فهرست مطالب

Research and Rural Planning - Volume:5 Issue: 4, 2017

Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:5 Issue: 4, 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/12/11
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • علمی - پژوهشی
  • بهروز محمدی یگانه، مهدی چراغی، افسانه یاری پور صفحات 1-15
    هدف
    پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی اثرات سرمایه اجتماعی در تنوع معیشت پایدار روستاییان تدوین شده است.
    روش
    این پژوهش از نظر نوع کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، خانوارهای ساکن در دهستان زرین دشت بالغ بر 2535 خانوار و تعداد نمونه لازم جهت تکمیل پرسش نامه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 257 خانوار انتخاب شد. روش و ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات به صورت کتاب خانه ای و میدانی (پرسش نامه، مشاهده و مصاحبه) است. جهت تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی (آزمون تی تک نمونه ای، ضریب هم بستگی و تحلیل مسیر) استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد، بین افزایش سرمایه اجتماعی و تنوع معیشت پایدار در منطقه مورد مطالعه، رابطه معناداری وجود دارد و مولفه مشارکت اجتماعی بیش ترین تاثیر را بر پایداری معیشت دهستان زرین دشت داشته است.
    محدودیت ها: عمده ترین محدودیت این تحقیق، پایین بودن تمایل به هم کاری با مسوولان محلی و پاسخ گویی به سوالات و پرسش های مربوطه به دلایل مختلف است.
    راه کارهای عملی: با توجه به یافته های تحقیق که نشان دهنده رابطه مستقیم بین سرمایه اجتماعی و تنوع معیشتی است، توسعه زیرساخت های ارتباطی، تنوع بخشی به فرصت ها و انتخاب های معیشتی خانوارها، توسعه خدمات اجتماعی و رفاهی عمومی در روستاها، توجه به برنامه های اشتغال زایی و فقرزدایی از جمله راه کارهایی برای توسعه معیشت پایدار این مناطق است.
    اصالت و ارزش: نوآوری مقاله در ارزیابی عوامل موثر و ارائه راه کارهایی در جهت توسعه تنوع معیشتی مناطق روستایی دهستان زررین دشت است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، مشارکت اجتماعی، تنوع معیشت، استان ایلام
  • مجتبی قدیری معصوم، محمد حجی پور، هادی قراگوزلو، محمد رمضان جورنبیان صفحات 17-31
    هدف
    هدف از تحقیق حاضر، بررسی و تبیین الگوی ارتباطی میان ارکان سرمایه اجتماعی با ریسک پذیری جوانان در راستای برپایی و توسعه کارآفرینی روستایی در شهرستان تنکابن بوده است.
    روش
    تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی، از نوع توصیفی– تحلیلی و هم بستگی است. داده ها با دو روش مطالعات اسنادی و میدانی گردآوری شده است. جامعه مورد مطالعه، جوانان روستایی شهرستان تنکابن بوده که از میان آن ها تعداد 365 نفر با روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایچندمرحله ای انتخاب شده است. تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها با انجام معادلات ساختاری به کمک دو نرم افزار SPSS و LISREL صورت گرفته است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از آزمون تحلیل مسیر با ضریب 48 درصد نشان داد که تا حدودی ریسک پذیری جوانان روستایی در محدوده مورد مطالعه متاثر از مولفه های سرمایه اجتماعی بوده و هم چنین، مولفه های سرمایه اجتماعی علاوه بر اثر مستقیم در ریسک پذیری جوانان روستایی، دارای اثر غیرمستقیم نیز بوده است. در میان مولفه های مورد بررسی، بیش ترین میزان اثرگذاری به ترتیب، مشارکت با میزان 22/0، اعتماد اجتماعی با میزان 195/0، تعلق مکانی با میزان 106/0 و هم بستگی و انسجام اجتماعی با میزان 10/0 بوده است.
    محدودیت ها: پراکندگی روستاها و بالابودن هزینه های مراجعه به روستاهای نمونه تحقیق از مهم ترین محدودیت ها بوده است.
    راه کارهای عملی: افزایش میزان تعامل و ارتباط موثر و سطح اعتماد بین کارآفرینان جوان روستایی با ایجاد شبکه های اجتماعی بین کارآفرینان، گسترش فرهنگ کارآفرینی در میان جوانان روستایی، حمایت از ریسک و خلاقیت های جوانان در جوامع روستایی و فرهنگ سازی و افزایش آگاهی مدیران و سایر اقشار جوامع نسبت به مزایای کارآفرینی.
    اصالت و ارزش: نقطه قوت تحقیق حاضر، توجه به نقش سرمایه اجتماعی در ریسک پذیری و کارآفرینی در میان جوانان روستایی است که تا کنون تحقیقات کم تری پیرامون این موضوع انجام شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، سرمایه اجتماعی، کارآفرینی، کارآفرینی روستایی، ریسک پذیری
  • زهرا حسین قلی پور، احمد شاهیوندی صفحات 33-46
    هدف
    سد حسنلو نوع غالب گردشگری شهرستان نقده در آذربایجان غربی است که دارای قابلیت های تفرجی، ورزشی و طبیعت گردی است؛ اما به دلیل عدم وجود زیرساخت ها و نبود خدمات رسانی مناسب، این پتانسیل ها مغفول مانده است و با سرمایه گذاری و مکان گزینی صحیح در این مکان، می توان به برنامه ریزی مناسب اوقات فراغت اقشار مختلف پرداخت و استفاده اصولی از جاذبه های موجود را فراهم ساخت. هدف اصلی پژوهش، جذب گردش گر و تبدیل سد حسنلو به مقصد گردشگری از طریق یافتن بهترین مکان جهت استقرار خدمات گردشگری مورد نیاز در آینده در کنار توجه به امکانات وضع موجود است.
    روش
    مقاله حاضر با استفاده از روش شناسی توصیفی- تحلیلی و با ماهیت کاربردی، درصدد یافتن مناسب ترین مکان برای استقرار خدمات گردشگری با درنظرگرفتن خدمات مورد نیاز (علاوه بر امکانات وضع موجود) است. به این منظور ابتدا شاخص های مربوطه با فرآیند تحلیل شبکه ای ارزش گذاری شده است. روش امتیاز دهی به این صورت است که علاوه بر درنظر گرفتن امکانات موجود، به ارزش گذاری مکان هایی که برای استقرار خدمات مختلف گردشگری در محدوده مورد مطالعه مناسب هستند نیز پرداخته و نقشه های هرکدام در سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی تولید و به لایه اطلاعاتی تبدیل شده است. سپس، تلفیق لایه های اطلاعاتی، براساس وزنی که گرفته اند، زمین های منطقه را اولویت بندی کرده و بهترین مکان جهت استقرار خدمات گردشگری در پنچ گروه بسیار خوب، خوب، متوسط، ضعیف و خیلی ضعیف به دست آمده است.
    یافته ها
    با مکان یابی از طریق سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و مدل تحلیل شبکه ای، بهترین مکان جهت استقرار خدمات گردشگری پیشنهاد شده است.
    محدودیت ها/ راه بردها: محدودیت اصلی پژوهش، نبود اطلاعات کافی در طرح های فرادست در ارتباط با محدوده سد حسنلو بود و به همین خاطر برداشت های میدانی متعددی صورت گرفت.
    اصالت و ارزش: در اکثر پژوهش ها در ارتباط با یافتن بهترین مکان، معمولا به امکانات وضع موجود بسنده کرده و اقدام به مکان یابی می کنند. نکته مهم مقاله در توجه به خدمات مورد نیاز گردشگری در آینده، در کنار امکانات وضع موجود است.
    کلیدواژگان: خدمات گردشگری، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، فرآیند تحلیل شبکه ای، نقده
  • مهدی یوسف نیا، منصور حقیقتیان صفحات 47-59
    هدف
    تغییرات روزافزون شاخص های سبک زندگی در دهه های اخیر، گسترش حوزه نفوذ رسانه های جمعی و در پی آن، تشدید و تسهیل ارتباطات بین نواحی روستایی و شهری بزرگ تر و مهاجرت روزافزون افراد ساکن نواحی روستایی به دیگر مناطق، مساله سبک زندگی در نواحی روستایی را به چالش کشانده است. از این رو، شناخت عوامل موثر بر سبک زندگی افراد ساکن در نواحی روستایی، ضرورتی انکارناپذیر است. از آن جایی که سبک زندگی دارای شاخص ها و مولفه های گوناگونی است و روش های مناسبی را برای بهبود محیط زندگی ارائه می دهد. شناخت تغییرات، افق نوینی در راستای دست یابی به توسعه پایدار روستایی فراهم می سازد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، معرفی الگوی نوینی از سبک زندگی در نواحی روستایی بر پایه سبک زندگی متناسب با محیط است.
    روش
    این تحقیق از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از حیث روش، توصیفی- تحلیلی و رویکرد آن پیمایشی است. داده های مورد نیاز از مطالعات کتاب خانه ای و پیمایشی گردآوری شده اند. جامعه آماری، نواحی روستایی شهرستان های خواف و رشتخوار در استان خراسان رضوی است که 3 روستا از روستاهای دارای جمعیت بالای 20 خانوار و از این میان، 150 نفر به روش کوکران انتخاب شده اند. برای سنجش فرضیه های تحقیق، از آزمون پیرسون و جهت تحلیل استنباطی از رگرسیون به کمک نرم افزار SPSS، استفاده شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از یافته های تحقیق، عوامل موثر بر سبک زندگی روستائیان، با توجه به مقدار بالای آزمون پیرسون و نیز آزمون مقایسه میانگین ها، حاکی از اثرگذاری زیاد عوامل فرهنگی در سبک زندگی مناطق روستایی مورد مطالعه است. به این ترتیب، عوامل اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی قادرند به طور نسبی 45 درصد از تغییرات سبک زندگی در نواحی روستایی را تبیین کنند.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: دشواری در گردآوری اطلاعات مربوط به عوامل موثر بر سبک زندگی روستائیان، به خصوص در زمینه عوامل اقتصادی و فرهنگی، از جمله چالش های پژوهش حاضر هستند.
    راه کارهای عملی: جهت هدفمندکردن تغییرات سبک زندگی در نواحی روستایی، تولید و پخش برنامه های ویژه و متناسب با سبک زندگی روستایی، به-کارگیری دانش بومی، استفاده مناسب از فن آوری های پیشرفته ارتباطی و مشارکت ساکنان در طرح های فرهنگی و اجتماعی پیشنهاد شده است.
    اصالت و ارزش: با مشخص کردن سهم هر یک از عوامل اجتماعی، فرهنگی و اقتصادی موثر بر سبک زندگی در مناطق روستایی می توان گام مهمی در رفع معضلات مربوط به شاخص های مهم سبک زندگی مثل اوقات فراغت، تغذیه، نحوه پوشش افراد برداشت و برنامه ریزان روستایی را در این راه یاری کرد.
    کلیدواژگان: سبک زندگی، مصرف رسانه ای، مشارکت اجتماعی، خواف، رشتخوار
  • چیا صالحی بابامیری، نصرالله مولایی هشجین، اکبر معتمدی مهر، تیمور آمار صفحات 61-76
    هدف
    بررسی روند تحولات روستاهای پیرامونی شهر سقز، به منظور شناخت تغییرات ایجادشده در زمینه ساختار اجتماعی– فرهنگی روستاها از جنبه های مختلف از اهداف این پژوهش بوده است. در این پژوهش، سعی شده تا از روش های آماری با بهره گیری از نرم افزار آماری SPSS برای یافتن ارتباط بین متغیرها استفاده شود.
