the materials cannot be used which recalled unusable waste. The villagers produced the materials in a state of a variety of material, including liquid, solid or gas that is said the waste.
If the solid materials are more than the other types of materials, they are called solid waste or garbage. All solid materials that are useless to their owners or the general public, are useless waste, waste and non-value of maintaining is called solid waste. In the context the aquifer vulnerability concept, the definition by the National Committee of America in 1993can be noted. This committee knows the groundwater vulnerability to pollution, the desire or possibility of reaching groundwater pollutants to a specified location on the system after they came into being in some places above the aquifer level. The term of the vulnerability in terms of conceptual in the hydrogeology are divided to two forms of intrinsic vulnerability and specific vulnerability. Inherent vulnerability Refers to the possibility of contamination in an area without considering specific pollutants. This type of vulnerability depends on the geological features, a region hydrology and hydrogeology and human activities and is independent of the nature of the pollutant. Methods such as Drastic and Sintacs are used to evaluate this type of vulnerability. The particularly vulnerable also refers to the vulnerability of groundwater to pollutants or a particular group of pollutants. That depends on the characteristics of the contaminant and its relation to various factors inherent vulnerability. DRASTIC model is an empirical model that the first time was raised in 1987 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency to assess the vulnerability of groundwater of the United States and is based on the concept of hydro geological situation. This model has been formed from the combination of seven hydro geological parameters affecting the groundwater contamination that includes water table depth, aquifer net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, unsaturated region and hydraulic. Drastic word also refers to the initials of the seven effective and main parameters in this method.
3- The method of this study is the documentation (library), the field and analytic method. In this study, the DRASTIC model is used for aquifer vulnerability zoning. This model is formed from combining seven hydro geologic parameters. These parameters appear as seven layers in the GIS software that required analyses are performed on. Through preparation of these maps in GIS, we can combine different layers and prepare vulnerability zoning map.
4- In order to create a healthy and clean environment for villagers, comprehensive management of the collection and disposal of waste is required. The Basis of health and hygiene in villages is their cleanliness, and collecting and wasting landfills is considered the first of its interest in the cleanliness that a proper system of waste management will pay to this issue. A correct cycle waste management includes elements responsible for reducing the production, gathering, transportation, processing, recycling and disposal of the production to burial place, that implementation of each of the above steps requires careful planning and design.
One of the important points which should be considered in environmental design of landfill site is the management of leachate and preventing the underground water from being polluted. In this article, given that the drastic method is considered as one of most practical methods of rating in comparison with other methods to determine the potential vulnerability of aquifers to pollution, and uses more parameters in the preparation of model, it is used to assess the potential contamination of underground aquifers to leachate of the waste by the DRASTIC model.
5– Aquifer vulnerability zoning study area map which is obtained from the combination of raster map of seven DRASTIC parameters with respect to the weight of each parameter in GIS, shows that, that the parameters of the water table depth (D), and Nutrition Network (R) are the most effective ways in determining vulnerability. In this map, it has been found that about 88 percent of the desired area vulnerabilities are low and only 2% of the land (total), has had high and very high vulnerability. And 5% have moderate vulnerability and 6% of vulnerabilities are very low. Therefore, it can beside that most of leachate contamination of groundwater in the studied area is in the North and North West. Due to unfavorable disposal sites and how to landfill and by taking the final map (aquifer vulnerability) it is expected that with the support of managers and cooperative people of the area, collection and disposal practices are improved to prevent environmental pollution. Also, this method is useful as a tool for planners and designers for landfill site selection and evaluation of the vulnerability of groundwater aquifer by infiltration leachate from the waste.

