فهرست مطالب

Research and Rural Planning - Volume:6 Issue: 3, 2017

Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:6 Issue: 3, 2017

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/09/01
  • تعداد عناوین: 13
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  • علمی- پژوهشی
  • محمدرضا رضوانی، حبیب محمودی چناری، امیر تلخاب، حمیده محمودی صفحات 1-18
    هدف
    هدف مقاله، بررسی نحوه توزیع هزینه و درآمد خانوارهای روستایی در استان های کشور و تحلیل توزیع فضایی است.
    روش
    روش تحقیق حاضر برحسب هدف از نوع مطالعات کاربردی و برحسب روش گردآوری اطلاعات از نوع اسنادی است که از داده های مرکز آمار ایران استفاده شده است. به منظور بررسی توزیع فضایی هزینه و درآمد خانوار روستایی از نرم افزار ArcGis10.2 استفاده شد. در مطالعه حاضر با استفاده از روش فراتحلیلی و بهره گیری از داده های آماری مرکز آمار ایران به بررسی نابرابری های درآمدی خانوارهای روستایی در دوره زمانی 1391-1375 در سطح استان های کشور پرداخته شده است.
    یافته ها
    یافته ها نشان می دهد که مقدار هزینه خانوار روستایی از 1/56 درصد در سال 1365 به 1/41 درصد در سال 1380 و 2/31 درصد در سال 1390 در جهت مثبت کاهش یافته است و از طرفی روستاییان با تغییر در الگوی مصرف خود (از هزینه خوراکی به غیرخوراکی و دخانی) از سطح زندگی بهتر و مطلوب تری برخوردار شده اند؛ به طوری که رشد هزینه غیرخوراکی و دخانی به خوراکی و دخانی در سال 91 نسبت به سال 90 حدود 39 درصد بوده است، در حالی که در همین بازه زمانی هزینه خوراکی و دخانی تنها 3/22 افزایش رشد داشته است. همچنین، طی این دوره زمانی از سهم مشاغل کشاورزی در تامین منابع درآمدی خانوارهای روستایی کاسته شده و بیشتر به سهم مشاغل غیرکشاورزی و متفرقه افزوده شده است.
    راهبردها: براساس یافته های تحقیق می توان گفت بهترین راهبرد برای توزیع فضایی مناسب درآمدها نگرش فضایی به ساختار سکونت گاه های روستایی در حدود و ثغور منطقه ای و یا ناحیه ای، توان مندسازی روستاها و روستاییان، تغییر در نقش دولت (دولت برنامه ریز به دولت تسهیلگر)، ایجاد صنایع تبدیلی و تکمیلی و برنامه ریزی یک پارچه با توجه به توان های مناطق مذکور است.
    راهکارهای عملی: می توان به صورت خلاصه به برخی از مهم ترین عوامل موثر در بهبود وضع اقتصادی روستاییان اشاره کرد. درگیرکردن روستاییان در بهبودبخشیدن به اوضاع اقتصادی با کمک ها و تسهیلگری های حکومت مرکزی، ایجاد نواحی صنعتی در روستاها با توجه به توان و سطح دانش بومیان، ایجاد مناطق آزاد تجاری در نواحی روستایی مرزی کشور و دادن تعرفه هایی برای تجارت روستاییان مرزنشین و غیره.
    اصالت و ارزش: یافته های این تحقیق با توجه به عوامل دارای اولویت می تواند مورد استفاده و توجه دست اندرکاران و کنشگران این عرصه قرار گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: هزینه و درآمد، خانوار روستایی، خوراکی و غیرخوراکی، توزیع فضایی
  • حمید برقی، راضیه نوری، فاطمه براتی زاده، رستگار محمدی صفحات 19-33
    هدف
    پژوهش حاضر با تحلیل مولفه های موثر بر گرایش به بیمه محصولات کشاورزی و دامی روستاییان به نهادینه سازی بیمه؛ یعنی قرارگرفتن و نفوذ مفهوم بیمه در ارزش ها و نگرش افراد جامعه و تثبیت فرهنگ استفاده از بیمه در نواحی روستایی می پردازد و بر شهرستان خمین به عنوان مطالعه موردی تمرکز دارد.
    روش
    این تحقیق بر اساس رهیافت کمی، از نوع پیمایشی و روش تحلیلی- توصیفی است. نمونه مورد بررسی شامل 160 خانوار روستایی بیمه شده از شهرستان خمین در استان مرکزی است. داده ها از طریق پرسش نامه و به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای انتخاب شده و عوامل موثر بر احتمال پذیرش بیمه با استفاده از نرم افزار Amos Graphics20 و مدل تحلیل عاملی تاییدی بررسی شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان می دهد که از بین 20 عامل شناسایی شده، مولفه های آگاهی از اهداف و فواید بیمه (84/0)، توان مالی جهت بیمه (81/0)، منصفانه-بودن حق بیمه (78/0) و رضایت از خدمات بیمه (77/0) بیش از سایر عوامل در تبیین تغییرات گرایش به بیمه موثرند و به لحاظ شاخصی ترکیبی نیز در میان عوامل سازمانی، شرایط و ضوابط بیمه (68/0) و در میان عوامل فردی، مولفه های مالی و رفاهی (76/0) بیش از سایر عوامل تاثیر دارند.
    راهکارهای عملی: دو مدل ارائه شده در پژوهش می توانند به عنوان مهم ترین راهکار برای ترویج گرایش به بیمه محصولات کشاورزی و دامی روستاییان به کار روند؛ زیرا به عواملی مانند فراهم کردن زمینه تعامل بیشتر مسوولان بیمه و روستاییان، برگزاری دوره های آموزشی برای روستاییان جهت آشنایی بیشتر با نهادهای بیمه-گذار، افزایش تبلیغات و اطلاع رسانی بیشتر به روستاییان، بهبود کیفیت خدمات به بیمه شدگان و اولویت بندی برای پژوهش اشاره دارند.
    اصالت و ارزش: پژوهش حاضر از این نظر اهمیت دارد که با بیان عوامل موثر بر گرایش روستاییان به بیمه محصولات کشاورزی و دامی، به نهادینه سازی آن در جوامع روستایی کمک می کند و با اتخاذ راهکارهای مناسب برای رفع کمبودها، افزایش کارایی بیمه در بخش کشاورزی را فراهم می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: بیمه محصولات کشاورزی، عوامل فردی، عوامل سازمانی، شهرستان خمین
  • رضا خسروبیگی بزچلویی صفحات 35-57
    هدف
    در مقاله حاضر به مطالعه تغییرات جمعیتی نواحی روستایی دوردست (مقیاس خرد) پرداخته شده است، مقایسه تطبیقی دو منطقه مطالعاتی؛ یعنی سرحد/ قوشخانه و مرکزی در شمال و جنوب شهرستان شیروان با خصوصیات فضایی و مکانی مشابه و همگن.
    روش
    از روش کیو جهت تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات جمع آوری شده و استخراج الگوهای گفتمانی استفاده شده است. نخست، چشم اندازهای متفاوت تغییرات جمعیتی در نواحی روستایی دوردست با ساختار مکانی و فضایی مشابه و یکسان انعکاس داده می شود. سپس، رویکردهای مختلف روستابودگی جهت شناسایی ابعاد پیچیده مرتبط با جابه جایی های متفاوت جمعیتی معرفی شده و استفاده می شود.
    یافته ها
    ذهنیت های به دست آمده از تکنیک کیو تصدیق می کند که با وجود تشابهات مکانی و جغرافیایی سکونت گاه های روستایی در شهرستان شیروان، دو طیف از گفتمان های مختلف اجتماعی و اخلاقی در سرحد/قوشخانه و بخش مرکزی شکل گرفته و بر همین اساس، تفاوت هایی را در چشم اندازهای حرکتی جمعیت به وجود آورده است. بخش مرکزی خصوصیات ذاتی خود را بیشتر با روند تغییرات عمومی فضای روستایی به اشتراک گذاشته و در معرض جریان های شهرگریزی و تقاضاهای شهری (بازجمعیت پذیری) قرار گرفته است؛ ضمن این که چندفعالیتی بودن ساختار اقتصادی در این منطقه مشهود است و این باعث رونق اشتغال و به دنبال آن، تثبیت جمعیتی شده است. این در حالی است که منطقه سرحد/قوشخانه بیشتر پای بند به هویت های سنتی و تاریخی خود هستند و به ابتکارات کارآفرینانه اعتقادی ندارند و از جذب سرمایه های بیرون روستا ممانعت به عمل می آورند. عدم ادغام ظرفیت های منطقه با تغییرات عمومی فضای روستایی باعث شده است تا شاخصه هایی از محرومیت در این منطقه بروز کند و به این ترتیب مهاجرت فرستی داشته باشد.
    راهکارهای عملی: ما دیدگاهی ضد ذات گرایانه (چندگانه) را برای توصیف خلقیات و روحیات مردم در نواحی روستایی دوردست ( مقیاس خرد) ارائه می دهیم؛ یعنی باید تجربیات مختلف ساکنان محلی را در مطالعات و سیاست گذاری ها در نظر گرفت و از این طریق به تبیینی بهتر از وضعیت موجود روستاها و به تبع آن سامان دهی بهینه جمعیت روستایی دست یافت (نه این که دچار مطلق گرایی شد و نسخه ای یکسان را برای نواحی مختلف در سیاست گذاری های جمعیتی پیچاند).
    اصالت و ارزش: الگوهای کلان توسعه روستایی از درون رفتارهای خرد محلی فرصت ظهور می یابند. پیش بینی آینده سکونت گاه های روستایی با اصول الگوهای پیشین توسعه، غفلت از خواسته های نوظهور و جدید ساکنان محلی (با توجه به تغییرات گسترده صورت گرفته) و همچنین، اثرات مخرب رفتارهای خرد محلی در طرح های اجرایی را با خود به همراه می آورد.
    کلیدواژگان: روستاهای دوردست، تغییرات جمعیتی، مقایسه تطبیقی، گفتمان اخلاقی و فرهنگی، شیروان
  • ارسطو یاری حصار، محمدحسین بوچانی، زهرا محمدی صفحات 59-78
    هدف
    هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی تاثیر شهرک های صنعتی البرز در استان قزوین بر میزان پایداری روستاهای پیرامونی آن و همچنین، ارزیابی تاثیر فاصله از شهرک صنعتی بر پایداری شاخص های توسعه روستایی می باشد.
    روش
    این تحقیق از نوع علی-هم بستگی و روش تحقیق نیز توصیفی– تحلیلی بوده و برای جمع آوری اطلاعات از ابزار پرسش نامه استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری مورد مطالعه شامل روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان البرز می باشد که طبق سرشماری 1390 در مجموع دارای 15907 نفر است و جامعه نمونه طبق فرمول کوکران 317 نفر برآورد شده است. انتخاب جامعه نمونه جهت تکمیل پرسش نامه های میدانی به روش تصادفی سیستماتیک بوده است و تعداد نمونه ها نیز به روش طبقه ای و بر مبنای نسبت جمعیت توزیع شده است.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد تاثیرات شهرک صنعتی بر روستاهای پیرامونی خود در سطح متوسطی قرار دارد و این پیامدها در ابعاد مختلف با هم هم سو نیستند. همچنین، با فاصله از شهرک صنعتی البرز از میزان پایداری روستاها در ابعاد اجتماعی، اقتصادی و کالبدی کاسته و بر میزان پایداری های زیست محیطی افزوده می شود.