    روش
    شیوه جمع آوری داده ها و اطلاعات به روش میدانی و کتاب خانه ای انجام شده است. در روش میدانی با مراجعه به روستاهای نمونه به مصاحبه و تکمیل پرسش نامه ها و تصویربرداری از موارد مورد نظر و در روش کتاب خانه ای نیز با مراجعه به سازمان های مربوطه، کتاب خانه و مطالعه آمارنامه ها و نقشه ها به گردآوری داده ها و اطلاعات پرداخته شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که گسترش کالبدی شهر علاوه بر تاثیرگذاری های اقصادی،کالبدی بر روی فرهنگ و آداب و رسوم روستاهای پیرامونی، در زمینه های مختلف نوع پوشش روستاییان، گذران اوقات فراغت، مراودات اجتماعی و غیره اهالی نیز تاثیرگذار بوده است.
    راه کارها: تغییرات اجتماعی– فرهنگی در روستاها تابعی از شرایط عمومی در سطح ماکرو هم چون اقتصاد جهانی، سیاست های بین المللی، ملی و غیره است که میزان پذیرش این تغییرات در نقاط مختلف متفاوت و با سرعت های متغیر صورت می پذیرد؛ اما نباید این تغییرات موجب فراموشی آداب و رسوم سنتی که تحکیم کننده روابط انسانی به شمار می روند، شده و فرهنگ مصرف گرایی را در جامعه روستایی پررنگ کند، تا هنجارها و ارزش هایی که در جوامع روستایی وجود دارند، دست خوش تلاطم و ازبین رفتن فرآیند شهرگراشدن روستاها نشوند. از این رو، تعیین یک الگوی مناسب با رویکرد برنامه ریزی از بالا و اجرا از پایین به منظور مقابله با بخش منفی تغییرات، منطقی به نظر می رسد که برای روستاهای واقع در پیرامون شهرهای میانه اندام، براساس مدل حومه (که از مدل های کارکردی روابط شهر و روستا است) برنامه یک پارچه توسعه با عنوان طرح جامع توسعه روستاشهری به جای طرح های جامع و تفصیلی شهری و هادی روستایی پیشنهاد شود تا ضمن کاهش خلاهای قانونی برای فضاهای حد فاصل دو سکونت گاه در راستای مدیریت یک پارچه بخش، عمده ای از مشکلات را به صورت ناحیه ای حل کند. در این طرح با توجه به ناحیه جفرافیایی، شرایط محیطی، اجتماعی– فرهنگی و اقتصادی و تاکید بر تقویت هویت فرهنگی و داشته های فرهنگ ملی، قومی و محلی، شرح خدمات متفاوت تعریف می شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: بررسی روند تحولات روستاهای پیرامونی شهر سقز پس از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی، به منظور ارائه راه کارهای پیشنهادی بهینه جهت آشنایی با تغییرات و تحولات اجتماعی در روستاها از جنبه های نو و جدید تحقیق حاضر به شمار می رود.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، ساختار اجتماعی- فرهنگی، تحولات اجتماعی- فرهنگی، شهر سقز
  • عادل سلیمانی، حسن افراخته، فرهاد عزیزپور، اصغر طهماسبی صفحات 77-90
    هدف
    اثرات متنوع خشک سالی های مستمر، منجر به آسیبپذیری خانوارهای روستاییان و ناپایداری معیشتی آن ها می شود و ماهیت چندبعدی و پویای آسیبپذیری ناشی از خشکسالی موجبات دشواری مطالعه آن را فراهم می سازد. این در حالی است که درک ماهیت آسیبپذیری نقش مهمی در کاهش اثرات خشک سالی و بهبود معیشت پایدار روستاییان دارد. در این راستا، هدف از این پژوهش، تبیین فرآیند آسیب پذیری روستاییان نسبت به خشک سالی است.
    روش
    پژوهش حاضر با بهره گیری از روش تئوری بنیانی انجام شده است. نمونه های مورد مطالعه را سرپرستان خانوارهای روستای پشتنگ چشمه قلی جان شهرستان روانسر در استان کرمانشاه تشکیل می دادند که با تکنیک طبقه بندی مشارکتی درآمد شناسایی و به روش نمونه گیری هدفمند انتخاب شده اند. جمع آوری داده ها با بهره گیری از مصاحبه نیمه ساختارمند و گروه های متمرکز آغاز شد، این روند تا رسیدن به اشباع تئوریک ادامه یافت. داده های حاصل در قالب سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی تحلیل و فرآیند آسیب پذیری روستاییان نسبت به خشک سالی تبیین شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج نشان داد علل آسیب پذیری روستاییان نسبت به خشک سالی، متنوع و گسترده بوده و یازده مقوله را در بر می گیرد که در قالب مدل پارادایمی شامل شرایط علی (عوامل آب و هوایی)، پدیده، زمینه (محیطی و معیشتی)، شرایط مداخله گر (عوامل نهادی-حمایتی)، کنش یا راهبردها (فنی و غیرفنی) و پیامدها (اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی) است و فرآیند آسیب پذیری روستاییان و ارتباط بین ابعاد مختلف آن را منعکس می کند.
    راه کارهای عملی: برمبنای نتایج به دست آمده پیشنهاد می شود که متولیان امر، راهبردهای مشارکتی را برای کاهش اثرات خشک سالی و ارتقای تاب آوری و ظرفیت سازگاری روستاییان منطقه در اولویت قرار دهند، در این راستا، اتخاذ استراتژی های پایدار معیشتی با تاکید بر تقویت سرمایه های فیزیکی، اجتماعی، انسانی، مالی و طبیعی روستاییان آسیب پذیر توصیه می شود.
    کلیدواژگان: آسیب پذیری، خشک سالی، تئوری بنیانی، روستای پشتنگ، شهرستان روانسر
  • مجتبی علی بابایی، محمود جمعه پور صفحات 91-105
    هدف
    مهاجرت معکوس در ایران به عنوان یک پدیده نسبتا نو که به مرور به یک جریان تاثیرگذار بر جامعه روستایی تبدیل می شود، نیازمند بررسی از ابعاد مختلف اسنادی و میدانی است. تحقیق حاضر در پی آن است که فرآیند مهاجرت معکوس از شهر به روستا و عوامل موثر بر آن را مورد بررسی قرار دهد.
    روش
    در این پژوهش مساله مهاجرت معکوس در سطح یک منطقه روستایی که به شکل آشکاری با این پدیده رو به رو است به صورت پیمایش موردی و بررسی میدانی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. چهار عامل سطح توسعه در روستاها، شرایط زندگی شهری، میزان درآمد مهاجران و تعلق قومی و محلی به عنوان عوامل احتمالی موثر بر مهاجرت معکوس شناسایی و رابطه آن با مهاجرت معکوس بررسی شد و در چهارچوب تحلیل هم بستگی مورد آزمون قرار گرفت. جامعه آماری این تحقیق دهستان حاجیلو واقع در بخش مرکزی شهرستان کبودرآهنگ است. همه 9 روستای دهستان مذکور به عنوان مورد مطالعه انتخاب شدند. در این پژوهش در پیمایش میدانی از ابزار پرسش نامه استفاده شده است. داده های به دست آمده از پرسش نامه ها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و استنباطی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته اند. چهارچوب نظری این تحقیق از تلفیق و ترکیب دو دسته از نظریات مربوط به مهاجرت موسوم به دیدگاه اقتصادی و رویکرد اقتصاد جدید مهاجرت کار1 شکل گرفته است.
    یافته ها
    یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که میان متغیرهای سطح توسعه، شرایط نامساعد شهری، میزان درآمد افراد و تعلقات قومی و بومی از یک طرف و مهاجرت معکوس از طرف دیگر رابطه مستقیم وجود دارد.
    محدودیت ها و راهبردها: فقدان آمار کارگاه های تولیدی تازه تاسیس و به دست آوردن آمار دقیق آن ها از جمله محدودیت های تحقیق پیش رو بود.
    راه کارهای عملی: هرچه سطح توسعه در روستاها افزایش یابد، مشارکت فردفرد روستاییان در امر توسعه دخالت داده شود و تولیدات متناسب با محل و منطقه بومی شود، رشد منابع انسانی در روستاها بیش تر خواهد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: مهاجرت معکوس، سطح توسعه، خدمات زندگی شهری، درآمد، تعلقات قومی و بومی
  • الهام صادقی جدیدی، علی گلی، نادر هاتف صفحات 107-118
    هدف
    هدف از انجام این پژوهش، ارزیابی آسیب پذیری سکونت گاه های روستایی استان فارس (ارزیابی مسکن و جمعیت) در برابر زلزله با رویکرد مدیریت بحران است.
    روش
    پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با رویکرد کاربردی، با استفاده از منابع کتاب خانه ای و اطلاعات آماری سال 1390 انجام و داده ها با نرم افزار سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی و اکسل، تجزیه وتحلیل شده است. پهنه بندی خطر با استفاده از سه معیار زلزله، گسل و لیتولوژی در محیط سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی انجام شده و وزن دهی به معیارها نیز با روش فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی صورت گرفته است. معیارهای مورد استفاده برای ارزیابی مسکن، شامل قدمت بنا، مصالح به کاررفته در ساخت بنا، مساحت قطعات مسکونی، تراکم جمعیتی، تراکم واحد مسکونی و تراکم خانوار در واحد مسکونی می باشند.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که بیش از 80 درصد از مساحت استان، 86 درصد از جمعیت و بیش از 85 درصد از مسکن روستایی که عمدتا غیرمقاوم، فرسوده و کوچک مقیاس در پهنه های پرخطر قرار دارند. هم چنین شهرستان های لارستان، قیروکارزین و بوانات در اولویت بیش تری برای به سازی و نوسازی مسکن قرار دارند.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: از جمله محدودیت های پژوهش، عدم دسترسی به اطلاعات دقیق سازه ای مسکن روستایی برای انجام مدل سازی زلزله در منطقه مورد مطالعه و عدم هم کاری متخصصان مرتبط در تکمیل پرسش نامه های تحقیق است. هم چنین الزامات به سازی و نوسازی مسکن و رعایت استانداردهای لرزه ای باید در راس برنامه ریزی های روستایی و مدیریت بحران قرار گیرد.
    راه کارهای عملی: با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده، باید نوسازی مساکن روستایی غیرمقاوم با نظارت دقیق و با توجه به آیین نامه لرزه ای و ضوابط آن و هم چنین با توجه به اولویت بندی شهرستان ها انجام شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: اهمیت پژوهش حاضر در این است که پهنه بندی خطر زمین لرزه و ارزیابی سکونت گاه های روستایی استان فارس، علاوه بر مشخص کردن محدوده های پرخطر، به برنامه ریزان کمک می کند که برنامه ریزی های دقیق تری را در نواحی بحرانی جهت کاهش خسارات ناشی از بحران زلزله تدوین کنند.
    کلیدواژگان: مسکن روستایی، زلزله، مدیریت بحران، استان فارس، آسیب پذیری، GIS
  • حمید ضرغام بروجنی، شیما بذرافشان صفحات 119-136
    اهداف
    گردشگری جامعه محور در جست وجوی ایجاد منافع اقتصادی برای جامعه محلی، حفاظت از منابع طبیعی و فرهنگ محلی، بهبود کیفیت زندگی و توانمندسازی جامعه محلی به منظور رفع نیازهای نسل های حال و آینده است. با وجود مزایای بسیار این نوع از گردشگری، به خصوص در کشورهای در حال توسعه، اجرای آن در عمل با مشکلاتی هم راه است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی میزان موفقیت گردشگری جامعه محور در روستای آسیاب سر است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق در این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر نحوه گردآوری داده ها پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را خانوارهای روستای آسیاب سر با حجم 499 تشکیل می دهند که از میان آن ها با استفاده از جدول مورگان 210 نمونه انتخاب شدند. پرسش نامه به روش نمونه گیری قضاوتی میان آن ها توزیع شد. به منظور پاسخ گویی به پرسش اصلی پژوهش، از آزمون T تک نمونه ای با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده شد.