1- Participatory development (PD) seeks to engage local populations in development projects. It has taken a variety of forms since it emerged in the 1970s. Local ‘ownership’ is essential to sustain capacity but depends on wide-spread participation. A lot of studies related to participation topics have been conducted recently. But a few of them consider participation between all of stakeholders or beneficiaries of development. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a participatory model for public, private, beneficiary, and association sectors for achieving a sustainable agricultural development in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Most of the literature about PD emphasis giving the poor a chance to contribute activities related to their benefits. hoping that development projects will be more sustainable and successful by engaging local population in the development process. PD has become an increasingly accepted method of development practice and is employed by a variety of organizations. It is often presented as an alternative to top-down development approach. There are some questions about the proper definition of PD as it varies depending on the perspective applied. The "Social Movement Perspective" defines participation as the mobilization of people to eliminate unjust hierarchies of knowledge, power, and economic distribution. The "Institutional Perspective" defines participation as the reach and inclusion of inputs by relevant groups in the design and implementation of a development project. Based on this approach, a lot of stakeholders play their own role in the process of rural development. No doubt, to achieve real rural development, it is necessary to seek some guidelines for the cooperation of all stakeholders.
3- The Grounded Theory as a qualitative research method was used in this study. Based on the data collected from about 92 hours semi-structured interviews with 51 agricultural key informants who were purposefully selected from the study region, the text of the interviews was transcribed and coded using open coding in the 183 primary classes (themes). Then, these themes were categorized into 54 groups and consequently, these groups were also categorized into 21 central categories using theoretical coding. Finally, a model was designed for participation of the supposed stakeholders/ beneficiaries towards a sustainable agricultural development.
4- As it was mentioned, this study sought to develop a model for collaboration and participation of sectors active in the field of agricultural development including public, private, beneficiaries, and associations towards a sustainable agricultural development.
This model contains determinant components (such as participation-orientated strategy of sustainable development of agriculture, private sector quality services, the participation orientation of the land users, systematic leadership of associations, decentralization, and employing local authorities), and constraints (including decentralization and governance of the relations in the public sector, executive and private sector investment restrictions, the economic and cultural poverty of farmers, and institutional and legal challenges existent in the supposed organizations). The contribution and stance of public and private sectors and beneficiaries and associations were coordinated in establishing a balanced participation. This model also makes allowance for monitoring participation orientated network and agricultural database.

1. The phenomenon of land consolidation has been the concern of economists, geographers, soil scientists, anthropologists, and politician in the last decades. It has achieved little success for agricultural development in Iran. Most of Iranian land consolidation schemes ignore to meet sustainability criteria as a critical phase in the planning process. Therefore, they have caused many environmental impacts on rural environment. While these new approaches have definitely improved the land structure and productivity, they have remained limited by un-sustainability of farming system. The entire project focuses on physical dimension and ignores environmental dimension. Thus, its sustainability is not important for the stakeholders. It is worth mentioning that, many studies have investigated the economic and sociological issues of land consolidation projects and used various measurements and criteria to assess its impact but there is little work to focus its effect on sustainability of farming system. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of land consolidation projects on agricultural sustainability in the Haraz plain of Mazandaran province.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Land consolidation can be an effective instrument in rural development. Agricultural development is one area in which land consolidation plays a vital role. Land consolidation can facilitate the creation of competitive agricultural production arrangements by enabling farmers to have farms with fewer parcels that are larger and better shaped, and to expand the size of their holdings. Consolidation of small, spatially fragmented land parcels is indispensable for agricultural development in developing countries like Iran. The classical form of land consolidation involves changing the land tenure structure and providing the necessary infrastructure, such as roads and irrigation networks, for efficient agricultural development. New land consolidation projects carried out through reallocating the private ownership and location of spatially dispersed parcels of farms to form new holdings containing a single parcel, with the same size as the original area. This process accompanied by some complementary measures such providing farm road, irrigation systems and land leveling. Consolidation is still implicitly defined as reduction of dispersed ownership to achieve a single parcel as few as possible. While these dimensions of land consolidation ignore by related stakeholders and caused some failure for this process.
The objectives of land consolidation include:• Grouping separate parcels to reduce the negative effects of fragmentation;
• Reduction of production costs; and
• Encouraging more effective agricultural plans and projects.