    محدودیت ها: عدم امکان دسترسی به داده های اقتصادی و زیست محیطی، عدم همکاری مدیریت شهرک صنعتی البرز
    راهکارهای عملی: با توجه به نتایج تحقیق تهیه طرح های لازم در چهارچوب طرح های سامان دهی زیست محیطی و کالبدی، استقرار صنایع مرتبط با تولیدات روستاهای منطقه در شهرک صنعتی البرز و جذب نیروهای متخصص بومی می تواند بر تاثیرات مثبت این شهرک در روستاهای پیرامونی بیفزاید.
    اصالت و ارزش: شهرک های صنعتی ذاتا دارای صنایع شهری هستند؛ اما پیامدهای قابل توجهی بر تحولات توسعه نواحی روستایی پیرامونی خود می گذارند. از این رو، واجد بررسی و اهمیت هستند؛ علاوه بر آن، به کارگیری روش سنجش پایداری پرسکات آلن برای ارزیابی میزان تاثیرات شهرک صنعتی در شاخص های توسعه روستایی نیز جزء نوآوری های این مقاله می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: شهرک های صنعتی، ارزیابی توسعه پایدار، پایداری روستایی، مدل پرسکات آلن، البرز
  • سعید ملکی، مصطفی عبیات، مرتضی عبیات صفحات 79-103
    هدف
    امروزه با افزایش شدید جمعیت و در نتیجه آن، تولید انبوه زباله و افزایش آلودگی زیست محیطی، تحت تاثیر فعالیت های انسان، انتخاب مناطق مناسب جهت دفن بهداشتی زباله امری الزامی است. از این رو، مساله ای که شاکله اصلی این پژوهش را تشکیل می دهد، شناسایی و تعیین نقاط بهینه جهت دفن بهداشتی پسماند روستایی در بخش شاوور شهرستان شوش است.
    روش
    رویکرد حاکم بر پژوهش از حیث هدف، از نوع تحقیقات نظری، کاربردی و از لحاظ ماهیت و روش، از نوع تحلیلی و توصیفی است. گردآوری اطلاعات به دو صورت تکمیل پرسش نامه از 30 کارشناس خبره و آگاه به مسائل روستا و داده های مطالعاتی بیلان هیدروکلیماتولوژی محدوده آهودشت شهرستان شوش انجام گرفت. همچنین، از دو مدل AHP و DRASTIC جهت دست یابی به اهداف پژوهش استفاده شد. آنالیز داده ها به ترتیب در محیط ArcGIS 10.4 و نرم افزار Expert Choice و Excel انجام گرفت.
    یافته ها
    نتایج حاصل از یافته های پژوهش گویای آن است که از مجموع کل مساحت بخش، حدود 39/38 درصد آن در سطح بسیار نامناسب قرار گرفته است؛ به عبارتی، این مناطق برای انجام عملیات دفن پسماند مناسب نیستند. بعد از آن به ترتیب سطوح، کاملا مناسب با 1/20 درصد، مناسب حدود 21 درصد و به نسبت مناسب 4/20 درصد مساحت بخش را شامل می شوند. آن چه از نقشه نهایی استنتاج می شود، این است که از مجموع کل محدوده کاملا مناسب، سه سایت با عناوین؛ لندفیل شماره 1 تا 3، بهترین مکان-ها برای اجرای پروژه مورد نظر معرفی شده و همچنین، ارجحیت کامل نسبت به دیگر نواحی این محدوده داشته است.
    اصالت و ارزش: به کارگیری هم زمان روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی و دراستیک در محیط سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی می تواند به کشف و تعیین مناطق مستعد دفن پسماند روستایی کمک کند؛ همچنین، برنامه ریزان روستایی را در زمینه یافتن بهینه ترین و سریع ترین راه جهت کاهش و کنترل آلودگی های زیست محیطی یاری می کند.
    کلیدواژگان: دفن بهداشتی پسماند روستایی، روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، دراستیک، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، شاوور، شوش
  • مسعود یزدان پناه، طاهره زبیدی، زیبا بختیاری صفحات 105-117
    هدف
    هدف این پژوهش، شناسایی عواملی است که نیت دانشجویان روستایی را برای سکونت و یا ماندن در روستا تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد.
    روش
    جامعه آماری این پژوهش دانشجویان روستایی دانشگاه رامین خوزستان بودند که تعداد 420 نفر از آن ها به روش نمونه گیری سهمیه ای تصادفی ساده انتخاب و براساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان نمونه ای 200 نفری از دانشجویان گزینش شدند. ابزار جمع آوری داده ها، پرسش نامه محقق ساخت بود. روایی پرسش نامه براساس نظر اعضای هیات علمی دانشگاه رامین خوزستان و پایایی پرسش نامه با استفاده از آزمون آلفا کرونباخ (85/0-7/0) تایید شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج نشان داد، متغیرهای تصویر روستا، نگرش، هنجار ذهنی و کنترل رفتاری درک شده 58 درصد از تغییرات تمایل و متغیرهای ارزش درک شده و احساس تعلق 52 درصد از تغییرات رضامندی از سکونت روستایی را تبیین کردند.
    محدودیت ها: از محدودیت ها و مشکلات این پژوهش می توان به زمان بربودن توزیع و جمع آوری پرسش نامه و دشواربودن تکمیل پرسش نامه اشاره کرد.
    راهکارهای عملی: در نهایت، با توجه به یافته های تحقیق جهت کاهش میزان مهاجرت دانشجویان روستایی پیشنهادهایی ارائه شده است. به طور خاص با توجه به تاثیر چهار متغیر تصویر روستا، نگرش، هنجار ذهنی و کنترل رفتاری بر نیت ماندن، پیشنهاد می شود از طریق بهبود این چهار عامل به طرق مختلف از جمله توجه به مزایای و زیبایی های زندگی روستایی به طرق مختلف از جمله رسانه های تلویزیونی گرایش دانشجویان را نسبت به ماندن در روستاها افزایش داد.
    اصالت و ارزش: اگرچه مطالعات بسیاری به بررسی عوامل موثر بر نیت مهاجرت و یا عدم مهاجرت در میان گروه های مختلف روستاییان از جمله کارگران و جوانان روستایی در کشورهای مختلف پرداخته اند، در ایران مطالعات چندانی در این رابطه صورت نگرفته است. از این رو، تحقیق حاضر سعی دارد عوامل موثر بر ماندگاری و سکونت در روستا را در میان دانشجویان روستایی مورد بررسی قرار دهد.
    کلیدواژگان: تمایل به سکونت، نیت، رضایت از زندگی، رضامندی، دانشجویان روستایی
  • عبدالرضا رحمانی فضلی، سعید صالحیان بادی صفحات 119-138
    هدف
    به دنبال وقوع ناپایداری اقلیمی در دهه 1380 و افزایش بارگذاری بر رودخانه به مرور زمان، در سال های اخیر پدیده ناپایداری منابع آب کشاورزی و یا خشک سالی رخ داده است. وقوع ناپایداری منابع آب کشاورزی آثاری را در ابعاد مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، سیاسی، زیست محیطی و غیره به ویژه در سکونت گاه-های روستایی به همراه داشته است. در این پژوهش، رابطه ناپایداری منابع آب کشاورزی (خشک سالی) و توسعه روستایی در سکونت گاه های روستایی بخش پایین دست رودخانه زاینده رود (شرق اصفهان) مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.
    روش
    روش انجام پژوهش به صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی و مبتنی بر روش کمی می باشد. براساس فرمول کوکران تعداد پرسش نامه ها از تعداد 33153 خانوار روستایی 380 نفر برآورد شده که طی تحقیق و براساس محدودیت ها و حذف پرسش نامه های نادرست، تعداد نمونه ها به 323 مورد رسید. حجم سکونت گاه های نمونه نیز 25 روستا برآورد شده است. شاخص های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیطی در منطقه مورد مطالعه در زمان حاضر نسبت به پیش از وقوع خشک سالی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. در ادامه، در نرم افزار SPSS میانگین شاخص های سه گانه پژوهش (اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیطی) مورد تحلیل قرار گرفته و نتایج جهت سنجش معناداری در آزمون t مستقل تک نمونه ای بررسی شده و در نهایت، با آزمون ANOVA تفاوت معناداری تاثیر خشک سالی در دهستان های مختلف مورد مقایسه قرار گرفته است.
    یافته ها
    بر پایه نتایج پژوهش و تحلیل پرسش نامه، میانگین مجموع پیامدهای محیطی ناشی از ناپایداری منابع آب 24/4 بوده، در بعد اقتصادی 23/4 و در بعد اجتماعی نیز عدد 02/4 به دست آمده است. بر این اساس، پس از وقوع کم آبی یا خشک سالی، محیط طبیعی و انسانی تحت تاثیر قرار گرفته و توسعه روستایی در ابعاد محیطی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی در محدوده پایین دست رودخانه با اختلال مواجه شده و مسائلی چون کاهش سطح زیرکشت کشاورزی، کاهش درآمد، نشست زمین، فقر، بیکاری، مهاجرت و پیامدهای زیست محیطی و غیره را به دنبال داشته است.
    کلیدواژگان: توسعه روستایی، پیامدهای خشک سالی، ناپایداری منابع آب کشاورزی، سکونت گاه روستایی، حوضه زاینده رود
  • حمید سپهردوست، پریسا شریفی فخر، مهسا باروتی صفحات 139-150
    هدف
    سرمایه‏گذاری مناسب از طریق اعطای تسهیلات بخش کشاورزی، می‏تواند بر وضعیت اشتغال، کاهش فقر و کنترل مهاجرت بی‏رویه روستا-شهری موثر باشد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی علل و پیامدهای اقتصادی مهاجرت‏های روستا-شهری در ایران با تاکید بر اثرات کوتاه و بلندمدت سیاست‏های مالی دولت در بخش کشاورزی بر این‏گونه مهاجرت است.
    روش
    از داده های مرتبط با سال‏های 1391-1358 و مدل اقتصادسنجی خود توضیح با وقفه های گسترده (ARDL) برای بررسی اثرات بلندمدت و کوتاه مدت تسهیلات اعطایی بخش کشاورزی و همچنین، برخی شاخص‏های مهم اقتصادی بر روند مهاجرت‏های روستا-شهری استفاده شد.
    یافته ها: نتایج برآورد عوامل موثر بر مهاجرت روستاییان به شهرها حاکی از این است که در کوتاه مدت سهم قابل توجهی از نوسانات مهاجرت روستاییان به شهرها توسط متغیرهای توضیحی که ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی، میزان تسهیلات اعطایی سیستم بانکی به بخش کشاورزی، نسبت دستمزد در روستا به شهر و متوسط میزان بارندگی است، توضیح داده می شود؛ به نحوی که ضریب تعیین در مدل کوتاه مدت 92 درصد حاصل شده است. نتایج حاصل از تخمین مدل نشان داد که در کوتاه مدت، تسهیلات اعطایی به بخش کشاورزی با ضریب 53/0-، نسبت دستمزد در روستا به شهر با ضریب 79/0-، متوسط بارش با ضریب 28/0- اثر منفی و ارزش افزوده کشاورزی با ضریب 71/0، اثر مثبت و معناداری در مهاجرت روستاییان به شهرها دارند. در بلندمدت نیز تسهیلات اعطایی به بخش کشاورزی، نسبت دستمزد روستاییان به شهر و متوسط بارش اثر منفی و معنادار و ارزش افزوده کشاورزی و ضریب جینی، اثر مثبت و معناداری در مهاجرت روستاییان به شهرها دارند.