    یافته ها/
    نتایج
    طبق نتایج حاصل از این آزمون، گردشگری جامعه محور در منطقه مورد مطالعه موفق نبوده است؛ به طوری که از میان ده عامل موفقیت بررسی شده، تنها سه عامل مالکیت جامعه محلی، حمایت داخلی و خارجی و محافظت از منابع، میانگینی بیش تر از (3) داشته اند.
    محدودیت ها و راه بردها: محدودیت های این پژوهش شامل محدودبودن ادبیات مرتبط با موضوع پژوهش و هم چنین، وسیع بودن شاخص های موفقیت گردشگری جامعه محور و مشکلات مرتبط با سنجش همه این عوامل در قالب یک پژوهش بوده است.
    راه کارهای عملی: به منظور توسعه گردشگری جامعه محور در روستای آساب سر و بهره گیری از منافع آن، لازم است قبل از هر کاری جامعه محلی آموزش های لازم در ارتباط با مدیریت و توسعه گردشگری را دیده و پس از آن، امکانات لازم برای مدیریت گردشگری در اختیار آن ها قرار گرفته شود تا با میل خود توسعه گردشگری در روستا را مدیریت کنند.
    اصالت و ارزش: مطالعات بسیار کمی در ارتباط با گردشگری جامعه محور انجام شده است. در مطالعات انجام شده نیز معمولا تنها چند شاخص از شاخص-های این نوع از گردشگری، مورد بررسی قرا گرفته است. هم چنین، در اکثر مطالعات، دیدگاه نخبگان و نه جامعه محلی در ارتباط با موضوع بررسی شده است. در این پژوهش تلاش شده است تمام شاخص های گردشگری جامعه محور از دید ساکنان محلی که بیش تر از سایر ذی نفعان با گردشگری در ارتباط هستند، مورد بررسی گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: گردشگری جامعه محور، جامعه محلی، نواحی روستایی، روستای آسیاب سر
  • غلامحسین عبدالله زاده، بنفشه ترحمی، محمد شریف شریف زاده، محمدرضا محبوبی صفحات 137-154
    هدف
    به کارگیری سازمان ها و نهادهای محلی یکی از رویکردهای مدیریتی در جوامع روستایی است که در برهه هایی از تاریخ توسعه روستایی کشور مورد توجه واقع شده است. در این راستا تعاونی های دهیاری در بسیاری از نواحی تشکیل شده است و نقش بسیار موثری در تسهیل خدمات دهیاری ها داشته است. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی نقش و کارکرد تعاونی های دهیاری در توسعه روستایی استان گلستان انجام شده است.
    روش
    تحقیق حاضر بر مبنای راهبرد پیمایش پرسش نامه ای به انجام رسیده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل دهیاران عضو شرکت تعاونی های دهیاری استان گلستان به تعداد 830 نفر است. به روش فرمول کوکران تعداد نمونه ها 118 نفر تعیین شد و از روش نمونه گیری خوشه ایدر سطح 9 شرکت تعاونی دهیاری جهت انتخاب نمونه ها استفاده شد. اعتبار پرسش نامه به عنوان ابزار گردآوری داده ها، از طریق سه نفر از کارشناسان شاغل در شرکت تعاونی دهیاری در استان گلستان و سه نفر از اعضای هیات علمی دانشگاه و پایایی آن از طریق محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ برای کارکرد عمرانی، اقتصادی، خدماتی و فرهنگی-اجتماعی به ترتیب 928/0، 840/0، 908/0 و 908/0 محاسبه شد و مورد تایید قرار گرفت.
    یافته ها
    نتایج رتبه بندی مهم ترین کارکردهای شرکت های تعاونی دهیاری نشان داد که مواردی مانند «مشارکت در ساخت و بهینه سازی مسکن روستایی» در زمینه کارکرد عمرانی، «سرمایه گذاری در جهت بهبود تولیدات کشاورزی و صنعتی» در زمینه کارکرد اقتصادی، «تسطیح معابر روستا» در زمینه کارکرد خدماتی و «تربیت مدیران آشنا به شرایط روستا و سازمان های محلی» در زمینه کارکرد فرهنگی-اجتماعی اولویت بالایی داشتند. نتایج آزمون t تک نمونه ای نشان داد که کارکردهای مختلف این شرکت ها در توسعه روستایی در ناحیه مورد مطالعه کم تر از حد متوسط یا نامناسب است. نتایج آزمون فریدمن هم نشان داد که تاثیر کارکردها متفاوت نیست و از اولویت یکسانی برخوردار هستند. نتایج آزمون t مستقل برای مقایسه کارکردهای تعاونی دهیاری در بین بخش ها نشان داد که کارکردهای تعاونی دهیاری در بخش مرکزی هر شهرستان وضعیت بهتری داشتند. نتایج آزمون کروسکال والیس جهت مقایسه کارکردها بر حسب سابقه تاسیس نشان داد که کارکرد تعاونی های دهیاری برحسب قدمت آن ها تفاوت معنی داری داشتند. در هر چهار زمینه (عمرانی، اقتصادی، خدماتی و فرهنگی- اجتماعی)، تعاونی هایی که قدمت بالاتری داشتند، کارکردهای بهتر و موثرتری نیز ارائه کرده اند. نتایج آزمون کروسکال والیس جهت مقایسه کارکردها در بین شهرستان ها نشان داد که در زمینه کارکردهای عمرانی و خدماتی شهرستان گرگان وضعیت بهتری داشته است و در زمینه کارکردهای اقتصادی و فرهنگی- اجتماعی شهرستان کردکوی وضعیت بهتری داشته است.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: تمرکز این تحقیق بر بررسی نقش و کارکرد تعاونی های دهیاری در توسعه روستایی بود. بنابراین، انتظار می رود پژوهش های آینده به شناسایی راه کارهای ارتقای عملکرد نقش و کارکردهای این تعاونی ها بپردازند.
    راه کارهای عملی: با توجه به یافته ها، هم کاری بخشداری برای تامین ماشین آلات مورد نیاز، واگذاری پروژه های عمرانی و تامین نیروهای متخصص، حمایت شورای بخش در تامین مالی، هماهنگی همه شوراها و دهیاران با تعاونی دهیاران، تاسیس صندوق مالی، بیمه و غیره وابسته به تعاونی دهیاری، برنامه ریزی برای برقراری ارتباط موثر و نشست های مشورتی بین تعاونی های دهیاران در سطح شهرستان، استان و کشور جهت بهبود نقش و کارکرد تعاونی های دهیاری موثر است.
    اصالت و ارزش: شناخت نقش و کارکرد تعاونی های دهیاری در توسعه روستایی استان گلستان و ارائه پیشنهادهایی برای ارتقای عملکرد این نوع تعاونی ها، اصالت و ارزش اصلی این تحقیق است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، مدیریت روستایی، تعاونی دهیاری، نقش و کارکرد، استان گلستان
  • مجید نعمت الهی، محمد نجارزاده، حسین بلوچی صفحات 155-174
    هدف
    هدف پژوهش، ارزیابی سطوح پایداری مقاصد روستایی در راستای توسعه گردشگری روستایی با تعدیل گری تصویر مقصد در دهستان دراک شیراز است.
    روش
    پژوهش از لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی- هم بستگی است. جامعه آماری گردشگران دهستان دراک است. براساس جدول مورگان و نمونه گیری طبقه ای 385 گردشگر انتخاب شد. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها پرسش نامه و برای بررسی فرضیه های مدل معادلات ساختاری و رویکرد کم ترین مربعات جزئی استفاده شد. پایایی پرسش نامه با آلفای کرونباخ و پایایی مرکب و روایی آن با استفاده از روایی سازه سنجیده شد.
    یافته ها
    سطح اقتصادی و محیطی از میزان مطلوب پایین تر و سطح اجتماعی از میزان مطلوب بالاتر است. شاخص پایداری اجتماعی بیش ترین تاثیر را بر گردشگری روستایی داشته است، تصویر مقصد تاثیر مثبت و معناداری بر پایداری اقتصادی دارد؛ اما بر پایداری اجتماعی بدون تاثیر است؛ به علاوه، تصویر مقصد تاثیری معکوس بر پایداری محیطی دارد.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: هر فعالیتی با تعادل در پایداری کلی مناطق باشد. از جمله راهبردهای موثر، ممنوعیت ورود وسایل نقلیه به بافت قدیم روستای قلات در روزهای تعطیل و ایجاد فضای پارکینگ در بیرون روستاها است. محدودیت پژوهش، عدم تعمیم نتایج در مناطق دیگر و مناسب نبودن برخی شاخص های برازش مدل است.
    راه کارهای عملی: یک پارچگی ابعاد مهم پایداری و توجه به تصویر ذهنی گردشگران به عنوان عامل موثر در پایداری و توسعه گردشگری روستایی.
    اصالت و ارزش: در این پژوهش بر سه بعد اصلی پایداری به طور هم زمان پرداخته شده است و تصویر مقصد به عنوان عامل تعدیل کننده در رسیدن به سطح مناسب توسعه گردشگری روستایی لحاظ شده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تصویر مقصد، توسعه گردشگری روستایی، پایداری اقتصادی، پایداری اجتماعی، پایداری محیط زیست
  • اسلام رئیسی، محتاج رئیسی صفحات 175-185
    هدف
    در نواحی روستایی کشورهای کم ترتوسعه یافته به ویژه روستاهای حاشیه ای، مسائل متعددی دایره فقر را شکل می دهند و پیچیدگی این دایره نیازمند انجام بررسی های علمی و سازمان یافته است. هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی میزان فقر و تحلیل زنجیره فقر که رابرت چمبرز از آن به عنوان تله محرومیت یاد کرده ، در سکونت گاه های روستایی شهرستان قصرقند است.
    روش
    روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است و جامعه آماری کلیه ساکنان روستایی در این شهرستان هستند. جامعه آماری شامل 47325 نفر و حجم نمونه 335 سرپرست خانوار در 24 سکونت گاه روستایی است که به روش کوکران به دست آمد. داده های تحقیق از طریق مطالعات میدانی (تکمیل پرسش نامه) به دست آمد و به روش های آماری در نرم افزار SPSS از طریق آزمون های t تک نمونه ای و هم بستگی پیرسون مورد پردازش و تحلیل قرار گرفت.
    یافته ها
    یافته ها نشان می دهد میزان فقر در محدوده مورد مطالعه، بالاتر از حد متوسط نظری است. در این میان به ترتیب، شاخص های بی قدرتی (03/4) و انزوا (78/3) بالاترین و شاخص فقر خانوار (28/3) پایین ترین درجه میانگین از میزان فقر را به خود اختصاص داده اند. این مساله به طور غالب، بیان گر ضعف جدی بنیان-های اقتصاد روستایی (به ویژه در بخش کشاورزی) و فقدان دسترسی کافی به امکانات زیر بنایی و تولیدی است.
    محدودیت ها و راه بردها: محدودیت های این پژوهش شامل ضعف هم کاری بسیاری از سازمان ها در ارائه اطلاعات آماری مربوطه به بهانه محرمانه بودن، وجود مشکلات مالی در جمع آوری اطلاعات میدانی و فاصله زیاد نقاط روستایی محدوده پژوهش بوده است.
    راه کارهای عملی: نیاز است تا سیاست گذاری های مناسب و برنامه ریزی های سامان دهی و توسعه زیرساخت های باغداری (خرما و انبه) و فرآوری و بسته بندی محصولات در بخش مرکزی و ساربوک و هم چنین، سامان دهی صیادی، دامداری و زراعت بخش تلنگ به منظور رفع یا کاهش فقر و به تبع آن، بهبود کیفیت زندگی در نواحی روستایی شهرستان قصرقند انجام شود.