3. The research design was semi-experimental and carried out based on survey strategy. The statistical population includes 3707 landholders within 12 villages targeted for land consolidation projects. Random sampling method with appropriate allocation were used to select two groups of farmers: one with consolidated land and the other with traditional land. Validity of questionnaire used as the data gathering instrument, was confirmed by experts of agricultural development, and Coronbach Alpha coefficient (r = 0.62 to 0.87 which ranges for different parts of the questionnaire) was used to confirm its reliability. Agricultural sustainability was measured based on three dimensions: ecological, economical, and social. Based on the literate review of sustainability, 10 ecological indicators, 8 social indicators, and 9 economic indicators were formulated. Using deprivation methods, indicators were scaled free and then principal component analysis was used for weighting. Data were analyzed using SPSS16 and Excel.
4. Results of one-sample t-test showed that, all the three dimensions of sustainability in two groups of villages were in an inappropriate position. The results of independent sample t-test showed significant difference between the two groups of farmers from ecological and economic dimensions. Ecological sustainability of traditional lands was more than consolidated lands while in economic dimensions, consolidated lands were better than traditional lands. The results of the comparison of the ecological indicators showed that application of Potassium manure and fungicide in consolidated lands was more than traditional lands. Moreover, physical quality of land in consolidated lands was better. The results of the comparison of social indicators showed that farming experience, family labor force, participation in local organizations, and agricultural sustainability knowledge in traditional lands, were more in consolidated lands; while education, access to technical-extension service, and job satisfaction in consolidated lands were more in traditional lands. The results of the comparison of economic indicators showed that commercialization and insurance ratio in traditional lands were more than consolidated lands while gross product value, input productivity, land size, and mechanization in consolidated lands were more in traditional lands.
5– The results showed that, there is a significant difference between the two groups of farmers (farmers with consolidated lands and farmers with traditional land) from ecological and economic dimensions. Ecological sustainability of traditional lands was more than consolidated lands while in economic dimensions consolidated lands were better than traditional lands. Current study used social, economic, and ecological farm level indicator; therefore, future research should use household indicator to assess the effect of this project on sustainable livelihood. Also, implementing cooperative and collective farming system for cultivation and production planning in order to protect the environment of rural area is recommended.

1. Behavioral approaches in agricultural studies are approaches which 1. Sseek to understand behavior of farmers, 2. emphasize on psychological constructions such as attitudes, values and goals, and collect data related to the land, economic situation etc., and 3. enjoy quantitative methods. In general, such approaches are considered as a combination of motivational factors and structural features of economy which reflect motivational priorities. Before considering the importance of participatory approaches, a farmer was regarded as a limiting factor in development process but when the importance of these approaches was recognized in the agricultural section, the participatory role of local people turned twice as much in fundamental decision making.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Theory of Planned Behavior
The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is an extension of the theory of reasoned action (TRA), which has, as its main goals, the prediction and understanding of human behavior. It postulates that individuals’ behavioral intentions are determinants of their actual behavior. Behavioral intention in Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a function of three determinants: Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Attitude refers to an individual’s positive or negative feelings about performing the target behavior. TPB predicts that the more favorable an individual evaluates a particular behavior, the more likely it is that he or she will perform that behavior. Subjective norm reflects a person’s perception that most people who are important to him think he should or should not perform the behavior in question. The stronger an individual's perception in this field is, the greater the incentive to comply with the others will be. Perceived behavioral control reflects beliefs regarding access to the resources and opportunities needed to perform a behavior. Perceived behavioral control appears to encompass two components.
Geographic Theory of Planned Behavior (GeoTPB)
The theory of planned behavior with geographic data promotes the Geographic theory of planned behavior.
In this model, behavioral beliefs are affected by geographic data (height, distance, slope, and time variables) in order to study the effect of environmental construction in a specific location on explanation of relocation and transportation behavior. For example, a person who lives in a mountain area and his way of transportation is a road with steep slope beside a valley would have a negative attitude toward bicycling due to the geographic location. Planned behavior theory has a micro perspective and concentrates on individual level; while, geographically, the effect of macro construction is necessary on relocation behavior in a location.