    اصالت و ارزش: کارکرد اصلی مناطق روستایی در کشورهای جهان سوم، کشاورزی است و تاثیر سرمایه‏گذاری مناسب از طریق توسعه مالی و اعطای تسهیلات در این بخش بر وضعیت اشتغال، کاهش فقر، امنیت غذایی و همچنین، کنترل پدیده جمعیتی مهاجرت بی‏رویه به‏ عنوان عامل بازدارنده رشد و توسعه روستا، از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است.
    راهکارهای عملی: در کوتاه مدت و بلندمدت، سهم قابل توجهی از سیاست های دولت در زمینه کنترل آثار زیان بار مهاجرت‏های بی رویه روستا- شهری، باید بر روی رسیدگی بیشتر افزایش تولیدات بخش کشاورزی از طریق اعطای تسهیلات بانکی و جبران خسارات و ارتقای سطح کیفی زندگی و افزایش درآمد اقتصادی روستاییان تمرکز یابد.
    کلیدواژگان: مهاجرت، سیاست های مالی، تسهیلات بانکی، کشاورزی، ضریب جینی
  • محمد ظاهری، نبی الله حسینی شه پریان، ناهید رحیم زاده صفحات 151-168
    هدف
    وجود یا عدم وجود قابلیت دسترسی به سیستم حمل ونقل به عنوان یکی از شاخص های توسعه پایدار می تواند اثرات مختلفی بر تغییرات ارگانیکی و غیرارگانیکی مناطق روستایی داشته باشد. پژوهش حاضر به دنبال بررسی و ارزیابی تاثیر حمل و نقل بر تغییرات اندام وار در روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان تبریز، به عنوان رهیافتی برای برنامه های آینده، کمک در تصمیم گیری ها و برنامه ریزی ها در جهت توسعه ابعاد روستایی خواهد بوده و نیز راهکارهایی جهت ارتقای شبکه حمل ونقل در نواحی روستاهای مورد مطالعه ارائه می دهد.
    روش
    مطالعه حاضر با توجه به ماهیت موضوع توصیفی– تحلیلی و به لحاظ هدف کاربردی بوده و برای گردآوری اطلاعات از روش های اسنادی و میدانی استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، 19 روستا که نزدیک ترین فاصله را به شهر تبریز دارند، به صورت تصادفی خوشه ایانتخاب شده اند و با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعداد 331 نفر به عنوان حجم نمونه تعیین شده است. آن گاه برای هر روستا نسبت یا سهم جامعه نمونه با توجه به نسبت هر روستا به کل جامعه از نظر تعداد جمعیت محاسبه شده است. ابزار مورد استفاده، پرسش نامه می باشد که روایی آن از سوی متخصصان و کارشناسان امر مورد تایید قرار گرفته و پایایی آن نیز با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برابر (83/0) به تایید رسیده است.
    یافته ها
    در این پژوهش با استفاده از نرم افزار SPSS، تاثیر حمل ونقل بر توسعه ابعاد روستایی (اقتصادی، آموزشی، سلامت و رفاه اجتماعی) مورد سنجش قرار گرفت. در ابتدا جهت روشن شدن تفاوت بین روستاهای مورد مطالعه از لحاظ وضعیت حمل ونقل و تغییرات اندام وار از آزمون دانکن استفاده شد. براساس نتایج حاصل از این آزمون، روستاهای مایان سفلی و کندرود در جایگاه نخست و روستاهای کرجان و اسکندر در جایگاه آخر قرار گرفته اند. شایان ذکر است که بین توسعه حمل ونقل روستاها و جمعیت رابطه قوی و معناداری وجود دارد. درباره ارتباط بین وضعیت حمل ونقل و توسعه روستایی در ابعاد مختلف، ضریب هم بستگی پیرسون نشان داد که بین وضعیت حمل ونقل و تغییرات اندام وار روستاها رابطه مثبت و معناداری وجود دارد. در ادامه مدل رگرسیونی گویای آن است که قابلیت دسترسی به حمل ونقل روستایی موجب تغییرات اندام وار (اشتغال و رونق اقتصادی، آموزش، سلامت و رفاه اجتماعی) در نواحی روستایی مورد مطالعه شده است؛ به طوری که حمل ونقل در تغییرات اندام وار روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان تبریز 48 درصد تاثیر مثبت داشته است.
    اصالت و ارزش: با توجه به اهمیت و نقش سیستم حمل ونقل در توسعه و تغییرات اندام وار روستایی، این مبحث نسبت به دیگر مباحت روستایی کمتر مورد توجه محققان قرار گرفته است. بنابراین در محدوده مورد مطالعه اولین تحقیقی است که صورت گرفته است. با توجه به پتانسیل و ظرفیت ها فراوانی که استان آذربایجان شرقی به خصوص روستاهای شهرستان تبریز دارند، نتایج این تحقیق می تواند موثر واقع شود و راه گشای بسیاری از مشکلات روستاییان باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: شبکه حمل ونقل، توسعه روستایی، مدل رگرسیون، روستاهای بخش مرکزی شهرستان تبریز
  • محمدرضا پودینه، مهرشاد طولابی نژاد، ابوالفضل حسینجانی صفحات 169-184
    هدف
    تغییرات آب و هوایی اثرت زیادی بر زندگی خانوارهای کشاورز، به ویژه در مناطق کوهستانی دارد. به دلیل ظرفیت انطباق پذیری پایین کشاورزان خرده مالک، این تغییرات اثرات بیشتری بر بازه محصول آن ها خواهد گذاشت. کشاورزان می توانند با استفاده از روش های سازگاری، خود را با این تغییرات انطباق دهند. استفاده از این روش ها ارتباط زیادی با عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی دارد. هدف این پژوهش بررسی عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی موثر بر سازگاری کشاورزان خرده مالک با تغییرات آب وهوایی در روستاهای کوهستانی است.
    روش
    تحقیق از نظر هدف، کاربردی و روش انجام آن، توصیفی- تحلیلی است. ابزار گردآوری داده ها پرسش نامه بوده است. جامعه آماری شامل کشاورزان دهستان ملاوی در شهرستان پلدختر است (1636N=). با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و به روش نمونه گیری تصادفی ساده 310 خانوار کشاورز به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. برای بررسی تغییرات اقلیمی از داده های ایستگاه هواشناسی شهرستان پلدختر، برای شناسایی مهم ترین شیوه های سازگاری با تغییرات اقلیمی از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی (FA)، و برای شناسایی عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی موثر بر سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییرات آب وهوایی از مدل رگرسیون لجستیک استفاده شد.
    یافته ها
    یافته ها نشان می دهد که از میان شیوه های سازگاری، تنظیم زمان کشت، مدیریت خاک و مدیریت کشت محصولات بیشترین کاربرد را از سوی کشاورزان داشته است. درباره عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی موثر بر سازگاری کشاورزان، یافته ها نشان می دهد از بین عوامل اقتصادی، اندازه مزرعه، سرمایه کشاورز، مالکیت املاک و میزان پس انداز خانوار، از بین عوامل اجتماعی سن سرپرست، تحصیلات سرپرست خانوار، تجربه کشاورز و اندازه خانوار بیشترین اثر را بر سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییرات اقلیمی داشته اند.
    راهکارها: به منظور افزایش ظرفیت انطباقی کشاورزان خرده مالک باید خدمات حمایتی بیشتری از سوی دولت و سازمآن های مربوطه در اختیار آن ها قرار گیرد. همچنین، نهاده هایی که می تواند به بهبود کیفیت خاک کمک کند، راحت تر و به میزان بیشتری در اختیار آن ها قرار گیرد.
    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات اقلیمی، انطباق پذیری، عوامل اقتصادی و اجتماعی، کشاورزان خرده مالک، مدل لجستیک
  • صادق صالحی، امیر مرادی اصل، سیده فاطمه عبدلی صفحات 185-201
    1.
    مقدمه
    فایرلو و بو (2012)، معتقدند که گردشگری می تواند نقش مخرب در جوامع میزبان داشته و به عنوان تخریب گر محیط زیست طبیعی عمل نماید. در حالی که گردشگری جدید که در قالب بوم گردی مطرح می شود حساس به مسائل زیست محیطی و همچنین به فرهنگ محلی است و توجه ویژه ای به نگرش جوامع میزبان می دهد. برای دستیابی به بوم گردی محور، لازم است به نقش جامعه محلی و ساز و کارهای حمایت و مشارکت آنها توجه کافی صورت بپذیرد.
    رشد و توسعه گردشگری طی سال های گذشته در بسیاری از مناطق شمالی کشور، پیامدهای نامطوب و نامناسبی را به همراه داشته است. روستای جنت رودبار به عنوان یکی از روستاهای شهرستان رامسر، از جمله مناطق مورد توجه برای طرح های بوم-گردی است و تحقیق حاضر در صدد است تا به بررسی مساله توسعه بوم گردی در این روستا با تاکید بر مشارکت جوامع محلی بپردازد. در این راستا، تحقیق حاضر در صدد پاسخگویی به چهار سوال اساسی ذیل می باشد:1- نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به طرح توسعه بوم گردی چیست؟
    2- اثرات و پیامدهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی بوم-گردی برای جامعه محلی چیست؟
    3- میزان حمایت جامعه محلی از طرح توسعه بوم گردی چقد است؟
    4- عوامل موثر بر میزان حمایت جامعه محلی از طرح توسعه بوم گردی کدامند؟

    2. مبانی نظری
    مشارکت جامعه محلی در فرایندهای توسعه گردشگری می تواند باعث حمایت از سنت و فرهنگ جامعه محلی شده اما در مقابل، فقدان مشارکت جامعه محلی در این امر می تواند باعث شکست طرح های توسعه گردشگری گردد. مک لاف لین فعالیت های گردشگری را به دو دسته اصلی تقسیم می کند: الف. گردشگری انبوه؛ ب. گردشگری جایگزین.
    بوم گردی همانند سایر فعالیت های گردشگری دارای آثار و پیامدهای مختلف زیست محیطی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی است. عمده ترین آثار و پیامدهای مثبت بوم گردی عبارتند از: ایجاد امکان حفاظت برای حیات وحش، توجیه برای حفاظت از پارک، گزینه استفاده کمتر از منابع، کاهش انگیزه برای استفاده بی رویه از منابع، افزایش رفت های شغلی، افزایش درآمد خانوار، حفظ هویت فرهنگی و افتخار نسبت به جامعه محلی، ارتقا مبادلات فرهنگی، توسعه همکاری های محلی، آموزش. در مقابل، اثرات زیست محیطی منفی بوم گردی عبارتند از: تخریب سکونتگاه ها، تغییر الگوهای مهاجرت حیات وحش، آلودگی آب، فرسایش خاک، تغییرات کاربری زمین در مناطق تولیدی اولیه، از بین رفتن مناطق سرسبز، توزیع ناعادلانه درآمد، توزیع نابرابر درآمدها، کاهش دسترسی به منابع طبیعی، از دست دادن دانش بومی، فاصله گرفتن از خود بسندگی و حرکت به سوی وابستگی، تغییر مناظر فرهنگی مثل مسکن و اشتغال.