    اصالت و ارزش: این پژوهش ضمن ارزیابی میزان فقر، زنجیره درونی بین شاخص های فقر یا همان تله محرومیت را در رهیافتی جامع مورد پردازش و تحلیل قرار داده است که در نوع خود در منطقه مورد مطالعه تازگی دارد. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند در آگاه سازی سیاست گذاران و مسوولان محلی و منطقه ای از چالش های فقر و اولویت های آن در محدوده مورد مطالعه موثر باشد و توسط دستگاه های متولی توسعه روستایی از جمله استانداری، فرمانداری، جهاد کشاورزی، بنیاد مسکن و غیره برای برنامه ریزی هدفمندتر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: میزان فقر، تله محرومیت، سکونت گاه های روستایی، شهرستان قصرقند
  • علی اکبر عنابستانی، مهدی جوانشیری صفحات 187-212
    هدف
    تلاش های زیادی برای برطرف ساختن اثرات منفی گسترش پراکنده شهرها به عمل آمده که عمده ترین آن ها راهبرد «رشد هوشمند» است. پژوهش حاضر نیز با هدف بررسی توسعه هوشمند در نواحی روستایی شهرستان بینالود (روستاهای ابرده علیا، جاغرق، حصار گلستان و ویرانی) به دنبال ارائه چهارچوبی از این راهبرد، مشتمل بر اصول و عوامل موثر بر شکل گیری آن است.
    روش
    پژوهش حاضر، از حیث هدف «کاربردی» و به لحاظ روش و ماهیت «توصیفی- تحلیلی» است. برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از روش های اسنادی و میدانی استفاده شده است. در ابتدا برای تعیین شاخص های تحقیق از تکنیک تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی استفاده شده و برای بررسی شاخص های توسعه هوشمند روستایی در شهرستان بینالود، 4 روستای ابرده علیا، جاغرق، حصار گلستان و ویرانی به عنوان جامعه نمونه انتخاب شد که از مجموع 3549 خانوار در نقاط روستایی نمونه، با فرمول کوکران با خطای 0.075 درصد، حجم نمونه 163 خانوار به دست آمده است، این افراد با روش نمونه گیری تصادفی- طبقه ای انتخاب شدند.
    یافته ها
    با توجه به نتایج فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی مشخص شد که شاخص های اقتصاد خلاق روستایی با وزن 0.534، سرمایه انسانی با وزن 0.148 و شاخص های اقتصادی با وزن 0.138 بیش ترین تاثیر را در شکل گیری توسعه هوشمند روستایی داشته اند. هم چنین، بررسی شاخص های مختلف توسعه هوشمند در سطح روستاهای نمونه و نتایج آزمون T تک نمونه ای نشان از شرایط نامناسب تر شاخص های کالبدی و زیست محیطی در روستاهای نمونه برای توسعه هوشمند دارد. در نهایت، براساس مدل تحلیل خاکستری نیز مشخص شد که روستای جاغرق شرایط بهتری از سه روستای ابرده،حصار و ویرانی داشته است و روستای ویرانی در پایین ترین سطح توسعه هوشمند روستایی قرار گرفته است.
    محدودیت ها/ راهبردها: عدم دسترسی به اطلاعات و آمار دقیق و عدم هم کاری و گاه عدم صداقت برخی از روستاییان از جمله محدودیت های تحقیق حاضر است.
    راه کارهای عملی: جلوگیری از رشد بیرونی با هدایت رشد به درون بافت، افزایش خدمات و مراکز تامین نیازهای اصلی روستاییان جهت کاهش رفت و آمد، تقویت پیوند روستا شهری جهت تامین نیازهای دو طرفه و غیره از جمله راه کارهایی در جهت پایداری و زیست پذیری سکونت گاه های روستایی این ناحیه است.
    اصالت و ارزش: در این مقاله سعی شده است تا با استفاده از مدل تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی شاخص های توسعه هوشمند روستایی شناسایی و با استفاده از تحلیل خاکستری نقاط روستایی مورد مطالعه سطح بندی شود.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه هوشمند روستایی، اقتصاد خلاق روستایی، سرمایه انسانی، تحلیل سلسله مراتبی فازی، تحلیل خاکستری
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  • Behrouz Mohammadi Yeganeh, Mahdi Cheraghi, Afsaneh Yaripour Pages 1-15
    INTRODUCTION The area under study has several problems such as deficits in household spending, the high ratio of illiteracy and unemployment, the high number of children, the mistrust between villagers and so that these problems have created some obstacles on the way of rural development in the district. Identify and analyze the issues and introduce proper solutions to eliminating or at least blur of effects including a thriving agricultural sector, optimal use of the potential of rural areas, the effects of participation in rural development programs on welfare, social security, stabilizing population growth in these areas, and the rural development in the respective county to follow. Results livelihoods could include more income, increased well-being of life, reduce vulnerabilities, reduce inequality, improve food security, environmental sustainability with sustainable use of natural resources that will improve the value and human dignity.
    Considering the role of social capital in a variety of rural households living, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the relationship between social capital and economic diversification?
    2. On which of the dimensions of sustainable livelihoods does the social capital have the most effects?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Social capital includes aspects of social structure that facilitate social action and resources at their disposal to achieve their goals affect people. Barrett believes that social capital plays an important role in the diversification of the rural economy, contributing to the disaster, the optimal distribution of resources and facilities and resources, reducing production costs, increasing labor productivity and poverty reduction in rural areas, which is followed by an increase in quality of life and improvement in the economic situation so that the inhabitants eventually led to geographical consolidation of the villagers in their areas. The basic parameters are included in the definition of social capital, which includes norms, networks and trust. Trust is an important variable of social capital at the macro level to measure public confidence tends; at the micro level, more specific variables and trust among groups and individuals in organizations is measured. Adoption of diverse ways of living and incomes among rural households may be due to certain circumstances, but that would be sustainable livelihoods when the stresses, pressures and shocks cope and recover. And assets now and in the future, be prevented from undermining the natural resource base. Strategy of sustainable livelihoods in the late 1980s, the World Commission on Environment and Development in order to progress and poverty alleviation of rural communities came into existence. Sustainable Livelihoods focused on the different ways that people choose to achieve their livelihood. This is common especially in poor and rural communities where many people earn money to line by from different activities instead of having a steady job.
    METHODOLOGY The aim of this study is descriptive - analytic. To collect the data, documents and field surveys (including questionnaires, observation, interviews) in a sample (Zarrin Dasht Dehestan) is used. According to Cochran formula, sample of 257 households was obtained. Also, selected households in each village, are random, to observe the principle of equal opportunity to be selected households. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (T single-sample correlation coefficients and path analysis) are used. To check the status of social capital in four dimensions and 31 questions, 23 questions for sustainable livelihoods and using the Likert scale (from 1 to 5) is designed. The reliability of study was calculated using Cronbach's alpha which indicates the high confidence factor is 88/0. The independent variable of this study, social capital and the dependent variable were also considered sustainable livelihoods.
    DISCUSSION Most frequent application vendors responded the male, the average age of the respondents is equal to 4.51 years; average household size of 2.4 person and the highest literacy levels are related to the primary with 28.4 percent. Statements of of each index such comments were measured, and the average amount of social trust people 74.2, 80.2 the turnout, and the cohesion of people 96.2, 93.2 evaluated the peer network with people and institutions, as well as sustainable livelihoods average was 75.2. To study the relation between social capital and sustainable livelihoods in the villages using Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results of this relationship represents a significant and positive relationship between social capital and sustainable livelihoods villages of the study. Due to the correlation coefficient (0.596) and significant at 99% is obtained, we can say there is a correlation between the two variables of social capital and sustainable livelihoods, and this is a positive correlation. Since the of this relationship is positive estimate indicates there is a direct relationship between increased social capital and sustainable livelihoods. It can be said that the higher the total social capital, the sustainable livelihoods of rural households has also increased.
    CONCLUSION Our findings show that, alongside increasing their social capital with the help local people and institutions (Dehyariha, village Islamic Consultative, etc.) the role and function of government can have no effect. The government could somehow open the way to climb up the social capital in rural areas. Social capital through the establishment of coordination and communication between other types investments such as financial capital, Natural and humanin the form of a network of based relations mutual trust and partnerships among individuals, provides context to achieve common benefits.
    Keywords: Rural development, community involvement, diversity of livelihoods, Ilam Province
  • Mojtaba Ghadiri Masoum, Mohammad Hajipour, Hadi Qaghozlu, Mohammad Ramezan Jouranbian Pages 17-31
    INTRODUCTION Rural entrepreneurship is considered as a new approach for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas in order to reduce the gap between urban-rural areas and providing economic equality, social, environmental and institutional equalities. The level and scope of the risk are associated with the large number of factors and one of the most prominent categories of them is "capital". The social capital enjoys such important role in comparison with other sorts of capital that in the absence of social capital, other sorts of capital lose their effectiveness. The present paper is an attempt to examine and explain the communicating pattern between pillars of social capital with risk taking of youth with the aim of sustainability of rural entrepreneurship in Tonekabon County.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Entrepreneurship is a process in which the individual entrepreneur, according to his personality traits, consciously is to solve a problem and with innovative and creative spirit provides solutions, tools and/or plans and by accepting risks them tries to make them happen and finally strives to market his product and develop and underpin a new stream. Thus, rural entrepreneurs are seeking to identify new opportunities, innovation and creativity in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, land use and optimal, versatile and innovative use with the aim of rural development. Therefore, social capital is a source created in the business network or within individual network and has two basic pillars of trust and social network. In the meantime, one of the most important fundamental factors is social capital as it leads to creativity, innovative behaviors and the increase of judicious risk-taking and use of material interests.
    The communities that enjoy a variety of social networks and civic associations are in a much more robust situation in facing vulnerabilities and the disputes and can better control their risk sources.
    METHODOLOGY The present study is applied and developmental in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature, and correlational in terms of type of research. The data was collected using documents and field studies. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire survey. The validity of the instrument was assessed with the help of 15 experts and specialists in the field of planning and rural development in the area under question. The reliability of test was achieved using the factor analysis (K.M.O = 0.812) that confirms the high reliability of the tool. With utilizing Cochran formula and confidence coefficient of 95 percent the sample size of 365 young persons in rural was determined and the amount of Bartlett's test, i.e. 951.689, verified that the sample size was sufficient to conduct research and analysis. Samples of the study were selected using multistage cluster sampling and randomly from District, Rural District (or Dehestan) and Hamlet (or Abadi), respectively. Descriptive statistics were provided using SPSS software and the final analysis was conducted utilizing path analysis in LISREL8.5 software.
    DISCUSSION Previous theories and researches suggest that one of the influencing factors in the risk taking of entrepreneurs is social capital. This paper strived to analyze and explain the impact of social capital indicators on risk-taking of rural youth in Tonekabon County to establish and develop entrepreneurship. The results of path analysis with the coefficient of 48 percent have shown that to some extent the risk-taking of the rural youth in the region is effected by social capital and also the elements of social capital not only have direct impact on the risk-taking, they have also indirect impact. In terms of efficacy, it can also be said that elements of social capital enjoy positive effects on the risk-taking of rural youth. Among the above-mentioned elements, the highest level of (direct and indirect) impact was related to Partnership with 0.22. Subsequently, there are Social trust with the 0.195, Place Attachment with 0.106 and solidarity and social bond with 0.10, respectively.
    CONCLUSION The result confirms the fact that the greater the amount of social capital leads to more tendency towards entrepreneurship and risk-taking. As a result, communities with higher social capital can cause flourishing of new ideas in people with having positive impact on the transfer of information and this new idea leads to creativity and consequently higher risk-taking and entrepreneurship of the society. Besides, social capital reduces costs, improves information flow, increases confidence, stability and consistency in order to achieve common goals.