3. The present study is a descriptive correlational study. The samples of the study include all agricultural beneficiaries (N=621458) who are supported by 59-fold centers of agricultural extension of Guilan province. Estimation of the minimum sample volum conducted by Cochran formula and the obtained number of rural beneficiaries was 384. Sampling was conducted by stratified random method. 40 extension services holding training classes and capacity of 30 people were selected. In each center, 10 beneficiaries who participated in training classes were selected randomly to fill out the given questionnaires.
4. Articles that have been published by our country’s researchers represent that medical sciences have had the most contribution to apply this theory and articles in agricultural extension and development section are more seen in rural studies. However, a considerable section of the world’s agricultural and rural development research deals with assessment of policy in this area while practical application and theoretical development of behavioral approaches have been less considered. Conclusion of a study also shows that, participation of management and economic approach in Iran’s rural studies is approximately 63% of the whole studies in this area.
5– Results showed that among four factors affeting agricultural knowledge, the factor ‘attitude’ (rural evaluation of training effects), has the highest participation. It means that, villagers’ assessment of positive results of their learning in agricultural operations has more participation than the factor ’educational facilities and tools’ on actualizing learning. Thus, subjective norm, attitude and educational effect, influence the practical application of the villager’s knowledge up to 45 percent and the theory of planned behavior had been able to predict the half behavior.
However, by adding the factor ’geographic control’, behavior would be affected by geographic distance (the area where extension services is available) and spatial sample would be placed at the ownership framework and would play an important role in practical applivation of training by villagers; and explanation of geographic planned behavior increases to 64%; thus, This result stressed the need to increase radius deliveries to villages farther from the center and present wider information for the villagers, especially smallholders for consulting services. In addition, in the study conducted by Stranich and Doring (2012) the geographic theory of planned behavior represented a better explanation of planned behavior in analyzing displacement behavior which is in line with the present study. However, in a study by Wang, Brown, Liu and Mateo-Babiano (2014) planned behavior model showed better results than geographic theory of planned behavior which is different from the findings of the present study.

1. Khorasan’s rural housing, like other regions of Iran, is consistent with the environmental, cultural, social and economic conditions. However, unfortunately, despite good efforts made by the relevant agencies to assist physical and spatial developments, there have been confusion and misdirection about implementing the needs, facts, and traditions of rural lifestyles.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Environment, and in the body of it, housing and building are known as innovation and exquisite artifacts of human in every culture and civilization, where it still has, tremendous utility and complexity in all its dimensions. Housing concept is known as a vast and complex issue, where it is difficult to present a unified definition for it. The most original and at the same time the most complicated kind of settlement for sedentary people is rural housing. In doing so, generally, vernacular architecture and especially rural architectural has direct, immediate, and strong connection with rural culture and everyday activity in villages. Rural housing is known as a multifaceted and sophisticated phenomenon, from this point of view. Rural housing is more than a shelter and plays the role of not only a resort, but it also has a generative and livelihood role like a warehouse and workshop in rural areas. Compatibility between house and natural environment, villagers’ smart utilization of vernacular and accessible materials for housing, immediate and direct connection with the culture and everyday life of people, and being influenced by social norms like contentment, are the most important characteristics of this type of rural architecture. With the aim of providing proper living conditions and affected by socio–cultural, economic, and physical–spatial factors, rural housing has been formed. Finally, effective physical–spatial factors on rural housing typology can be categorized as: Ratio of mass and open space, the separation of functional zones, the relationship between mass and open space, type of building orientation affected by wind direction and sun radiation, the separation of private and public territories, type of spatial organization relationships, and type of building materials.
3. Using a descriptive and inferential method, the data was gathered by studying documentary sources and observation of the residential buildings of Naghandar, Dizbad e Bala, Frizi, and Aydalik. The research begins with the introduction of physical, activity, and climate components affecting the rural housing typology and, then, analyzes the mentioned components within the framework of the study samples using maps and descriptive-analytical diagrams. Finally, it explains the effective formation factors of physical-spatial elements of rural housing.