    در هر صورت، بسیاری از صاحب نظران معتقدند که در بین گزینه-های مختلف گردشگری، بوم گردی با محیط زیست، التزام به توسعه جوامع و احترام به ویژگی های فرهنگی از جمله گزینه هایی است که بیشترین سازگاری با مفهوم پایداری دارد.

    3. روش تحقیق
    از لحاظ روش شناختی، تحقیق حاضر به صورت پیمایشی و از نوع مقطعی انجام شده است. واحد تحلیل در این پژوهش، فرد روستایی بوده و جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را کلیه ساکنان روستای جنت رودبار در سال 1395 تشکیل دادند. با توجه به اندک بودن تعداد ساکنین روستا، در این تحقیق از روش تمام-شماری برای انتخاب نمونه های استفاده شده است (با توجه معدود بودن تعداد پاسخگویان نیازی به نمونه گیری و یا تعیین حجم نمونه وجود نداشت و بر این اساس، همه ساکنان روستا به عنوان نمونه آماری تحقیق در نظر گرفته شدند). برای جمع آوری داده-های تحقیق، از پرسشنامه خود- اجرا استفاده شده است.
    در این تحقیق و پس از تدوین پرسشنامه، برای تعیین میزان اعتبار(روایی) شاخص هایی که جهت سنجش متغیرها تهیه شده است از اعتبار محتوا استفاده گردید. برای تعیین میزان پایایی(برآورد همسانی یا ثبات درونی) پرسشنامه نیز از آزمون کرونباخ استفاده شد.

    4. یافته های تحقیق
    در زمینه های اقتصادی و زیست محیطی مردم دیدگاه مثبتی نسبت به اثرات این متغیرها داشته اند، به عنوان مثال مردم نگرش مثبتی راجع به اینکه بوم گردی می تواند باعث افزایش درآمد ساکنین شود یا اینکه، بوم گردی می تواند باعث حفظ گونه ها و جانوران بومی بشود، که این ها باعث بوجود آمدن نگرش مثبتی نسبت به آینده بوم گردی در میان ساکنین شده است و این امر توانسته است به صورت غیرمستقیم باعث حمایت جامعه محلی از بوم گردی بشود. همچنین نکته قابل ملاحظه این پژوهش این است که اثرات اجتماعی بوم گردی، به عنوان مثال، اینکه بوم گردی می-تواند باعث همبستگی میان ساکنین بشود یا اینکه بوم گردی می تواند توانمندی محلی را افزایش بدهد، به صورت مستقیم بر متغیر حمایت از بوم گردی اثر گذاشته است و باعث شده است مردم با توجه به درنظر گرفتن اثرات مثبت اجتماعی بوم گردی، از این امر استقبال کنند.

    5.
    نتیجه گیری
    با اثرات اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی بوم گردی اجتماع- محور در جنت رودبار نشان از آن دارد که پاسخ دهندگان به اثرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی و زیست محیطی بوم گردی نگاه موافق و مثبتی را دارند.
    رابطه همبستگی در میان همه متغیرهای تحقیق معنادار بوده است و میزان همبستگی در میان آن ها در سطح بالایی قرار دارند. بیشترین میزان همبستگی میان نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به بوم گردی و اثرات اقتصادی، اثرات زیست محیطی و حمایت جامعه محلی از توسعه بوم گردی است. همچنین بین اثرات اقتصادی و اثرات زیست محیطی و بین حمایت جامعه محلی از توسعه بوم گردی و اثرات زیست محیطی همبستگی قوی وجود دارد. تاثیر مستقیم متغیرهای نگرش جامعه محلی نسبت به بوم گردی و اثرات اجتماعی که به ترتیب ضریب تاثیر آن ها 767/0 و 238/0 می باشد اشاره کرد. متغیرهای اثرات اقتصادی و اثرات زیست-محیطی با تاثیر مستقیمی که بر نگرش نسبت به جامعه محلی دارند(میزان ضریب رگرسیون به ترتیب 153/0 و 628/0) و توانسته اند از این طریق تاثیر غیر مستقیم بر حمایت جامعه محلی داشته باشند.
    کلیدواژگان: بوم گردی، نگرش ساکنان، اثرات و پیامدهای توسعه بوم گردی، حمایت از بوم گردی، جنت رودبار
  • حوری هادی پور، محمد کاوسی کلاشمی، ارسلان سالاری، محمدکریم معتمد صفحات 203-216
    1.
    مقدمه
    دسترسی به تسهیلات و خدمات سلامت یکی از موثرترین عوامل حفظ و ارتقاء سلامت جامعه بشمار می رود. خانه های بهداشت به-عنوان واحدهای بهداشتی مستقر در روستاها نماد توسعه سلامت هستند که اثرات ارزشمندی را در ارتقاء سطح سلامت و بهبود شاخص سلامتی منطقه خود دارند. ایجاد بهبود در هر سازمانی نیازمند اندازه گیری عملکرد سازمان، برنامه ریزی و هدف گذاری جهت بهبود عملکرد می باشد. مهمترین معیار قضاوت در خصوص عملکرد کلیه سازمان ها، کارایی آن ها می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی کارایی خانه های بهداشت روستایی شهرستان لنگرود صورت گرفته است.

    2. مبانی نظری
    تحلیل پوششی داده ها (DEA) یک رویکرد داده ای برای ارزیابی عملکرد مجموعه ای از موجودیت های متجانس به نام واحدهای تصمیم گیری DMU)ها( است که عملکرد آن ها براساس اندازه های متعدد مشخص می شود. DEA سنتی که مبتنی بر مفهوم مرز کارایی است، بهترین نمره کارایی را تعیین می کند که می توان به هر یک از DMUها اختصاص داد. DMUها براساس این نمرات به-عنوان کارای DEA (کارای خوشبینانه) یا غیرکارای DEA (غیرکارای خوشبینانه) تقسیم بندی می شوند و DMUهای کارای DEA، مرز کارایی را مشخص می کنند. رویکرد مشابهی وجود دارد که از مفهوم مرز ناکارایی برای تعیین بدترین نمره کارایی نسبی که می توان به هر DMU اختصاص داد، استفاده می کند.DMU های واقع روی مرز ناکارایی به عنوان ناکارای DEA یا ناکارای بدبینانه تعیین می شوند و آن هایی که روی مرز ناکارا نیستند، به-عنوان غیرناکارای DEA یا غیرناکارای بدبینانه اعلام می شوند. در مقاله حاضر این بحث مطرح می شود که هر دو کارایی نسبی را برای خانه های بهداشت باهم در نظر گرفت. برای اندازه گیری عملکرد کلی DMUها، پیشنهاد می شود که هر دو کارایی در قالب یک بازه ادغام شود که در این صورت مدل های DEA پیشنهادی برای اندازه گیری کارایی را مدل های DEA کراندار می نامیم. به این ترتیب بازه کارایی تمام مقادیر ممکن کارایی را که منعکس کننده دیدگاه های مختلف هستند، در اختیار تصمیم گیرنده قرار می دهد. در این مقاله برای کارایی خانه های بهداشت (واحدهای تصمیم-گیری)، هر دو کارایی هم زمان و در قالب بازه کارایی باهم ادغام شده اند. خانه های بهداشت، نخستین و محیطی‏ترین واحد روستائی ارائه خدمت در نظام شبکه های بهداشتی درمانی کشور به شمار می‏روند و نقش مهمی در پیشگیری از بیماری ها و صیانت از سلامت مردم را به عهده دارند، به‏طوری‏که ارتقای شاخص‏ های بهداشتی کشور به ویژه در روستاها مرهون فعالیت‏های آن‏هاست. هر خانه بهداشت بسته به شرایط جغرافیایی، به ویژه امکانات ارتباطی و جمعیت، یک یا چند روستا را تحت پوشش خود دارد و نقش کلیدی این خانه ها، زمانی مشخص می‏شود که در دور افتاده‏ ترین روستاهای کشور با ارائه خدمات بهداشتی لازم به روستاییان، از بروز بیماری در جامعه پیشگیری می‏کنند.

    3. روش تحقیق
    پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی – تحلیلی و داده های آن از نوع مقطعی است که در سال 1395 به صورت میدانی در 45 خانه بهداشت روستایی شهرستان لنگرود جمع آوری شد. اطلاعات مورد نیاز با استفاده از آمار و مستندات موجود، جمع آوری و با نرم افزارهای Windeapو GAMS بررسی شد. در این پژوهش برای ارزیابی عملکرد خانه های بهداشت اقدام به تعیین2 ورودی شامل: هزینه مصرفی و تعداد بهورز و 3 خروجی شامل: مراجعین بهداشت خانواده، مراجعین بیماری ها و مراجعین پانسمان در بازه زمانی فروردین 1394 تا فروردین 1395 شد.

    4. یافته های تحقیق
    نتایج نشان داد که 9 خانه بهداشت روستایی از 45 خانه بهداشت با کسب نمره کارایی یک، دارای عملکرد کارا می باشند. خانه های بهداشت گرسک، کورورودخانه و ملاط به ترتیب سه نمره اول کارایی را به خود اختصاص داده اند. نتایج مطالعه نشان می دهد که میانگین کارایی خوش بینانه در دو حالت ستاده محور و نهاده محور به ترتیب برابر 645/1 و 688/0 است و 5/15 درصد خانه های بهداشت در حالت بدبینانه ناکارا هستند. همچنین، 64 درصد واحدها بین دو مرز کارا و ناکارا احاطه شده و از منظر بدبینانه ناکارا نیستند، در حالی که از منظر خوش بینانه نیز روی مرز کارایی قرار ندارند که نشان دهنده زیاده روی در مصرف نهاده ها و توان بالقوه در افزایش ارائه خدمات یا کاهش مصرف نهاده ها می-باشد. 29 واحد نیز واحدهای نامعین هستند به صورتی که بین دو مرز کارا و ناکارا احاطه شده اند و نه کارای خوشبینانه و نه ناکارای بدبینانه می باشند .با توجه به یافته های تحقیق، بیشینه کارایی خوش بینانه 87/3 و کمینه آن یک، بیشینه کارایی بدبینانه یک و کمینه آن 29/0 می باشد. با توجه به نتایج این مطالعه، پیشنهاد می شود با الگو قرار دادن خانه های بهداشت کارآمد و نیازسنجی آموزشی خانه های بهداشت ناکارا نسبت به برنامه ریزی در راستای افزایش کارایی اقدام شود.

    5.
    نتیجه گیری
    در این مقاله مدل هایDEA کراندار برای ارزیابی عملکرد خانه های بهداشت لنگرود مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. مدل های DEA کران-دار، کران های کارایی را از دیدگاه خوشبینانه و بدبینانه نشان می-دهد. همچنین نشان داده شد که واحدهای کارای خوشبینانه، ناکارای بدبینانه و نیز مرزهای کارایی و ناکارایی را می توان به دقت با استفاده از مدل های کراندار شناسایی نمود. میانگین کارایی بازه ای خانه ای بهداشت در محدوده 123/0 و 671/0 قرار داشت که بیانگر زیاده روی در مصرف نهاده به میزان 64 درصد می باشد. 64 درصد خانه های بهداشت هر چند به صورت کارا عمل نمی-کنند ولی روی مرز ناکارایی نیز قرار ندارند، که گویای توان بالقوه واحدها در تولید بیشتر ستاه ها بدون افزایش مقدار نهاده ها باشد و این امر می تواند نتایج اقتصادی مطلوبی را به دنبال داشته باشد. با توجه به تعدیل کارایی خوش بینانه در صورتی که حد پایین کارایی معادل 076/0 قرار داشته باشد آن واحد کارا خواهد بود. واحد ویژه که هم کارای خوشبینانه و هم ناکارای بدبینانه می باشد، وجود ندارد..