    Keywords: Rural development, social capital, entrepreneurship, rural entrepreneurship, risk-taking
  • Zahra Hosseingholipour, Ahmad Shahivandi Pages 33-46
    INTRODUCTION Mechanical life and pollution in the cities, air pollution and noise pollution and other environmental pollutants led to increasingly citizen’s need to nature and the use of its blessings. Naqadeh town located in West Azerbaijan state, invites the numbers of passengers from inside and outside of the state, in tourism seasons, yearly. Potential element of tourism in this area is the Hasanlu dam that is located in International Hasanlu wetland (Shurgol) with natural attractions, have potential of recreation, sports and ecotourism capabilities. But these potentials have been lost due to lack of demanded equipment and infrastructure and lack of appropriate services for tourists and spacing. Thus, we can determine the best place for settling leisure equipment via appropriate planning of free time for different classes of people and with normative using of available potentials and with good investment and change the Hasanlu dam area to a main tourism pole in the state. Main aim of this study is attracting tourists and converting the Hasanlu dam to tourism destination via finding the best place to locating tourism services so that this is with an emphasis on tourism demands in future beside the possibilities in hand. Therefore, using the descriptive – analytical methodology and with functional nature, seeks to answer the question that which possibilities and attractions does Hasanlu dam area has in the field of expanding the tourism activities and where is the best place to allocate the tourism services in regard to required tourism services (in addition to current facilities)?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Tourism is one of the industries with speedy growth and a global force for economic and regional development and has an important role in economic and social welfare development of counties and its development is one of the low-price ways of employment making. The use of tourism as a way to infill the free time and with the purpose of decreasing the increasing tensions in urban and industrial life has been taken to account. According to current census, tourism industry plays an important role in countries economy as second income sources of 49 developing country. Tourism development gives an integration of benefits and costs and increasing fields of tourism economy that has a great part in tourism politics and planning and trade ways. Importance of tourism is not limited in making work opportunity and income, in case of previously thought planning, tourism can provide direct and indirect economical, social, cultural and political benefits and can give considerable share in national development. West Azarbayjan sate is not excluded from this issue but with the presence of plenty of attractions for investment, many of its tourism potentials are left whithout appropriate planning and policy making. One of the most important attractions is Hasanlu dam of Naghadeh that its type of tourism according to study literature and kindes given, is ecotourism and recreational and in this regard, we tried to take account required services in extraction of the allocation indexes.
    METHODOLOGY The main aim of locating in this study is to determine an appropriate place to settle tourism services in Hassanlu dam. In this regard, locating indicators were extracted based on a descriptive-analytic basis and according to the literature and the current status and viewpoint of experts in two sections: 1. Locating indicators according to current status and 2. Locating indicators according to required services of this site for tourism in the future. Then based on indicators, required information entered in to the geographical information system (GIS). So, that maps and spatial data has been digitized and stored in databases and then non- spatial data (descriptive data) attributed to the spatial phenomenons and entered in to database, each one of factors that are effective in allocation of tourism land use (current equipment and required tourism services) are considered as locating criteria and every one reclassed to sub-criteria and evaluation of each one is according to its importance in locating. This locating is taken into account based on a general scale (0-10) and it should be noted that ratings are according to experts’ ideas. After weighting the informative layers with the order of calculating rasters, the layers have been integrated according to their weight to each service, and study area according to potential of tourism sets for each of the services are specified in terms of desirability in five groups: very good, good, average, poor, very poor.
    DISCUSSION In this study, 33 layers, including the factors affecting the locating of Hasanlu dam tourism and also the proposed services, have been studied and analyzed. Therefore, unlike other studies that rely on only the current situation and locating based on current possibilities, this research in addition to the considering existing facilities, pays attention to the users’ needs and tourism services requirment in the future and current facilities. Then, these spaces will become more pleasant to the tourists. The important point that should be noted is attending to vilagers around the Hasanlu dam and employment making for them, because usually the host society is being ignored in the design. It can have significant impact on the development of tourism in the region.
    CONCLUSION This study has benefited from the geographic information system capabilities and combines it with network analysis process. Capability and attractions of Hasanlu dam detected regarding development of tourism activities. And in addition to the current facilities, tourism services requirement in the future is considered to choosing a suitable place for tourism establishment. In conventional locating, there is high emphasis on current facilities and required services in the future is ignored. In this case, the selected areas will not responsive to the tourism needs in the future. Therefore, it is recommended that in locating tourism areas, in addition to the current facilities, pay attention to the expectations and needs of users in the future, so tourists have more tendency to referring them and tourism attractions increase. Finally, it can be said that using geographic information systems (GIS) and network analysis process (ANP) provide an opportunity to identify areas with high potential for tourism activities, save costs and required services.
    Keywords: Tourism services, Geographical Information System, Analytic Network Process. Naqadeh
  • Mahdi Yousefnia, Mansour Haghighatian Pages 47-59
    INTRODUCTION Today, villages with the notion of changes by particular social, cultural and economic factors. Sum of these factors influence on the living style of residences in these areas, and at the end, they make a new life style. According to the given information, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the impacts of social, cultural, and economic factors on the resident’s life style in rural areas in Iran.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The topic of life style is considered by many sociologists in the recent decades. Ibn-Khaldun presents two views of rural and urbanization on the basis of life style and in general, he believes that the major reason of the difference between them is geographical environment and life style. “We must know that different costumes and life styles of nations is due to the difference in their economic”. Veblen believes in distinction and imitation. According to him, the first-class people reach to a normal power through demonstrating consumption and make themselves as a society pattern. The subordinate social groups try to set themselves with the first-class patterns. In Weber’s opinion, different types of fashions are derived from different life styles by which they are accepted or rejected. Each life style has its own rules including fashion. “Rules are called fashion when freshness of the mentioned behavior is on the basis of action. In Bourdieu’s theory, life style which is including classified practices and individual classifier in the fields such as day and night time division, type of sport and entertainments, communication method, furniture, speech and walking rules, are identified by the individuals’ preferences. On the basis of Bourdieu’s theory, villages and cities are different in life style. In Giddens’s opinion life style becomes routine actions, those which are seen in clothe, food, job, a favorite place to meet others. Every decision that a person makes (what to wear, to eat, how to work, whom to meet), helps them to determine and set the routines. Cheney believes that annalists not only should consider dieting, leisure time or gender norms, but they need to know cultural meaning of different kinds of a change. Life styles also are kinds of social life that change during the time.
    METHODOLOGY The present paper is a correlate-descriptive study. The researcher has used documentary and measurement methods and the questionnaire for the data collection. A statistical society there are three villages named Baghcheh and Hezarkhosheh (in Khaf) and Janatabad (in Roshtkhar). The data from Statistic Centre of Iran in census 2011 shows that these three villages have had total population of 3304. Viewing a statistical society, sample bulk of the present study is on the basis of findings has concluded from Cochran sampling formula equal to 150 individuals and then by sharing method, has divided among the mentioned villages.
    DISCUSSION Considering the speed of social, cultural and economic changes, the present study has attempted to recognize the impact of social, cultural and economic factors on people’s life style whose. According to the theories exist in rural sociology literature, the events followed by this change is shown in different forms such as social, cultural and economic factors. Thus, these factors effect on people’s life style that live in these areas and the relation between them is significant.
    CONCLUSION The results of study for the case of effective factors on people’s life style whose villages are totally the same as previous researchers’ results, for example, Taherkhani (2008), Pourafkari, Kalantari and Naghdi (2002), Nouriyan Shadabad (2004), Jamshidi (2005), Saraee and colleagues (2007), Rahmani Fazli and colleagues (2008), Pouhamrang (2008), Navabakhsh and Fathi (2010), NezamZade Ezhieh (2011), Firouznia and colleagues (2011), Haghighatian (2012), Shayan, Mardi and Taherkhani (2004), Rastegar (2005), Fazeli (2008), Mohammadpour and Rezaei (2009), Chouli Mahmoud Abadi (2011), GhasemiPakrou (2012), and Wilson(2014). However, the results are not similar to the researchers’ result such as Rahmani and Sohrabi (2011), Chavoshian (2002), Karimi and Colleagues (2012). In sum, considering the present theoretical literature and data analysis, it can be concluded that technology has brought up major changes for modern human beings in their life, feelings, thoughts, living style, and culture. Increasing media consumption in the form of newspapers, television, internet, satellite, book, video and etc, are inseparable part of daily life. Media activities, radio and also spreading of the roads which cause relation with other areas to develop are one of the primary changes in the pattern and communications of rural areas have changed to a city. TV and radio keep advertising messages regarding urban culture and informing urban life style for the new cities. Asphalted high ways along with the spreading of applying private and local vehicles in these areas, give people more opportunity to communicate face to face with around cities. Rural areas where have changed to urban in Iran, are in the period of socio-cultural changes that experience a progressing movement of traditional life style towards modern one due to having modern world technology and also suitable communication facilities. This change and movement is the result of social, cultural and economic factors that one of them is entrance of modern facilities and on top of them is communication foundation. These changes are developing more in rural areas where has become an urban rather than other place so that it can be named “urbanization of a village”.
    Keywords: Lifestyle, consumption of media, social participation, Khaf County, Roshtkhar County
  • Chia Salehi Babamiri, Nasrollah Molaei Hashjin, Akbar Motamedi Mehr, Timour Amar Pages 61-76
    INTRODUCTION Changes in recent decades and the rapid procedure of urbanization against village-escape, especially in the third world countries, have had different natures, and have made the rural communities encounter problematic developments in both qualitative and quantitative aspects. In the present study, the surrounding villages have been surveyed, which have immediate border with Saqqez city, items such as rental houses, appearance and dress condition, literacy condition, the way and place of spending the leisure time, the state of social relations and resident's communication, funeral and a wedding ceremonies, have been considered as variables related to social and cultural characteristics. Also, the effects they may take from due to their vicinity to Saqqez City. Accordingly, the proposed hypothesis in this study is: There is a relationship between physical development of Saqqez City and changes in socio-cultural structure in the surrounding villages.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The small and middle towns establish the most relationship with rural settlements of their sphere of influence as central places. So, they have common proposed schools and social theories. Some of these schools and theories regarding the relationship between towns and rural areas, with emphasis on social features consist of the school of structural geography, the school of space behavior geography, the theory of urban and rural development, and the central place theory and the strategy of rural - urban development.
    In trend analysis of the socio-cultural developments in the structure of surrounding villages, the authors know the school of structural geography more dominant than others and believe that socio-cultural structures dominant over developing countries in general, and also the study area in particular are influential factors affecting the surrounding villages. So, this school can analyze some parts of these developments. But the theories emphasized and surveyed in order to explain the developments of the surrounding villages are more in the field of Mutual urban and rural relations and are around area planning.
    METHODOLOGY The present study is an applied one based on its goals and it is descriptive-analytic in terms of nature. In this study, the population consists of Saqqez City and the surrounding villages and 8 villages located some kilometers away from Saqqez City.
    The number of participants was 3660 people that according to Morgan table, 345 developed questionnaires were distributed between the residents of intended villages and its authorities.
    The validity of the researcher-made questionnaires was approved according to research methods, books and expert's views and opinions. The reliability of the questionnaires was measured by Cronbach's alpha which was 0.92 indicating the confidence and reliability of the variables in the questionnaire. T-tests and regression tests were used to test the hypothesis.
    DISCUSSION According to single sample t-test, the comparison between the mean of factors such as clothing type, level of literacy, social interactions, entry of non-natives, and customs etc. in villages were measured, which are indicative of the level of effectiveness, and suggests having meaningful relationship and being at the lowest level of critical value of alpha that indicates the great effectiveness.
    Most of this effectiveness is related to the possibility of continuing education and the least of it is related to decrease in degree of security in the villages under study. This means that proximity to the city had a great impact on increasing level of literacy, especially for women. These changes are also seen in other factors such as changes in the clothing type.