4. FINDINGS: Giving an introduction of rural housing, the paper presents relevant issues and recorded influences of the formation of the issues with tables, figures, and maps. In general, common characteristics of rural housing are as follows: generally, maximum portion of the house is dedicated to the yard space and other necessary elements, including service, manufacturing, warehousing, and storage of livestock and poultry, etc., rather than the visual aspects of the house. It can be expressed that the maximum use of the house, including environmental convenience, and its availability to life necessities of rural housing offer a type of housing closely associated with rural living. In this type of housing, proximity of humans to livestock and services is vitally required. Livestock and services are the main elements of rural livelihood. Although buildings are orientated to the direction of wind and solar radiation, the orientation toward light is more desirable than that of wind. Regarding the spatial types (space fillings, empty spaces, and the interfaces), it can be stated that, the presence or absence of the interface is only justified in terms of providing environmental comfort and intimacy. Intimacy has always been an important issue in a way that it does not overlook the complexity of relationships in rural housing. In terms of order and spatial-functional structure of the rural housing, the ground floor is allocated to livestock and services and upper floors are used as living spaces. They are connected by a vertical path, along which the horizontal connection is through the covered hallway. Moreover, due to the geographical-regional requirements, local materials are commonly used in the housing construction.
5. In general, rural housing is affected by four elements of regional, geographical, social, and cultural factors that, together, form the structure of rural housing. According to this study, paying attention to the rural background in designing and planning of physical developments is highly advised. From this perspective, the solution to the rural-housing designing problem can be categorized into three main sections of resolving functional, natural, and constructional problems.

1. Today, sustainability of rural and urban settlements and their population in developing world is one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. However, today due to development of urbanization, the rural areas have undergone many changes . These changes have been concurrent with the developing process of urbanization and unorganized expansion of cities on the one hand, and the decreasing significance of rural settlements on the other hand. Therefore, considering the importance of an appropriate new model of living and in line with the sustainability of rural settlements, this paper aims to investigate the capabilities of creating an urban village in the villages of Jagharq, in rural district of Torghabeh, Binalood County. Accordingly, the main research questions are: What are the opportunities in creating an urban village in the villages of the study area? What are the weaknesses and threats constituted by villages in creating a model of an urban village?
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The experience of many developed and developing countries of the world suggest that the plans for physical development of rural areas are based on territorial planning approach and in the context of sustainable development, and the link between different aspects of sustainability in planning for sustainable development in rural areas is quite important. Nevertheless, physical environment provides suitable conditions for sustainable development, and the adoption of a systematic approach in physical planning with regard to approaches to environmentalism, conservation and society is of critical importance. In this regard, the increasing trend in construction in the suburban areas and in the heart of nature in the form of villas and housing estates especially in rural highlands of the country, shows the necessity of developing a model of settlements which have the required sustainability in development, which is well applicable in all the economic, social, cultural, political and physical-environmental conditions. On the other hand, to improve the material and spiritual well-being and the quality of life both at present and in future, are the primary objectives of achieving sustainable development. It seems that this attitude could be reproduced in the form of urban villages, which maintains both modern and traditional concepts common in the history of the Iranian neighborhoods. To adopt a model of urban villages which benefit the guidelines and control of new constructions, could be compatible with the characteristics of the rural environment through defining the specific principles and criteria, and it would play an effective role in preserving the natural environment and quality of life in rural settlements, and it would establish peace and order in urban settlements of the country.
3. This study is an applied one which has used descriptive-survey method for data collection. The population of the study consisted of rural households living in the village of Jagharq, which is estimated to be 767 rural households based on available statistics. The sample size, according to Cochran logical formula and using random systematic method is 227. In order to analyze the opportunities and challenges in creating an urban village in the village of Jagharq in a descriptive-field research, the opportunities and challenges were categorized in the form of four components (economic, social, environmental and physical), and 32 items. Prior to filling the questionnaires, the experts in this field confirmed its reliability. The main tool for gathering the data and measuring the variables, was the questionnaire designed by the researcher. The data were processed and analyzed using SPSS software package, in the form of statistical method of factor analysis.