    با توجه به یافته های تحقیق ماکزیمم کارایی خوشبینانه در برخی از واحدها باسیاست های خاص مدیریتی چون کم کردن هزینه مصرفی و راهکار تعدیل نیرو می تواند کارساز باشد، واحدی که بار مراجعاتش بسیار پایین باشد یک نیرو هم می تواند به خوبی پاسخ-گوی مراجعین بوده و خدمات تعریف شده را به خوبی انجام دهد و از نیروی مازاد برای واحدی که دارای نیروی کافی نمی باشد استفاده کرد و از اتلاف هزینه ها جلوگیری و در مصرف نهاده صرفه جویی نمود.
    کلیدواژگان: کارایی خوش بینانه، کارایی بدبینانه، کارایی بازه ای، سلامت
  • مجید یاسوری، نادر افقی، سیده فاطمه امامی صفحات 217-234
    اهداف
    هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی رابطه بین مشارکت روستایی و وضعیت فقر در ابعاد متفاوت اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی در سطح دهستان سراوان واقع در شهرستان رشت در استان گیلان می باشد. متغیرهای پیش بین تحقیق را مشارکت در ابعاد متفاوت اجتماعی، سیاسی و خدماتی کالبدی، شیوه نگرش به مشارکت و شیوه عمل به مشارکت و متغیر ملاک را فقر در ابعاد اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی تشکیل می دهد.
    روش
    نوع تحقیق به صورت کاربردی-توسعه ای است و روش مطالعه اسنادی، تحلیلی و پیمایشی است. جهت تکمیل اطلاعات موجود از ابزار پرسش نامه استفاده شده است. به منظور بررسی مولفه های فقر در ابعاد سیاسی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی به رابطه بین این دو متغیر مشارکت و فقر با استفاده از مدل رگرسیون چندگانه در نرم افزار SPSS صورت گرفته است. جامعه آماری تحقیق کل خانوار روستایی دهستان سراوان است، با استفاده از جدول مورگان تعداد370 نمونه انتخاب شد.
    یافته ها
    نتایج تحقیق حاکی از این موضوع است که بین فقر در ابعاد مختلف و میزان مشارکت رابطه وجود دارد؛ به این معنی که به ازای افزایش هر واحد در مشارکت به میزان 649/0 واحد در ابعاد اجتماعی فقر، 756/0 واحد در ابعاد اقتصادی و 728/0 واحد نیز در ابعاد سیاسی فقر کاهش پیدا می کند؛ به عبارتی، با افزایش هر یک از شاخص های مشارکت، شیوه عمل به مشارکت و نحوه نگرش نسبت به مشارکت در بعد اجتماعی، سیاسی و اقتصادی، فقر کاهش پیدا می-کند.
    محدودیت ها و راهبردها: از جمله محدودیت های سر راه تحقیق در این پژوهش آشنانبودن و ترس روستاییان از روند مشارکت بوده است.
    اصالت و ارزش: با توجه به این پژوهش می توان به این نتیجه دست یافت که روستاییان می توانند در سرنوشت خودشان نقش بسزایی داشته باشند. بنابراین، باید جهت توان مندسازی آن ها و دخیل کردنشان در امر مشارکت کوشا بود.
    کلیدواژگان: مشارکت روستایی، فقر، دهستان سراوان، استان گیلان، رگرسیون چندگانه
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  • Mohammad Reza Rezvani, Habib Mahmoudi Chenari, Amir Talkhab, Hamideh Mahmoudi Pages 1-18
    1.
    Introduction
    Investigating the developments of rural society from the past to the present, it has been shown that rural areas face with fundamental difficulties and problems at different levels in various socio-economic and ecological dimensions. The continuation of this situation has caused problems such as exacerbation of regional inequalities, the abandonment of efficient rural and material capital in villages, the ever-increasing decline in food production and the emergence of food crises, population accumulation in urban societies, and the spread of marginalization, unemployment and social damage. Considering the fact that villagers are among the most deprived groups of the society, and bearing in mind that the types of economic and livelihood activities, sources of income, and expenditure in rural and urban areas are very different, many differences and inequality have been observed in the expense and income of rural and urban households over the past few decades. Therefore, the recognition and analysis of spatial distribution of expense and income of rural households are of high importance. The study of income distribution in villages indicates the fact that, in comparison with cities, the distribution of income in rural areas is more unbalanced. One of the important factors in achieving sustainable rural development is to balance the expense and income of rural households in the country. Considering the importance of expense and income of rural households in rural and national economy, the aim of this study is the spatial analysis of the distribution of income and expenditure of rural households in different provinces of the country during the period 1996-2012. In other words, this study investigates the trend from the beginning of the Second Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the beginning of the fifth plan. Considering the time of the compilation of the sixth plan, the attitude of authorities towards small areas, especially rural ones, can remove this heavy burden from the government and make a complete comprehensive plan with respect to self-reliance of rural communities.
    Therefore, the main question in this study is as follows: Is the spatial distribution of household expenditure and income in rural areas equal and balanced in the country?
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: One of the main concerns of economic and social development planners of the country is the improvement of quality of life and social welfare in the society. Since social welfare of households depends on their income and that the proper distribution of income increases the level of social welfare in the whole society and the majority of households, equal distribution of income is one of the country's development planning purposes. One of the dimensions of the fair distribution of income is its space dimension. Investigating the spatial distribution of expense and income of rural households can help planners to understand the spatial distribution as well as income gaps and related reasons. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired goal of equal distribution of income in rural households, it is necessary to find out the spatial distribution of expense and income in rural households of the country and provide balanced solutions and optimize the spatial distribution.
    3.
    Methodology
    The method of this study, with respect to its purpose, is that of applied studies, and the method of data collection is documentary, and it was gained from Iran's Statistics Center. The statistical data collected in this study include total annual income of rural households, income gained from salaries, earnings from freelancers, miscellaneous incomes as well as the total annual expense of rural households, food expenses- tobacco and non-fiscal charges – and tobacco which is shared among the provinces of the country. Moreover, ArcGis10.2 software was used to study spatial distribution of rural household's expenditure and income.
    4.
    Discussion
    The findings show that the expense of households decreased from 56.1% in 1986 to 41.1% in 2001 and 31.2% in 2011 in a positive direction. On the other hand, the villagers have enjoyed a better and more favorable living standard by changing their consumption patterns (from food to nonfood and tobacco). So that the growth of non-food expenses and TobaccoTo Food and tobacco In the year 2011 Compared to 2012 years About 39 percent. While at the same time the expense of food and tobacco Only 22.3 percent growth. During this period, the share of agricultural businesses in reducing the income of rural households has been reduced while the share of non-agricultural businesses and other occupations has increased.
    5.
    Conclusion
    In general, the findings of this study showed that during the period of time examined, income inequality in rural areas of the country has decreased. Although this decline is very slow, it reflects the process of adjusting income inequalities in rural households. The amount of income earned in the provinces of Tehran and Khorasan Razavi is more than other provinces. The income gained from free jobs in the villages of Kurdistan, Semnan, and Ardebil is good which shows the role of agriculture in these provinces as it plays a pivotal role in increasing the income of free-owned rural households in these provinces. Regarding the income of rural households, the provinces of Hamedan, and Sistan and Baluchestan have the highest income. In addition, the results of the study showed that rural households in Kurdistan province have the highest amount of annual expenditure on food and tobacco with 78%. Regarding non-food and tobacco expense, rural households in Tehran, Qom and Lorestan provinces were the most expensive, and with regard to the difference in expense and annual income of rural households, Khorasan Razavi and Kurdistan provinces experienced the highest positive difference.
    Keywords: Expense, income, rural household, food, non-food, spatial distribution
  • Hamid Barghi, Raziyeh Nouri, Fatemeh Baratizadeh, Rastegar Mohammadi Pages 19-33
    1.
    Introduction
    Given the importance of the agriculture sector in the country’s economy, activities in this sector are different from other productive and economic activities. Such difference is considered as a high-risk action due to the agriculture’s heavy reliance on nature. Product insurance is a significant tool to reduce the risks of natural disasters; yet establishing agricultural insurance in a rural society must be taken into account as a new phenomenon. Similar to any other form of innovation, its reception by agricultural producers may face resistance or involve a slow and time-consuming progress which is a function of various socioeconomic factors. Without awareness about such factors, the possibility of attracting a proper participation of agricultural beneficiaries is little. As a result, the present study attempts to identify the most important factors on the trend toward agricultural and animal product insurance of rural residents in order to institutionalize these factors in Khomein County with respect to their extent of effectiveness.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Investigations show that agricultural insurance is well received by every country in the world, whether developed or developing, as one of the most effective ways of risk management as well as supporting agricultural producers. In this regard, agricultural product insurance can be considered as one of the pillars of agricultural development because by employing such a mechanism, the small savings gathered by numerous farmers to pay for insurance fees can be used to compensate for the damages that some of them had faced along with offering more security to agricultural producers.
    From a historical perspective, it can be stated that the growth in agricultural insurance began when farmers became united to protect their product incomes and shield themselves from damages done by storm and hail. In other words, agricultural insurance has evolved from hail insurance during the past century.
    3.
    Methodology
    The present inquiry is a cross-sectional study that is conducted to examine the effective components on trend toward agricultural and animal product insurance among rural residents. According to the purpose and nature of the study, the research method is applied and descriptive-analytical, respectively. The total population in this study include 340 insured individuals from Rostaq village located in Khomein County. The sample size was estimated to be 180 individuals using the Cochran formula, and the samples were selected relative to the share and number of insured people in each village, using stratified random sampling. After the questionnaires were completed, 160 samples were examined (a number of questionnaires were invalid). All statistical analyses in this study were carried out using Amos Graphics 20 software.
    4.
    Discussion
    In order to examine the effective factors on trend toward agricultural and animal product insurance in rural societies in the first model, twenty factors were identified. In the second model, the effective components on agricultural and animal product insurance investigated in this study were divided into two categories based on the contents, theme of variables and the author’s assumption.
    1. The first category includes components related to the insurance company or those organizational factors that are specified in this study as factors governing the organization. This category was examined in three aspects involving satisfaction toward the organization’s services, information and insurance advertisements, and the insurance conditions and regulations.
    2. The second category involves factors related to the (insured) individual which were specified as factors governing the individual in three aspects including financial and welfare, information and awareness, and personal and motivational. Consequently, a two-factor analysis model was employed in this section.
    Among organizational factors, the insurance conditions and regulations involve the highest load (0.68) on its structure, i.e. organizational components. This means that this variable is more effective in clarifying the extent of trend toward insurance compared to other organizational factors. Subsequently, variables including satisfaction toward insurance services and information and notices are considered as organizational components with 0.54 and 0.42 values, respectively. However, among the three aspects of components concerning the trend toward insurance governing the individual, the financial and welfare components involve the highest load (0.76). Successively, there are personal and motivational (0.48) and information and awareness (0.36) components. On the other hand, attention to organizational and individual components with a correlation of 0.43 indicate the connection between these two categories of factors which means that the individual and organizational components affect one another. The significance of factor load concerning each variable are demonstrated in Table 5. As the findings show, all the factor loads with a P Value of less than 0.05 are significant.
    5.