    The physical development of Saqqez city was also effective on the increasing of the population of the surrounding villages, and Kahrizeh village had taken the highest effect among others. Regarding what was expressed, it can be said that proximity to Saqqez city, easy access to villages and also, expanding and improving transportation condition and increasing daily communication with the city, increased use of the media and especially television and satellite caused surrounding villages of Saqqez city to be affected socio-culturally, and as it was mentioned, changes in clothing type, social interactions of village's residents and population changes indicate this fact.
    CONCLUSION Based on the results found and according to the previous theories and studies, the hypothesis was proposed as “There is a relationship between physical development of Saqqez city and socio-cultural developments in structures of surrounding villages”. While proving this issue, the research findings give an indication of quick developments in socio-cultural matters, in addition to physical and economic characteristics.
    It should be noted that all these developments are along in the same line and affect each other because physical and economic changes will also bring cultural changes which in this regard, a decrease in social interaction, change in clothing and appearance (especially girls), and an increase in the level of education and the possibility of continuing, significant demographic changes, changes in way of maintaining or holding traditional customs can be mentioned.
    Rural development can be defined as the process of classifying strength and weak points of villages to choose them as viable settlements, appropriate to human growth. Accordingly, for each rural settlement in accordance with internal conditions (strengths and weaknesses) and external conditions (local, regional, and national) a specific development plan should be considered so that a schedule can be planned for the villages located in the middle towns based on the suburban model (which is a ``functional model of relations between cities and the villages).
    Keywords: Rural development, socio, cultural structure, socio-cultural change developments, Saqqez city
  • Adel Soleymani, Hasan Afrakhteh, Farhad Azizpur, Asghar Tahmasebi Pages 77-90
    INTRODUCTION Various effects of continuous drought, contributes to the vulnerability of rural households and their livelihoods is unstable, dynamic and multi-dimensional nature and vulnerability of drought it difficult to provide the study. However, to understand what an important role in mitigating the effects of drought vulnerability and improve the livelihood of rural people. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of villager's vulnerability to drought.
    METHODOLOGY Therefore, the purpose of this Qualitative research was to explain the process of villager's vulnerability to drought, case: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County, that It takes Two following specific aims in relation to the status of household’s vulnerability to drought: (A) What is the process of vulnerability theory of drought in rural areas? (B) What are the constituent elements (basic concepts, causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and outcomes) of this process?
    Due to the main purpose of this research, the regional was elected that in the past, it had good agricultural condition but now because of regional drought, it is high damage, so the Peshtang village with emphasize of agriculture experts in Rawansar city and key local informants, was selected. This village is of Dawlat Abad district of the central city of Rawansar in Kermanshah province, which has a population of 145 people, 45 households, and 30 km from the city center Rawansar and livelihoods of most people in the village are farmers and ranchers.
    In order to explore and enrich the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of rural people to the magnitude of vulnerability resulting from drought in Peshtang village on Rawansar County used the qualitative research methods and specifically the grounded theory approach provided Strauss
    The population used in this study included all the rural households in the sample were selected by Purposive sampling. On the other hand, given that the level of drought vulnerability among the people of these villages was not the same, so in order to identify vulnerable groups, classification techniques of participatory rural incomes by key informants was conducted.
    Data were collected using semi-structured individual interview, focus groups, direct observation, field notes, income participatory classification, land use mapping techniques. After 10 semi-structured interviews, each for a maximum of two hours, theoretical saturation was achieved. Thus, the responses were repeated and new concepts of the samples werent found. Three steps are used to analyze data with recommendations of Strauss and Corbin (1998): Open coding¡ axial and selective coding was utilized as a basis of data analysis. Open coding is part of an analysis concerned with identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing phenomenon found in the text. At the end of this stage was 11 floors. In axial coding, communication and connection between categories was discovered. Axial coding is the process of relating codes to each other, through a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. In selective coding, the researcher chooses one category to be the core category, and relates all other categories derived during previous process to that category.
    DISCUSSION Findings from the analysis of comparing 11 floors of open coding showed that classification of rural vulnerability to drought as a core category (phenomenon central to the process) and in a paradigmatic model, axial coding was done. paradigmatic model of axial coding includes causal conditions, context, core category, Intervening conditions, action or strategies and consequences. in fact, a grounded theory researcher Identified one of the open coding categories as the core category that is central to a theory. Then, this core category becomes the center point of the axial coding paradigm. Examining this paradigm, included the following: Causal conditions; categories of conditions that influence the core category,
     Context; the specific conditions that influence the strategies,
     Core category; the idea of phenomenon central to the process,
     Intervening conditions; the general contextual conditions that influence strategies,
     Strategies; the specific actions or interactions that result from the core phenomenon
     Consequences; the outcomes of employing the strategies.
    Results of this qualitative research indicated the causes of rural vulnerability to drought is varied and 11 component includes that in the form of paradigmatic model includes causal conditions (Climatic factors), phenomenon, context (environmental and livelihood), intervening conditions (institutional -protective factors), action or strategies (Technical and non-technical) and consequences (Economic, social and environmental), process of rural vulnerability show and reflect different aspects of it.
    CONCLUSION Based on the results, it is recommended that authorities perform participatory strategies to mitigate the effects of drought and promoting the adaptation capacity of villagers prioritizing in the rural areas, in the context recommended that sustainable livelihood strategies with an emphasis on strengthening physical, social, human, financial and natural assets for vulnerable rural.
    Keywords: Vulnerability, drought, Grounded Theory, Peshtang Village, Rawansar County
  • Mojtaba Alibabaiee, Mahmoud Jomepour Pages 91-105
    INTRODUCTION Immigration plays an important role in reducing poverty and vulnerability in low- income families. People for various reasons, specifically, economic, social, cultural, environmental, and natural disasters leave their native land. So far in our country, people often have migrated from rural areas to cities. In recent years, however, we are witnessing the reverse. People have been migrating from urban areas to the countryside. And, it seems the issue has taken on a higher growth and intensity rate.
    According to the results of the General Census of Population and Housing in 2011, the number of immigrants from urban to rural areas has increased by 6%. In fact, a part of the flow of migration is return migration, the migration back to the origin of immigrants.
    Due to the attention paid to the relationship between migration and development by the international organizations, there is a need to review different approaches to return migration. Many governments in different countries have gradually come to the fundamental fact that the urban crisis is the crisis of rural producers. Statistics show that in many developing countries the weight and importance of rural areas is much more than the amount of attention paid to them. As the rapid growth of urbanization is a growing concern in developing countries, rural development also assumes great importance in such countries (Jomehpoor, 2013). The present study, therefore, investigates the process of return migration and factors affecting the decision to return.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Migration in its various forms, whether individually or as a group, have long been associated with human communities. Migration from one’s native land with social, cultural, ethnic, political, religious, and climatic motivations is aimed at achieving better standards of past and present life.
    The theoretical framework of the present study is based on the combination of two groups of macroeconomic theories and new economics of migration. Not only different market conditions but also labor market ones are addressed by new economics of migration. The theory considers migration as a family decision to minimize the risks against income or to overcome the limitations of capital in the way of productive activities of families (Douglas & Massey, 1993).
    Economists generally use unequal regional development patterns and cost-benefit analysis to explain migration. The flow of migration is usually affected by several factors ranging from personal characteristics, relatives, job promotion, public social services, facilities for welfare, education, health, sports, transportation, natural, political, ethnic, religious factors, marriage, environmental conditions, security, banking facilities, cultural services, and housing in the origin and destination of migration.
    METHODOLOGY In a form of field and survey study, the issue was investigated in a rural area experiencing return migration. Four factors including rural development, living condition in cities, annual income, and ethnic bonds were considered as the most probable factors affecting the decision to return. In a correlational analysis, the relationship between the above-mentioned variables and return migration was investigated. The sample of this study was Hajilou, located in the central part of Kaboudrahang, where the region is experiencing the process of return migration. All nine villages in Hajilou were selected for the purpose of this study and questionnaires were used as research instruments. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. Frequency tables including frequency, percentage and cumulative frequency for each of the items in the questionnaire were prepared. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire.
    DISCUSSION Based on the selected criteria in the present study, the most developed village Khanabad was the best developed village and Saribolaq was the least developed one. Most villages are classified in the middle rank of development. And two villages called Khanabad and Parvarq are classified in the high rank of development.
    Descriptive statistics in the present study show that participants of the study consider welfare, education, and health care as motivations to return to their native land.
    The frequency tables also show that the participants do not have a sense of belonging to the cities. They believe one has to return to the village to live comfortably; they also consider the pressure of city life, air pollution, high cost of living, unemployment, expensive housing and loneliness as motivations to return migration. The descriptive statistics used in the study also show that the participants of the study are happy with their life in villages; they have their own fields to work on; and they are happy with their income. Furthermore, the participants believe that their family members, their relatives and the people in the village are happy with their return migration to villages.
    CONCLUSION In this study, it was found that there is a direct relationship between the level of development in the rural areas and the changes in migration patterns. In other words, the better the level of development in villages, the more people will return from the cities to rural areas and fewer people will migrate from villages to urban areas. With this in mind, we can claim that the concept of rural development is an economic, social, and multidimensional issue. It can also be concluded that the development of social infrastructure such as health facilities, education and security that cause human resource development in the village will be one of the main tasks of governments. The second finding of this study indicates that urban conditions have a direct influence on the process of return migration. Furthermore, there is direct relationship between the amount of family income and return migration. This can suggest another fact related to the rural development: creating jobs for rural residents and increasing their annual income. In other words, the more jobs in rural areas and increase rural incomes, the less rural people move to cities and the process of return migration from urban to rural areas will also increase.
    The last finding of the research revealed the existence of a direct relationship between ethnic bonds and return migration. Unfavorable conditions in urban areas and the rejection of villagers by the urban population could cement their ethnic and indigenous bonds and, in return, lead in their desire to return. This sense of belonging to their native land and their ethnic groups can be used to make each and every villager involved in the process of development in rural areas. This could be a very good lesson for the governments.
    Keywords: Return migration, development, living condition in cities, annual income, affiliation of ethnic, indigenous
  • Elahm Sadeghi Jadidi, Ali Goli, Nader Hatef Pages 107-118
    INTRODUCTION Iran is located in the active region of the world in terms of seismicity and according to the scientific documentation information and observations of the twentieth century is considered the riskiest region of the world by powerful earthquake. As a widely-accepted fact that “earthquake does not kill people but the buildings do” we know the overwhelming relevance of this fact. Majority of deaths and injuries in earthquake incidence occur because of the collision and collapse of buildings and other human made structures resulting in the loss of lives, property and social disruption. Therefore, in order to reduce risk, crisis management should go towards to the standardization of building materials, increasing reliability and safety in new construction, guiding urbanization system and development of urban and rural settlements. In this case, the rural communities are very important.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The vulnerability is a conception that occur according to the physical and natural characteristics of phenomena against natural and unnatural disasters. Determining the amount of vulnerability internal elements of risk of environment is of the requirements to determine risk. One of the most important parts of human life is residential buildings. Vulnerability of buildings is physical vulnerability and the damage to human lives and health is human vulnerability. There are many aspects of vulnerability, arising from various physical, social, economic, and environmental factors. According to research topics, the study approach is physical. Thus, according to this approach and crisis management approach vulnerability assessment of rural housing was done against earthquake.
    METHODOLOGY The research method is descriptive and analytical. For data collection, library and documentary method were used, and data that we required were collected by using census data library data, Internet and etc. in this study, statistical population consisted of all rurals in Fars province. Also, analysis unit was the county of Fars. To create a database and mapping, Geographic information system software and Excel were used. In fact, for integration of information, layers in GIS and spatial analysis were used overlay layers and analytic hierarchy process methods. Also, for seismic hazard zonation and creating layers, inverse distance weighted interpolation method (IDW) and proximity function were used.