4. In the present study, to assess the opportunities and challenges in creating an urban village in the village of Jagharq, were measured in 35 variables in the form of four components (economic, social, environmental, and physical) using factor analysis model. As the results show, the opportunities and barriers to the creation of urban villages, were categorized separately and in three and four factors respectively. The results showed that -opportunities accounted for 70.94 percent of the total variance among which physical-environmental factor with 42.83 percent of the eigenvalue, is known as the most important -opportunity. After that, economic and social aspects, account for respectively 14.26 % and 13.85 % of the variance of eigenvalue of the second and third factors. On the other hand, the variance of all the challenges is equal to 69.03 percent. The physical-environmental challenges with 26.34 % and the variance of eigenvalue, were the most important challenges in the study area. After that, the economic challenge (17.03%), the physical-environmental challenge (14.41%) and social challenges accounting for 11.23% of the variance of the eigenvalue, are in the next ranks.
The results of the factor rotation, in Varimax method show that from 35 variables included in factor analysis, only 21 variables that have a factor loading of higher than 0.5% have remained.

1. In intellectual paradigms and new rural approaches, it is important to use knowledge and information and subsequently the exchange and transfer tools and technologies. Various functions of development can be evaluated easily in a close synergy relationship with information technology and communication functions (Mohammad Gholi Nia et al., 2009). Some researchers have explained the necessity and importance of ITC according to its provided services and functions in rural areas. They have counted some items such as social development, an increase in villagers’ decision-making potency, local and rural markets development, mitigation of natural disasters’ effects, environmental protection, enriching the rural poor people, improving life quality, etc. as the important functions of ITC (Molaei Hashtchin, 2012). According to the importance and role of ITC in rural development, the author of this paper aims to investigate the prioritization of the establishment of this type of service center in the villages of Forg Distinct of Darab County using multi index method in addition to analysis of the transmittance of ITC center in the mentioned villages such that finally the results of this study can affect positively on the development process of the villages of the studied area.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Development’s theorists believe that the main reason of extreme poverty in developing countries is the deprivation of most people from information and information society. For example, based on special conditions, financial systems of countries provide people with helps as subsidy or loan and the people receive them, support the state projects mutually, and participate in development and prevention of deprivation. However, the possibility to inform by the governments is strongly dependent on communication and information technologies and indexes within the country and the possibility of people’s notification and access to state services is mutually dependent on access facilities to this information via the mass media and communication terminals (Gurstein, 2000). Therefore, in the societies, there is a need to appropriate infrastructures including suitable software and hardware to access to the required information. If communication and information technologies are applied appropriately, they can play an important role in speeding up the development and social and economic dynamism of less developed areas including rural areas (UNDP, 2006).
3. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical. The attributive method was used to collect information. Accordingly, the author studied the theory of the topic using the library method, and then used three methods to rank the villages of Forg Distinct of Darab County including method of deviation from the optimum value, SAW, and WSM methods.
4. To rank the villages of Forg Distinct, after the three mentioned steps, the results of these steps were analyzed using multi index methods mentioned previously. Followings are the finding of this study:When a decision maker uses different methods of prioritization, he may face conditions that in a real problem no unique ranking of applications of different methods than alternations is obtained. In this case, the decision makers must use consolidated methods to make a decision). In this study, average rating method has been used for the final ranking.
5. The purpose of this paper was studying comparatively using multi index methods to establish ITC centers in the villages of Forg Distinct of Darab County, Iran. The results of this study show that the position of each village of Forg Distinct to establish ITC centers is not identical In addition, in terms of the changes of the methods used in this study, WSM and optimum methods are more appropriate for prioritization of the studied villages because of their less variability. As the results of using multi index decision making methods may be no-identical, nowadays consolidated methods such as average rating, Borda method, or Kapland method are used to remove the mentioned references. The existence of the consolidated methods results in the determination of the position of each studied settlement in terms of development. In addition, the results of the consolidated methods in this study show that Morz, Ghalatouyeh, and Ghaleh No have the best location in terms of establishment priority of ITC centers.