    Conclusion
    According to the findings along with considering the importance of agricultural and animal product insurance as a support for activities within the agricultural sector, the identification of factors that indicate trends toward this type of insurance would be the first essential step to enforce them and reduce restrictive factors. In terms of research, it is recommended to conduct a set of qualitative studies in this area with special focus on experiences of the insured so that the subject can be analyzed with more depth. Since the focus of this study was only placed on the insured, attention to the insurance company staff’s perspective could also supplement the study. Furthermore, in order to provide a better and deeper setting for farmers to become more familiar with the purposes and strategies of agricultural and animal product insurance, the planning, policies and organizational performances of authorities in this area must be focused upon enforcing the effective factors and reducing the restrictive ones, offering a background for more interactions between authorities and rural residents, holding educational courses for rural residents to become more familiar with insurance companies, increasing advertisement and providing more information for rural residents, improving the quality of services for the insured and prioritizing for research.
    Keywords: Agricultural product insurance, individual factors, organizational factors, Khomein County
  • Reza Khosrobeigi Bozchalouie Pages 35-57
    1.
    Introduction
    Remote and inaccessible rural unlike the rural adjacent to large cities which benefit from the effects of population density and suburbanize, traditionally have to rely on their own internal resources and they do not have any opportunity for attracting urban population. At the same time, some of villages are at a higher level due to the presence of natural capacities and the availability of open space for leisure and recreation without any stressful factors, and therefore are interested for diversity of outlooks, relaxation and meditation. Similarly, under different circumstances, different perspectives of demographic changes can be found, along with stagnation, dynamism can be observed. In fact, the experiences of life and rurality are significantly different between individuals and society (however, if we have similar and homogeneous situations spatially). This is rooted in a set of cultural and social characteristics that bring residential preferences and expectations and, consequently, demographic movements. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the plurality and diversity of remote rural areas (micro level) in relation to immigration motives and demographic movements based on different routine lives of local residents and various moral and cultural discourses in societies, and control the preferences of individuals in choosing the location.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: With the expansion of communications and information technology, we see not only tourists, but also permanent residents of urban areas in remote rural which has led to new jobs and, consequently, population growth. However, in some places, as well as in the past, there is a continuing decline in population and movements to the benefit of urban areas. Accordingly, focusing on rural discourses and representations is highlighted in recent rural studies as part of the cultural turn and portrays the importance of rural redevelopment, the movement from produce space and consumption space for audiences. Although all the studies have been directed alongside the "cultural turn", there is a clear difference in the applied
    Methods
    to prevent the imposition of different guidelines and conflicting claims of the concepts of Frows rurality (1998), three major discourse streams with themes agricultural-rural, benefit-driven and hedonism have been identified. In addition, in recent years, Lopez-i- Glate (2009) has identified four major groups of rurality discourses such as environmentalism, entrepreneurship, agriculture, and endogenous development, which are the source of many research on demographic dynamics in rural areas.
    3.
    Methodology
    The analytical strategy in this research is a socio-cultural background and a qualitative methodology, and, most of all, in this paper, “case study based grounded theory", multiple representations of rurality in relation to population movements and residential decisions. This technique contributes to combining and creating an equivalence between the complex dimensions of research namely, the knowledge of the researcher and how to communicate with local residents, events and events in the area, systematic observations (cultural dynamics), and semi-structured interviews on the (moral) status of the residents.
    Extracting the ethical and cultural discourses related to different prospect of demographic changes in the present research is carried out through the principles embodied in the Q
    Methodology
    The general objective of this method is to study the "personal perspectives, concepts and beliefs" of the people.
    4.
    Discussion
    The mentality obtained by the Q methodology acknowledges that despite the spatial and geographical similarities of rural settlements in the Shirvan County, two different social and ethical discourses have been formed in Sarhad/ Ghooshkhaneh and the central part, and on this basis, there are differences in the prospects of the population. The mentality identified at Sarhad/ Ghooshkhaneh are more aligned with traditional and historical identities. There is a great demand for maintaining economic and social structures, namely grazing livestock in the rangeland at first, and second, farming by local residents. In contrast, the public policy of the country's economic development has limited the use of rangelands due to limited environmental sensitivities and attempts to transform the herd and sheep economy into livestock production, both industrially and lividly. On the other hand, the agricultural sector should be transformed from the secondary activity to main economic pillar of the region and in some cases it will provide most of the financial needs of the rural household. These imposed identities are a controversial area, and in the light of our social economic disparities, we experienced the increasing withdrawal of labor in Sarhad/ Ghooshkhaneh for the benefit of other economic sectors, especially urban ones. On the other hand, the expansion of the agricultural sector is not accompanied by the general popularity of local people and is limited to women's households. It should be said that the continuous decline of the population is not entirely focused on the subject of identified mentality, and other realities in everyday life can manipulate villager's decisions to stay or not.
    5.
    Conclusion
    In the conclusion, the macro-rural development patterns are emerged from local micro practices. The rural is merely an integral part of a community that is linked to a set of cultural, social, and moral characteristics before being examined by agricultural and productive activities or entrepreneurial initiatives. It is predicted that rural settlements are based on the principles of past developmental patterns of the emerging and new demands of local residents (due to extensive changes), as well as the destructive effects of local micro practices are in executive initiatives. So that, improving the quality of rural life became a complex problem, and development prospects are not accepted locally, and people are alien to them. On the other hand, the rural community has turned to conservatism and use motivational mechanisms, while does not deceive the plans of the construction companies and pursues their own cultural and moral interests.
    Keywords: Remote rural, population changes, comparative comparison, moral, cultural discourse, Shirvan
  • Arastoo Yarihesar, Mohammad Hosien Bouchani, Zahra Mohammadi Pages 59-78
    1.
    Introduction
    The establishment of industrial towns in Iran has been along with an emphasis on the global efforts to apply local potentials as well as paving the way for the regional development. The initial efforts in Iran to establish industrial areas began in 1933 in Karaj. In this framework, Alborz Industrial City which was started in 1967 around the village of Alvand in a 900-acre area followed two main goals: "industrial decentralization from Tehran" and "development of Qazvin as a separation area between Tehran and western as well as eastern areas". With these changes, the village of Alvand has turned to a town in 1361 and the villages around it started getting developed. Finally, in 2004 this area was recognized as a town around Qazvin. The development of the Alborz Industrial City during the last years has affected the mobility and sustainability of the adjacent villages. The longitudinal as well as the population development of this city is a prominent example of this issue. It is expected that this developmental process influences the features of adjacent villages. Therefore, we can evaluate the influence of this city on the sustainability of the features of development of adjacent villages through a reliable as well as novel technique. This is why in this research we have tried to apply Prescott Allen method to analyze the issue and answer the following questions: what is the level of sustainability of the villages adjacent to Alborz Industrial City? Do these features and the various aspects of sustainability in the adjacent villages go on the same direction? Is there a significant relationship between the distant of the adjacent villages of Alborz Industrial City and the level of sustainability of these villages being studied?
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Nowadays, the issue of sustainability is the most significant issue in all activities and the plans of rural development. The notion of sustainability in the framework of this research reveals the balance and mobility of rural residential areas related to the ecological-natural, social-cultural and contextual-spacial structures. It seems that the development of industry guarantees the sustainability of the areas adjacent to it through time-spacial processes. Instead of focusing on just the economical aspect, the sustainable development designs a philosophy of social as well as environmental aspects in an economic viewpoint and monitors it in the atmosphere around it. In fact, the simultaneous function of these three aspects lead to welfare, poverty uproot and everyone's exposure to good life as well as development of the future generation's exposure to the environmental resources available in the rural areas. Reaching these goals also requires some changes and corrections in the rural industrial planning such as industrial cities and industrial areas as well as the evaluation of various aspects of sustainable development.
    3.
    Methodology
    The present research is fundamental in terms of goal and scientific in terms of method. In this research, questionnaires have been used to gather information from the studying society. The statistical community of the research included the residents of the villages "Piryusefian" and "Nosratabad" in Alvand town. The samples were selected from the local society in a random systematic way. The distribution ratio of the samples in this study was stage-based and based on the population of the villages. Two models of Prescott Allen sustainability barometer and the development features of the sustainability of radar were evaluated in this research. The selected features relevant to the development sustainability included 5 social factors, 4 economic factors, 4 contextual factors and 3 environmental factors. Each of the above-mentioned factors include some sub-factors that consist of 23 social sub-factors, 15 economic sub-factors, 17 environmental sub-factors and 16 contextual sub-factors.
    4.
    Discussion
    The findings show that the expense of households In terms of income and employment, economic well-fare and economic justice, the under studying villages are in an average level of sustainability and in terms of economic stability, they are in a potential instability level. In terms of economic factors, the villages of "Mashaldar" in the district of "Piryusefian" and "Kochar" in the district of "Nosratabad" have got a better level of sustainability and are in an average level of sustainability. In terms of the environment, both districts have got average levels relevant to environmental variation. Generally, in terms of local community, the sustainability of the villages of "Piryusefian" district including "Mashaldar, Ghadimabad, and Piryusefian" are in an instable situation and in terms of society, environment and context, they are in an average level of sustainability. Also the villages of "Nosratabad" district including "Kochar, Kamalabad and Hasnabad" are in an average level of sustainability in terms of economy, environment and context and they are in a potential sustainability level in terms of society. The analysis of the findings reveals significant relationships between sustainability in term of context and sustainability level in term of society. The analysis of the level of sustainability correlational as a dependent variable and the distance as an independent variable demonstrates that as the distant of the studying villages increase from Alborz Industrial City, the level environmental sustainability in the rural areas increases as well. Also by the increase of the distance of the villages from the Alborz Industrial City, the level of economic, social and contextual sustainability decreases
    5.
    Conclusion
    The findings of this research reveal that those villages closer to Alborz Industrial City are more sustainable in all aspects except environmental one. Also this study showed that being close to Alborz Industrial City has not led to the fall of environmental sustainability features critically. According to the analyses and findings, in seems critical to find efficient solutions in order to prevent turning useful agricultural lands to industrial and non-agricultural ones in the framework of providing a complete plan or establishment of centralized rural residential areas. Also according to the low number of industries and factories work based on the products produced in the adjacent villages, the presence of this city has not yet led to the complete or high sustainability of the economic features among the resident families.
    Keywords: Industrial Cities, sustainable development assessment, rural sustainability, Prescott Alen model, Alborz
  • Saeid Maleki, Mostefa Abiyat, Morteza Abiyat Pages 79-103
    1.