    DISCUSSION About 2026 earthquake happened in Fars province that most earthquakes occurred with 8.3 of magnitude on the Richter scale that frequency of them was 110. In fact, given the frequency of earthquakes, most of them are less than 4 on the Richter scale. Also, according to the region that earthquake happened, the largest earthquake occurred in the Lar county (358 cases). Historical Earthquake Survey shows that most destructive earthquakes occurred in Larestan in the past. Generally, the most earthquakes occurred in Lar, Kazeroun, Jahrom, Qyr & karzyn, Nourabad and Firozabad. Hazard zonation was done using earthquakes, faults and lithology and Fars province was divided into five zones. Then, population, housing and infrastructure of rural settlements were evaluated in these zones. The greatest number of settlements (2,700 settlements rural of 3,273) and more than 290,000 housing of total of 346,814 are in high and too high-risk areas in Fars province. Generally, 47 percent of the total of rural housing have an area less than 100 square meters, 90% of them are non-resistant structures and 6. 91% of them are over 35 years old. These information show necessity of reconstruction, improvements and retrofitting of structures in rural areas.
    CONCLUSION The results of this study, same as other studies that were done in other provinces indicate non-resistant and outwear of rural housing. More than 85 percent of the province's areas and more than 85 percent of the rural settlements, the population, housing and infrastructures of them are located in areas with high risk of earthquakes. In fact, most of the rural population in Fars province have lived in areas that not only are disposable the serious risk of earthquakes, but also these residential buildings are non-resistant and outwear. Even if the earthquake does not cause deaths and casualties by itself, these causes will provide by non-resistant and outwear buildings and collapses from these structures. Some of the recommendations of this study are: Putting retrofitting as the most important part of the construction in the high risk areas. Presentation government facilities, loans and non-cash contributions for the reconstruction, improvements and retrofitting housing, and creating the crisis management centers in rural areas in each county.
    Keywords: Rural housing, earthquake, crisis management, Fars province, vulnerability, Geographical Information System
  • Hamid Zargham Boroujeni, Shima Bazrafshan Pages 119-136
    INTRODUCTION In recent years, so many countries have paid many attention to tourism as a strategy to make money and benefit for the local communities. Many researchers consider tourism an appropriate strategy for economic and social development of developing countries know. Despite all the benefits of community-based tourism, in most developing countries, little authority is given to the local community and dont pay attention to their abilities to manage their resources in order to maximize the benefits of tourism. Because the tourism strategy in these countries is a government-led and serves the achievement of social and economic agendas of their own. In this study, we try to examine all the aspects of this type of tourism from the perspective of the local community. Depending on the capabilities and multiple historical and natural attractions, Asiab-Sar village is selected as the study area. This paper seeks to answer the following question: In the eyes of the local community, to what extent CBT Success Factors are implemented in the Asiab-Sar village? The answer to this question is essential in order to improve its implementation and therefore sustainable development of local communities.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Sustainable tourism which is derived from the phrase sustainable development, is an alternative to mass tourism and an effort to increase the positive effects and mitigate the negative effects of tourism on the local community and the natural environment. In a general definition, all kinds of tourism that are compatible with sustainable development or cause it, can be called sustainable tourism. In recent years, many researchers have focused on creating sustainable tourism indicators with the aim of implementing this concept. Community involvement is considered by most researchers one of the necessary tools for the development of sustainable tourism at national and local levels. Community involvement through various ways causes Sustainable tourism. Host communities play an important role in implementing programs. Thus, their participation in the planning process of sustainable tourism is essential. The main focus of community-based tourism is the participation of local communities in sustainable tourism development and planning processes. Also, this type of tourism focus on achieving sustainable development goals of society and can be considered as a tool to implement sustainable tourism development. CBT, is a form of alternative tourism that maximize the benefits of the local community and focus on the capacity building and empowerment of local people, as a means to achieve community development. Despite the different definitions of CBT, all of them have common points. Including: 1. This type of tourism focuses on the local community control on development. 2. The local community should be involved in planning and management processes. 3. The benefits of tourism should be fairly distributed among the community and (4) the interaction between guests and hosts should be strengthened.
    METHODOLOGY This is a questionnaire-based survey research. The sample comprised 448 households of Asyab-Sar village out of which 210 households were selected using Morgan table. Due to the uncertainty of the Sampling frame in this study, the judgmental sampling was used. In order to measure people's attitudes to the success of any one of the success factors of CBT, CBT assessment scale is used which contains 10 indicators. These indicators include: community involvement, sharing interests, protection of resources, ownership of the local community, internal and external support, management and leadership, communication among stakeholders, quality of life, the scale of development of tourism and tourist satisfaction that, in total, in the form of 50 questions were asked. In order to measure each question, the whole five-item Likert was used ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). In order to answer the key question, one sample T-test was used.
    DISCUSSION According to the findings of this study, from the perspective of the residents, Among the ten indicators of CBT, only three indicators of community ownership, protection from internal and external resources and support, respectively have an average more than (3) and other indicators are less than average (3). The index of ownership of the local community with an average equal to 3.27 and the index of quality of life with an average equal to 2.14 have the highest and the lowest average.
    CONCLUSION In the Asiab-Sar village due to the very high motivation of local people to develop tourism, the possibility to participate in projects and programs should be given to them. It should be noted that just giving the right to participate to the local community, doesn’t guarantee their participation. It should be capacity building too. meaning that the right tools for participation of society must also be provided. Participation in practice means giving people the right to participate as well as providing the right tools for their use of this right. in Asiab-Sar village, most people do not have the information and knowledge to participate in tourism development. Also, many local people are facing difficulties in raising funds and resources for facilities and infrastructure required for the development of tourism. The local community is informed from the fact that has not passed the necessary training in the field of tourism and doesn’t have the attributes needed to face the challenges of the production of goods and services suitable for tourists and desires to learn and control the development of tourism in the region. For the development of CBT in the Asiab-Sar village, primarily it is required that basic resources such as education of the local community and infrastructure be developed and then Management and control of the development of tourism given to the local community. Hence, NGOs and other related organizations such as universities should assume the role of the training of the local community and government agencies should make appropriate facilities for people in order to create the tourism business.
    Keywords: Community Based Tourism (CBT), local community, rural areas, Asiab, Sar village
  • Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh, Banafsheh Tarahhomi, Mohammad Sharif Sharifzadeh, Mohammad Reza Mahboobi Pages 137-154
    INTRODUCTION The use of local organizations and institutes is one of the management approaches in rural communities that in certain periods of the history of rural development is considered. In this regard, rural municipality cooperatives have been formed in many areas and have been played highly effective role in facilitating services of rural municipality. Therefore, current research aimed to investigate the role and function of rural municipality cooperatives in rural development in Golestan Province.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Rural management, by definition, is a process in which organizations and institutions are shaped to meet the objectives of the rural community and, in fact, organizing and conducting community and rural environment occurs. Within this general definition, the aims such as rural modernization and improving the physical environment, guiding and monitoring the process of rural development and improving living and working conditions for rural management could be considered. With establishment of rural municipalities in addition to rural council, as legislator and approval of rural development programs, executive management of village affairs was laid to rural municipalities. So, rural municipalities as non-governmental organizations, which administrate rural affairs under the supervision of local villagers and Islamic Councils, have important duties in the field of public affairs. Moreover, the rural municipality’s cooperative is a voluntary association for collective action of rural administrator in taking the needs of the construction, services, economic and socio-cultural as well as promoting and developing rural areas. Rural municipality’s cooperative with a few basic purposes were formed, one of which improve the livelihoods, health and well-being of the villagers. The second objective is contributing to economic self-sufficiency and strengthening rural municipality and the third goal is the creation of productive and sustainable employment in rural areas which is a very important purpose of this cooperatives. In the final conclusion with regard to the economic and developmental benefits associated with rural municipality’s cooperative, most important activities of this cooperation can include implementation of rural development projects, providing engineering and consulting services in the village, helping rural municipality in services and civil activities, providing equipment for the private sector to carry out construction activities and services, creating network to gather crops and livestock and industrial production of rural people and implementation of economic projects to maintain and exploit natural resources of rural areas.
    METHODOLOGY Statistical population was 830 of rural administrators who had membership in municipality cooperatives of Golestan province. Sample size (n=118) was determinated by Cochran's formula. The sample was selected by cluster sampling technique within 9 rural municipality cooperatives. Validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed by 3 experts from Golestan municipality cooperatives and faculty members. Calculated Cronbach alpha coefficient as indication of questionnaire’s reliability was equal to 0.928, 0.840, 0.901 and 0.908 for main part of questionnaire, including civil, economic services and socio-cultural function respectively.
    DISCUSSION Results of ranking items related to each function showed that "participation in the construction and improvement of rural housing" regarding civil function, "investment to improve agricultural and industrial production" regarding economic function, "leveling the rural streets" regarding service function and "training managers familiar with the conditions of the village and local organizations" regarding social-cultural function had a high priority. One sample t test results showed that the municipality cooperatives have no role and effect on rural development. Friedman test results showed that the impact of functions are not different and have equal priority. Results of independent sample t-test showed that municipality cooperatives in the central district of each county have better functions. Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the performance of the municipality cooperative based on years of establishment showed that cooperative with longer years of establishment have better performance in all the four functions. Kruskal-Wallis test results to compare the performance of the municipality cooperative among counties showed that Gorgan county has high performance in civil and services function while Kordkoy county has high performance in socio-cultural and economic function
    Conclusion Limitation/strategies: The focus of this study was to examine the role and function of rural municipality cooperatives in taking rural development, so it is expected that future researches investigate identification strategies to improve the performance of role and functions of the cooperatives.
    According to the findings, collaboration rural demarche to provide the required machinery, transfer of development projects and providing specialized workforce, support in financing from the district council, coordination of all rural councils and rural municipalities with cooperatives, establishment of funding, insurance, planning for effective communication and consultation meetings between cooperatives in county, province and country to improve the role and functioning of cooperatives is effective. Moreover, understanding the role and function of rural municipality cooperatives in rural development in Golestan province and providing recommendations for improving the performance of this type of cooperatives are originality and value of this research.
    Keywords: Rural development, rural management, municipality cooperatives, role, functions, Golestan province
  • Majid Nematolahi, Mohammad Najjarzadeh, Hossein Balochi Pages 155-174
    INTRODUCTION Rural tourism can be defined as the ‘country experience’ which encompasses a wide range of attractions and activities that take place in agricultural or non-urban areas. Its essential characteristics include wide-open spaces, low levels of tourism development, and opportunities for visitors to directly experience agricultural and/or natural environments. In the recent years, aside from its positive economic and social influences in the rural areas, tourism has been strongly accorded as a resource for the renewal and sustainable development of these areas. In fact, rural tourism is considered as a means of sustainable Development and natural resources protection. On the other hand, rural destination image is connected to common representations of rurality in tourism and rural imaginaries.
    In Iran, 30 percent of the population live in rural areas. The villages of Drak Dehestan in Fars province is one of the most important region in Iran that has the potential for tourism sustainable development. In this way, the purpose of this paper is assessing the economic, social and environmental sustainability with regard to destination image role as a modifier factor in villages of Derak Dehestan in Shiraz city.
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Nowadays, tourism is considered as the most comprehensive service industry of the world that has acquired a special place in economic, cultural, social, and political realms. Worldwide changes in the aftermath of the Second World War regarding the prevalence of urbanization, large cities, urban environmental pollutions, and the increase of leisure time resulted in the expansion of rural tourism. In the following decades, tourism was considered as a tool for rural development. Scientists have tried, by means of different patterns, to promote the role of tourism in the rural development. Therefore, it is possible to organically combine the two streams of destination identity research in the examination of a rural destination's image structure. Moreover, to construct a destination identity that represents localized features and lifestyles and elicits a holistic image suitable for tourism promotion, it is necessary to understand the role of rurality in rural tourism.