    Introduction
    The practice of choosing the proper location for sanitary disposal of waste is a difficult, complicated, long and expensive process. This cannot be done without using a robust and reliable system that has the ability to use and analyze multiple strata of data. GIS is very suitable because of the capacity to deal with a great quantity of data. The system has the ability to simulate and control the parameters of hydrology, hydrogeology, physiography and the environment. The purpose of this research is to find a suitable waste landfill site in Shavur district of Shoosh city using the analysis of the parameters of the drastic model through the GIS and the hierarchical analysis process. In other words, this research attempts to analyze the components that are important in locating landfill in Shavur, Shoosh, through the GIS and AHP techniques, and identifies the most suitable site for solid waste disposal, which has the least harmful environmental and human impacts, and to provide the findings in the form of the map.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: The concept of the landfill is a useful method to choose a landfill or waste site. Locating proper sites for municipal or rural waste disposal is a complex and multidisciplinary process that requires environmental, ecological, social, economic, technical or specialized considerations. Lack of land for landfill and population growth are two greatest challenges in urban and rural areas in the world. Hence, the selection of places for landfill is the major problem facing the waste disposal management system. Given the importance of the rural community and the challenges that such community faces in its development process, recognizing the characteristics of rural development planning and addressing all aspects of it are essential. Therefore, it is necessary to pay particular attention to waste management in national programs. Over the past few years, with the help of GIS capabilities, many studies have been conducted to facilitate the process of selecting waste disposal landfills and to decrease the expense of constructing such sites, in order to keep up the process of environmental protection and to meet the objectives of sustainable regional development as well as logically managing development plans and projects. The hierarchical analysis process is flexible, strong, and simple. It is used in situations where conflicting decision-making criteria make choosing between options difficult to apply. This multi-attribute assessment approach was first proposed in 1980 by Thomas L. Saaty, and has been numerously used in regional planning. In addition, the dramatic model is based on seven hydrological parameters that include ground water static depth, net nutrient level, aquifer material, aquifer environment, soil or soil layer material, topography slope, the effect of the unsaturated environment and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer.
    3.
    Methodology
    In terms of purposing, the present study is applied, and in terms of its nature and method, it is a descriptive and analytical research. Data collection has been done via documents and surveys. To achieve the objectives of the first research, the site's talent recognition camps for waste sanitary landfill, including five issues related to the human, hydrological, communication, environmental and topographic indicators, were identified with two variables. A total of 10 were identified. These criteria were estimated when a questionnaire was completed by 30 experts, using the AHP hierarchical process analysis, and it was valued in the Excel and Expert Choice environment, and the compatibility of each of the criteria and sub-criteria was estimated. Secondly, in order to prepare a vulnerability map for groundwater due to leakage of leachate, the seven hydrological parameters of the Drastic method were used, which include the following: groundwater depth (D), net nutrient (R), aquifer type or saturated environment (A), Soil layer (S), topographic gradient (T), influence of the environment of Vados, or unsaturated medium (I) and hydraulic conductivity (C). To show the mentioned spatial parameters, the layer of Shavur section of Shoosh was combined with the weights of the criteria in the ArcGIS 10.3 environment and the UTM coordinate system in Zone 39. Interpolation, Distance, and Surface functions in the Arc Toolbox menu were used to adjust the evaluation layers so that the most suitable and most demanding sites for rural waste disposal can be extracted from the output Layers. It should also be noted that for the production of the map of each of the parameters of the drastic method, the data from the study plan of hydro climate balance excavation of the Ahoodasht district of Shoosh city (Company in charge: Water and Power Organization of Khuzestan province) were used.
    4.
    Discussion
    The results of the research show that from the total area of the site, about 39.38% of it is in a very inappropriate level. In other words, these areas are not suitable for waste landfill operations. After that, perfectly appropriate levels with 20.1%, appropriate levels of about 21% and relatively appropriate with 20.4% of the area are the next respectively. What is deducted from the final map is that from the total completely appropriate areas, three sites with titles; Landfill 1 to 3 have the best places to implement the project and have a better priority than other areas.
    5.
    Conclusion
    The proposed sites have been identified based on many environmental characteristics such as distance from surface water and underground water, distance from biological complexes such as towns and villages, distance from agricultural areas, distance from protected areas and proximity to major roads for ease of transfer and by taking into account the landfill location criteria. The location of each of the sites is as follows: Landfill No. 1, one kilometer away from Shavur, and two kilometers from the village of Khois, Landfill No. 2, seven kilometers from Alvan and two kilometers from the village of San Karim, and Landfill No 3. It is located nine kilometers from the city of Alvan and one km from the villages of Akiush in the south, and Khalaf Aziz in the north. In the end, it should be noted that any method, while having advantages, has limitations which can be determined in subsequent research by comparing the results of this method with other methods. The more numerous and more precise criteria and indicators are, the better the results will be. As a matter of fact, this requires further research in the future.
    Keywords: Rural solid waste disposal, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Drastic, Geographic Information System, Shavur, Shoosh
  • Masoud Yazdanpanah, Tahereh Zobeidi, Ziba Bakhtiari Pages 105-117
    1.
    Introduction
    Many rural areas of the Iran experienced population decline due to out-migration. rural to urban migration have had consequences on social, economic, and political issue. On the other hand, Mobility rates were found to be highest for people between the ages of 16 and 29 years. Within this age group, the likelihood of leaving home increases as age increases. Also the research's has shown that young people who possess higher levels of formal education tend to move out of rural communities. Therefore, Youth out-migration is a common feature of most rural areas in both developed and developing countries. In other words, ‘Should I stay or should I leave my home region?’ is one of the key life course questions that many young people must address as they grow to maturity. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, migration intentions have in General been found to be a moderate to strong predictor of actual migration in various societies around the world. Understanding migration intentions is a difficult task, as decisions to migrate often reflect the influence of a range of factors in both origin and destination communities. Therefore, identify the influencing factors on willingness of youth to stay in their rural is important. So this study was designed to Investigate of the factors influencing on youth intention in order to stay in rural.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: According to various studies, several factors influence the intention to stay in a rural. A literature review showed that the Image of Rural, Attitude toward rural areas, the feeling of Belonging to the rural, the Moral and Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, Identity, Perceived Value of Life in the rural and Satisfaction are the factors influencing the intention to stay in the rural.
    3.
    Methodology
    This study is an applied research and with the survey method was conducted. Target population of this study consisted of 420 graduated students. Using a simple Quota random sampling method, 200 students were selected for this study. The sample size was determined using the Morgan table. The study site is Ramin agricultural university in the Khuzestan province. Data were collected through a questionnaire based on the conceptual model. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The survey was pre-tested and piloted on 30 students from outside the study area. This procedure highlighted any unclear sections of the questionnaire. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients were calculated for the pilot study and used to refine the questions for the final questionnaire. All scales indicated good-to-excellent reliability, generally 0.70–0.85.
    4.
    Discussion
    The results revealed a positive significant relationship between intention to stay and attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm. Moreover, the results revealed that self- identity, Image of rural, Belonging, moral norm, perceived value and satisfaction had negative significant relationship with intention. The regression showed that image of rural, attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm are significant predictors of intention. These four variables predicted 58% of the variance in intention to stay. (sig=0/0001, F= 23/10, R2 Adjust = 0/55). perceived behavioral control is a key predictor of intention. perceived value and belonging were significant predictors of satisfaction. These two variables predicted 52% of the variance in satisfaction (sig=0/0001, F= 58/23, R2 Adjust = 0/51).
    5.
    Conclusion
    The results revealed that image, attitude, perceived behavior control and subjective norm are having an impact on stay intention. From a practical point of view, the present study provides a justification for using attitude, Image, perceived behaviour control and subjective norm dimensions in policies and programs that intend to decrease young people to migrant from rural area. a positive attitude towards rural living is a good starting point to stimulate willingness to remain in rural area. This relationship has received substantial empirical support (see Yazdanpanah & Zobeidi., 2017; Yazdanpanah et al, 2015; Liao et al., 2007). Furthermore, perceived behavior control refers to the grade to which an individual feel that the performance of behavior is under his/her volitional control. In line with findings of other studies (Liao et al., 2007), the Perceived behavior control was a determinant (main predictor) of intention. Moreover, our study unlike other studies (Yazdanpanah et al, 2015), revealed that moral norms were not a significant predictor of intention. therefore, attempts to encourage young people to stay in rural areas should focus on improving image of rural, attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms.
    Keywords: Desire to stay, intent, satisfaction of life, satisfaction, rural students
  • Abdorreza Rahmani Fazli, Saeed Salehian Bad Pages 119-138
    1.
    Introduction
    Water is a major concern for sustainable development in the twenty-first century, as the experts believe that water issues will become a major crisis in the upcoming years, even as a world war over water. Instability of water resources as drought or water shortage has affected many countries throughout history, especially the arid regions and has many damages and consequences in the economic, social and environmental aspects. Zayandeh-Rud basin in central Iran is a region with water problems. Zayandehrood River that originates from the Zardkuh Bakhtiary Mountain is the most important river of the region for the development of agriculture, and a supply for heavy industry and also drinking water sectors and is also very important in all of economic activities. Climate instability in recent decades and the ever-increasing usage of the river over time have led to the instability of agricultural water resources or droughts in recent years. Instability of agricultural water resources has consequences in economic, social, political and ecological aspects, especially in rural settlements. This study focuses on environmental, economic, and social consequences of instability of agricultural water resources or drought in rural settlements of sub-area of Zayandeh-Rud River (eastern part of Isfahan) and its relationship with rural development in the study area.
    2.
    Methodology
    The research is based on descriptive-analytical and quantitative method. Statistical population of research is villages in downstream part of Zayandeh-Rud basin. The population sample was chosen based on Cochran formula and through stratified probability sampling. The study area in the down part of the river (from Isfahan city to Gavkhoni marsh) was divided into two parts, Western and Eastern according to geographic, socio-cultural and political indicators; then, four districts were selected in the ruling classes research. The estimated number for 33153 rural households was 380 people, but the number was reduced to 323 people during the study, due to the limitations and the exclusion of incorrect questionnaire. The estimation for the sample of settlements was 25 villages. Questionnaires were divided into economic, social and environmental indicators in the study area and the indices were compared before and after the drought. In the following, the average of research triples indices (economic, social, and environmental) in SPSS software was analyzed. Then, the results were analyzed using one sample T-test, and then compared to significant differences of impacts of drought in various rural districts using ANOVA test. The average score for each section of the research is the result of analysis and calculations in research.
    3.
    Discussion
    The assessment of the consequences of drought was analyzed in three dimensions: environmental, economic, and social. To measure the economic consequences of instability of water resources (droughts) 27 indicators were used, and based on people's responses to the effects of drought on economic indicators the average of 23.4 was obtained. The greatest impact of drought or water shortage in the indices was allocated respectively to "reliance on government aid such as subsidies", “reduction of income" and "the spread of unemployment". To measure the social consequences of instability of water resources (droughts) 31 indices were studied and the average of social indexes in a range of five-item Likert scale was 4.02. The analysis of social indicators in the study area settlements shows that droughts are the main reasons for "more heavily indebted people", "more stressful living and increased psychological pressures" and "increasing poverty" in those studied areas. Reviews of immigration factors have also shown a direct impact of drought on migration of people from villages. Thirteen indexes are used to assess the environmental effects of water resources instability. The highest impact of drought on environmental indicators is in "drying quants, wells and springs", "reducing the amount of surface water" and "the increase of the depth of water wells (a sharp decline in groundwater levels)”, and the least effect is seen on the following Indicators: "more fire in the natural environment of the region" and "reduction of medicinal plants". The average of environmental impacts of droughts is 4/24. The results show that there is no significant difference between rural districts in the study area in terms of the impact of drought; this means that the rural districts in the study area are relatively similar with regard to the impact of the negative consequences of drought in various aspects.
    5.
    Conclusion
    With the instability of water resources in agricultural sector, natural and human environment in the region had been affected and also many environmental, economic, social consequences in human settlements of area had been occurred. Since the settlement of the area (particularly villages) has an agricultural-based economy and is heavily dependent on rivers, “the dried river” had negatively impacted various indicators of environmental and human dimensions. In sum, based on fieldwork research (observation, interviews, and questionnaires), the economy of the study area was dependent on the Zayandeh-Rud River and with “the dried-out river” the permanent flow of the river had ceased, and consequently all of the environmental, economic, and social aspects of rural settlements all around riverbanks had been degraded. Also environmental, economic, and social sustainability are seriously in a grave situation. Finally, the instability of agricultural water resources has many ill effects on the process of rural development in the study area.