    METHODOLOGY In this research, a descriptive-correlation method was used and in terms of purpose, it is an applied research. Data were analyzed with Structural Equation Modeling (LISREL) and Partial Least Squares method (PLS). According to Morgan table and stratified random sampling method, 385 tourists were selected. To collect data, questionnaire was used and its validity and reliability were examined by Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). The levels of sustainability in the villages were done by selection of a number of important elements. Economic sustainability were measured by 5 items of the questionnaire including employment, living condition, earning money, migration of economic actors and land prices in the area. In order to investigate the social sustainability, a total of 4 items were applied; cultural exchange between people and tourists, tendency to addiction, public security and social links. Environmental sustainability indicator includes 5 items, i.e., air pollution, noise pollution, natural areas, the construction in pristine areas, traditional texture village of Qalat.
    DISCUSSION In this research, most important aspects of sustainability have considered. In these villages, there are a range of positive and negative impacts in terms of rural tourism development. Results show social sustainability has highest impact factor (0.33). After that economic sustainability (0.22) and environmental sustainability (0.15) have more impact factor in the way of rural tourism development in selected villages of Drake region. Economic and environmental sustainable levels are lower than mean and social level is higher than mean. Moreover, the destination image as a modifier variable has positive and significant effect on economic sustainability, but it has not effect on social sustainability in Derak Dehestan and there is not significant relation between them. The Destination image has adverse and significant relation on environmental sustainability.
    CONCLUSION The image destination can have important role for rural destination. There is a dynamic tension between tourist's imagination and tourism destinations. The tourist's consumption of and interaction with rural are dependent on offering rural areas that match tourist's expectations. This research show that destination image can impacts rural sustainability. It can be said the more we have positive image towards rural destination, the more we have sustainability.
    Given the findings, some suggestions are also presented, i.e., consider the role of local authority in the development of tourism as an effective factor to participate locals and raise awareness of the benefits of rural tourism development. Like other studies, this study has limitations. Including limited access to some tourists and inappropriateness of fitness model. It is suggested for future studies to examine the personal and demographic factors on people's willingness to visit and consider its impact on tourism development.
    Keywords: Destination image, rural tourism development, economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability
  • Islam Raiesi, Mohtaj Raiesi Pages 175-185
    INTRODUCTION It is believed that most of the world's poor, are rural and is common and chronic poverty in the rural areas. The issue of poverty and its measurement and different ways of poverty alleviation and development in the economic literature, has a special place. This place has gained in the past decades. In general, in relation to the issue of poverty conceptualized and many comments been done. But in the case poverty in the rural areas, the concept of Robert Chambers the titled has the special significance "deprivation trap ", has the special significance. She in this regard, in this regard, five of the harmful and undesirable was explained. These factors include: household poverty, poor health, isolation, vulnerability and powerlessness. In the trying to evaluate and analyze the trap of deprivation in rural settlements is one of the most deprived areas of the country (Qasreqand County located in the southern province of Sistan and Baluchistan).
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The poverty compared to the social and physical environment, personal status and material and cultural needs of the person or group is a relative concept. In this research, is been paid the theory Robert Chambers. Robert Chambers believes in the trap of deprivation, vulnerability and powerlessness should be more study. From the perspective of Chambers, "poverty" is the most powerful determining factor. In this regard, the vulnerability has a role in the many chains deprivation. Its relationship to poverty when can be received that Person to endure the inevitable collateral of damage will be Pledge and selling part of its assets.
    METHODOLOGY The method of this research is analytic. The study population, are all rural residents Qasreqand County (Qasreqand County located in the southern province of Sistan and Baluchistan). Indicators of Research was extracted from the theoretical basis and preliminary study from the study area. Information and data through were collected library research and field work (questionnaires). In order to test reliability, the method of operation and through Cronbach Alpha test with 30 samples, the ratio was 0.839, which is an acceptable value. Research data were processed using statistical methods, t-test and correlation and analyzed in SPSS software.
    DISCUSSION The Review Rating Average indices of deprivation trap of powerlessness and isolation also indicated that the highest and lowest level of average household poverty index of poverty in the region is allocated. As well as internal and direct relationship with each other indices (except the correlation between household poverty and the vulnerability, between household poverty and powerlessness, physical weakness and vulnerability between the vulnerability and powerlessness that was not statistically significant) was approved. Indirectly from the path of powerlessness (the inability of villagers in rural product marketing and elite influence of speculators in the market and lack of access to government facilities and etc. can be split) were effective in rural and isolated communities and to follow it against natural hazards and disasters is socially and economically vulnerable.
    Additionally, illiteracy and with low literacy heads of households (53.4 and 27.2 percent high school diploma ignoramus percent) greatly contributed to the spread of isolation. Well as the topography the region and the geographical distribution of many Qasreqand County of villages and access problems penetrating the rural service centers to secure livelihoods and economic exchange, rural areas and put in isolation and transportation service has faced with difficulty. It can be said from the point of view of isolation has led to the exclusion of the villagers.
    In general, the discussions, isolation and the vulnerability by strengthening the circle tighter on rural poverty. This is on powerlessness villagers for their rights to infiltrate influential power brokers and the lack of convenient access to government facilities and funds and etc. is added. All these cases represent a vicious circle of poverty and deprivation trap, ie village, which largely corresponds with the views of Robert Chambers.
    CONCLUSION Overall results is indicate weakness rural economic base of and the absence of appropriate policy and purposeful planning to organize the rural economy based on local potentials and talents, as well as the support of the outer (the government). The Villagers seriously the trap of deprivation is thrown. Serious dent agricultural sector (especially fuel) as the economic pillar villages of the region, issues such as lack of income and purchasing power and to comply with health and physical strength as well as weakness and isolation lead eventually to the vulnerability led to disasters and tragedies and powerlessness in the livelihoods and living administration.
    This continuous chain the rural of deprivation in Qasreqand of county degree that can be generalized to all areas of the county. The results indicate a lack of the necessary infrastructure facilities needed to provide the rural population, especially the lack of attention to the development of rural economic infrastructure and organization of the economy the agricultural sector (fuel, mining dates citrus Mango) Sarbouk, especially in the sectors and Central and lack of attention to non-farm economy, including the economy, fishing, livestock and agriculture is the Talang District.
    Keywords: Poverty, trap of deprivation, rural areas, Qasreqand County
  • Aliakbar Anabestani, Mahdi Javanshiri Pages 187-212
    INTRODUCTION Smart development is not a new concept. Proper implementation of smart growth strategies can have various economic, social and environmental benefits; Smart growth support economic development in two ways; through raising economic productivity, and reducing the costs. One of the important preconditions for the smart development is to take into account the principles of regional planning and the properties of the study area. It means that all areas (whether developed or backward), according to their various potentials (in terms of economic conditions, knowledge and innovation capacity), can move towards smart development. However, in this study, we seek to find the relationship between smart growth policies and the rural areas which are of great variety?
    Although sprawl in rural areas is less than that in urban and suburb areas, rural sprawl has imposed heavy costs on rural communities, including degradation of rural lands and gardens (due to changes in land-use), high cost of infrastructure and service development, environmental fragmentation and degradation, degradation of regional biodiversity and so on. Thus, it is essential to employ the smart growth policies in rural areas and apply the principles of sustainable development. Therefore, smart development in rural areas should receive a high priority. Rural areas in Binaloud County, due to their proximity to Mashhad metropolis and enjoying many tourist attractions are highly subject to phenomena such as building more second-homes for tourism purposes, sprawl and change in construction patterns. In this regard, the present study sought to examine rural smart development indicators in rural areas of Binaloud County, and analyze the conceptual aspects, indicators, measures of smart development and their effective indicators in these points, so that we can identify the leading indicators in rural smart development and make use of the capabilities of the policy of smart development in a large collection of rural areas. Therefore, the study seeks to answer the following questions: What are the indicators of smart rural development? Considering the indicators of smart rural development, in what conditions are the rural settlements of the study area?
    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK It is only a decade that rural sprawl has entered the world literature. Rural sprawl is also known as rural residential development. There is no comprehensive definition for sprawl, and it is increasingly ambiguous and evolving. However, this kind of spatial expansion is characterized by low-density development with single and large residential areas that lead to the destruction of open spaces, farmlands, and forests. In the mid-1990s, the ‘smart growth’ was introduced to planning science and soon become a modern key word. In fact, smart growth is a regional planning strategy that aims to create a regional balance and prevent the destruction of resources, and these are in line with sustainable development goals. In other words, it is the smart growth of planning, design, development and revitalization of cities, towns, suburbs and rural areas which seek to create and promote social equality, sense of belonging to a place and community while protecting the cultural and natural resources". Accordingly, rural settlements are also part of the spatial-local system which in recent decades, due to development resulting from internal and external factors and forces, have grown in an unorganized manner. This has posed considerable challenges in maintaining the rural features, while supporting the economic development and the opportunities, and requires a set of tools that enable them to take the diversity of rural communities into account, and make progress towards development.
    METHODOLOGY This study is an applied one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected using documentary methods and field work. A major part of the data was gathered by expert questionnaires for identifying the smart development indicators and prioritizing the research indicators, which were based on fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and the significance of the indicators of the study in smart development. To answer the second question of the study, four village of Abr-deh Oliya, Jagharq, Hesar Golestan and Virani in Binaloud County were selected as the sample population. A total of 3549 households were in these rural areas, of which 163 households were selected using Cochran formula and stratified random sampling method to complete the questionnaires whose validity and reliability were confirmed (with Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.7). Then, statistical and inferential data were extracted and analyzed.
    In the final step, to rate the villages of the study area in terms of achieving rural smart development, we used gray relational analysis and GRA technique. For this purpose, based on the average of the six main indicators of the study, the villages of the study were rated.
    DISCUSSION Based on exploratory studies, six indicators of environmental, economic, rural creative economy, physical, socio-cultural and human capital are effective in rural smart development. To determine their importance factor, an expert-based questionnaire was prepared and a paired comparison was conducted by 16 experts (university professors). FAHP showed the indicators of rural creative economy (0.534), human capital (0.148), and the economic indicators (0.138) had the greatest effect in shaping the rural smart development; and the environmental indicators weighing 0.214 had the least importance factor in developing rural smart development.
    The results of measuring the effects of rural smart development in life of the villagers in sample villages showed the average of 3.71 for the variable of rural smart development is higher than theoretical mean, and shows a positive background for rural smart development in the villages of the study area from the perspective of villagers. The indicators of human capital with an average of 3.88 and economic indicators with an average of 3.83 from the perspective of villagers, were in better conditions and accordingly would have the greatest effect in rural smart development. In spatial distribution of the average of the research variable, namely rural smart development, the village of Jagharq with the value of 3.81 and the village of Virani with the value of 3.65 respectively had the highest and lowest statistics. These results were confirmed by gray relational analysis and the village of Jagharq had the best performance in rural smart development.
    CONCLUSION Among the patterns of sustainability, experts and politicians had more consensus on its compact form and its strategy, i.e., smart development. This study which analyzes the smart rural development indicators in the sample villages of Binaloud County, shows that local-spatial systems are the consequence of external and internal factors and forces. In fact, the phenomenon of rural smart development in the sample villages is the consequence of six indicators: economic, environmental, physical, socio-cultural, human capital and creative economy, which were identified by importance factor of each indicator in smart rural development. It should be noted that these forces and factors operate in a dialectic manner.
    Investigation of various indicators of smart development in sample rural areas and one sample t-test results showed the unfavorable conditions of the indicators of ‘family economy’ (12.5), environmental (14.4) and physical conditions (16.1) in these villages. In contrast, the value of t-statistics in indicators of human capital (21.8), economic (19.2) and socio-cultural (19.1) were high, which show the better conditions of these indicators for the realization of smart development in the sample villages. Based on the results of variance analysis, we may conclude that there is no significant difference among the four village of Abr-deh, Jagharq, Hesar Golestan and Virani in terms of rural smart development.
    Keywords: Rural smart development, rural creative economy, human capital, Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP), Gray Relational Analysis