    Keywords: Rural development, consequences of drought, instability of agricultural water resources, rural settlements, Zayandeh-Rud basin
  • Hamid Sepehrdoust, Parisa Sharififakhr, Mahsa Barouti Pages 139-150
    1.
    Introduction
    Unbalanced rural-urban migration, on the one hand, negatively affects the demographic structure, gender structure, and human resource development; while on the other hand, it affects the process of human capital accumulation in emigrant and immigrant regions. The experience of developing countries has shown that the rapid growth of urban populations is far greater than that of rural areas, and the source of this rapid growth is largely due to the mal performance of macroeconomic budgetary policies and dysfunctional dilemmas with the agricultural and industrial sector activities; hence, in many rural areas of developing countries, rural-to-city migration has caused the rapid destruction of rural economies and the creation of chronic poverty and food insecurity. What is certain is that investing in the agricultural sector, in addition to generating production and employment in this sector, will contribute to the growth of production and employment in other sectors through the earlier and later communications of this sector with other sectors. Given the fact that most agricultural activities are carried out in rural areas, the expansion of investment in this sector creates more job opportunities in rural areas and prevents villagers from migrating to cities. Increasing investment in the agricultural sector, in addition to creating new jobs and reducing the unemployment rate in the country, also increases farmer's incomes, thereby reducing their migration to cities, and improving income distribution. The purpose of this study is to answer the fundamental question whether the adoption of financial policies including government payments and credit facilities in the agricultural sector in Iran during the years 1982-2012 has had a significant effect on the process of rural-urban migration.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Tadaro (1970), like other thinkers of migrations, has been trying to explain the rural-urban migration. The main premise of Todaro model is that each potential immigrant decides to migrate based on the purpose of recording the expected earnings. In this decision, two fundamental economic factors are involved; the first is the actual difference between wages in the city and the villages due to different skills and training periods for workers. The second main element of the model and the most important part, which is not in the other migration patterns from village to city, is the probability of success of every immigrant in obtaining a job in the city. The key for understanding the apparently contradictory phenomenon of continuing immigration to centers, where unemployment is high, is to study the migration process with an expected or permanent income approach in which the expected income also relates to the payment of wages to the urban workers and to the extent it is possible that he can get a job.
    3.
    Methodology
    In this study, the annual data during the period 1982-2012 and the ARDL self-explanatory method have been used to investigate the effect of income distribution and provision of agricultural sector credit facilities on rural-urban migration. For this purpose, an ideal estimation model is defined to investigate the short-term and long-run coefficients of independent variables’ effect on dependent variable. The variables are rural-urban migration rate, agricultural sector credit facilities paid, rural-urban wage ratio, annual precipitation of the rain, and rural Gini coefficient. The source for collecting the data is the Central Bank, the statistical Center of Islamic Republic of Iran, and the annual statistical yearbooks of Management and Planning Organization.
    4.
    Discussion
    The results of estimating the factors affecting the migration of villagers to cities indicate that in the short run, a significant share of the fluctuations of rural migration to cities is attributed to the explanatory variables such as the value added to the agricultural sector, the amount of facilities granted by the banking system to the agricultural sector, the rural-urban wage ratio, and the average rainfall, while the coefficient of determination in the short-run model is 92%. The results showed that the agricultural value added has a positive and significant effect on the migration of villagers to cities. The effect of this variable is greater than the amount of facilities granted to the agricultural sector. It was also found that the proportion of wages in the rural sector to the urban sector had the most important effect on the economic factors affecting the rural population's migration to the cities. The average rainfall in the country as one of the most important factors affecting the improvement and prosperity of agriculture in the short-term is significant with a lag. From the economic point of view, the result is correct because farmers, based on the amount of rainfall in a year, decide on the volume and type of cultivation for the next year, and in fact, the amount of agricultural production of this year is a function of rainfall in the previous year. Moreover, in the long run, the coefficient of the above-mentioned is -0.74.
    5.
    Conclusion
    Rural areas of the country have been kept in underdeveloped status for several reasons during the last decades, and problems like poverty, inequality between the city and the countryside, and countless welfare problems for the villagers have been made for villagers. Hence, rural people are ultimately in the process of promoting their livelihoods by going to the country's urban settlements. In Iran, along with the industrialization of cities, the recruitment of young people, in excess of agricultural labor from rural to city, began in favor of industrial and service activities. The amount of facilities granted by the banking system to the agricultural sector, and the number of rural migrants to cities during the period examined have a negative effect both on the short term and the long run, which means that in the short and long term, provision of banking facilities to the agricultural sector has improved the attractiveness of the village and reduced the migration of villagers to cities. The positive effect of the agricultural surplus on the amount of immigration suggests that the increase in value added has led to an increase in the income of the villagers and because of the lack of suitable social facilities in villages, this increase in income encourages villagers to migrate to the cities in order to benefit from facilities available in cities. Based on the findings estimated by the research model and the determination coefficient of 92%, it can be concluded that explanatory variables affecting rural-urban migration are significant in the short term such as value added by the agricultural sector, the banking facilities granted to the agricultural sector, the rural-urban wage ratio, and the average amount of rainfall.
    Keywords: Immigration, fiscal policy, bank facilities, agriculture, Gini coefficient
  • Mohammad Zaheri, Nabiollah Hosieni Shahparian, Nahid Rahimzadeh Pages 151-168
    1.
    Introduction
    To meets the needs of the population, transportation is one of the most important and most valuable assets of each country and can be a strong credit for its economic growth. If the authorities do not provide enough means of transportation, of course, the process of production and consumption cannot be taken in the vantage. Therefore, for optimal efficiency, the proper transportation system creates positive and important results. For the development of this industry, prophesy, as well as basic and regional studies, will solve the problems in order to develop and satisfy the vital needs of the people. Therefore, the need to improve accessibility to transportation is one of the most important obstacles to achieving sustainable rural development goals. Because investment in this sector has led to economic and social development and, conversely, the lack of investment in this scene leads to underdevelopment and rural poverty. The present study seeks to evaluate the impact of transportation in the different dimensions of rural development in the central part of Tabriz. Many people are traveling daily to carry out educational, administrative, health-medicinal, service and etc., in the studied rural area. This problem, especially in the spring and winter, brings about hardship for the villagers because of severe snow and rain. Also, given the prosperity of agriculture and handicrafts in these rural areas, farmers face with problems of selling and delivering their products to the market because of transportation deficiencies, such as spending a lot of money, non-sales of agricultural products, handicrafts and others. Considering the above, it is necessary to study the role of transportation in rural development in the central part of Tabriz County.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: In general, the importance of transportation in each country's economy can be considered in two directions: First, the impact that this field of activity has on the spatial structure of the country, and on the other hand, the development of the transportation network has led to the concentration of economic activities in some areas and their growth, and it may cause stagnation in some areas. The second is the effect that the transportation sector has at the macro level on the whole economy in terms of employment, production, investment, and so on. Transportation is one of the parts of every country, such as agriculture and industry, which is engaged in itself and produces services. In general, the quality and quantity of transportation infrastructure has a direct impact on economic growth, and in particular, on the development of countries. Contrary to economic interests, it seems difficult to determine and assess the social benefits of rural transport projects because social interests are somewhat indirectly and indirectly referred to as benefits, often in education, health care and social networking. An integrated approach to investing in rural transport requires a comprehensive understanding of the access needs and the mobility of rural communities, as well as the recognition of rural roads and investment in its sub-sectors.
    3.
    Methodology
    Given the nature of the subject, this study is a descriptive - analytical one and has practical purpose. Data were collected using documentary and field surveys. In this study, 19 villages which were the closest to the city of Tabriz had been selected randomly, and a sample of 331 teachers was selected as the sample size. Then, for each village or community, contribution is calculated the case with respect to the total population of each country in terms of population. A questionnaire was used in this study. Its validity was confirmed by specialists and experts and its reliability was also approved using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (r=83.0).
    4.
    Discussion
    In this study, SPSS software was used, the impact of transportation on the development of rural dimensions such as economic, educational, health and social welfare was evaluated. In the beginning, Duncan test was used to illustrate the differences between villages in terms of transportation and organic changes. Based on the results of this test, are Mayan, Normandy, Kond Rud, and Shabestar villages were ranked first, and Korjan and Alexander were ranked in the last place. It is worth noting that there is a significant relationship between the development of transportation and rural population. The relationship between transportation and rural development in various aspects was measured using Pearson correlation coefficient which showed that there is a significant positive relationship between transportation and villages organic changes. The following regression model indicates that to provide access to rural transportation, organic changes (employment and economic prosperity, education, health and social welfare) had been studied in rural areas. Hence, transportation has a 48% positive effect on organic changes in the central rural area of Tabriz.
    To assure the validity of the questionnaire the views of experts and faculty members of the Department of Geography and Rural Planning of Tabriz University were used. Cornew's alpha obtained in this study was 83.0, which indicates an acceptable level of reliability. To analyze the data of the questionnaire, descriptive and inferential statistics such as mean, Duncan test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression model were used in SPSS.
    5.
    Conclusion
    Based on the results of field research, rural transportation system can be considered to have a significant effect on the organoleptic changes in rural areas. In this study, organoleptic transplantation was noticed more and more in populated villages and villages with lower population density, and less attention has been paid to provincial planners. Considering that the rural area of central part of Tabriz county has economic, social potentialities and special climate conditions, it is expected that the planners of Tabriz county have a comprehensive view of the rural area and seek to strengthen the infrastructure, including transportation infrastructure, because in the proper pattern of sustainable development, the existence of a favorable transportation system in each region has a positive impact on the various economic, social, physical and spatial dimensions of that area.
    Keywords: Transportation, rural development, regression model, villages of central district of Tabriz County
  • Mohammad Reza Podineh, Mehrshad Toulabinezhad, Abolfazl Hosienjani Pages 169-184
    1.
    Introduction
    In mountainous areas where rainforest farming is carried out, climate change has a more negative impact on agriculture and the lives of rural households, especially smallholder farmers. These farmers have limited capacity and this vulnerability has always been a threat to their livelihoods. The most important reasons for this vulnerability include inappropriate livelihoods, resource constraints, low productivity, small agricultural land and lack of access to agricultural inputs such as organic fertilizers, seeds, and so on. These farmers, through the process of adaptation to climate change, can minimize climate threats. Climate change events, such as floods, droughts, warming and possible effects, significantly reduce assets, undermine livelihoods, reduce labor productivity and reduce farmer's social relationships. If the effects of these hazards do not be managed by adaptation strategies, it will lead to low yields of agricultural products. Therefore, proper understanding of the effects of these changes is necessary for farmers to take appropriate action and to identify the effective economic and social factors in this regard. Therefore, in this study, the socioeconomic factors influencing on adaptation of smallholder farmers to climate change was studied.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Adapting to climate change means reducing risk and vulnerability through actions, regulating practices and processes against threats and environmental damage. Adaptive Capacity means matching the attribute or behavior with external environment changes to better deal with these changes. Adaptation is described as the ability of social or environmental systems to adjust to change or to cope with changes. Level of adaptability and ability of farmers to face climate change is affected by various economic and social factors such as age, gender, educational level, marriage, income, employment, farm size, and so on. But the impact of these factors varies across societies, countries and regions.
    3.
    Methodology
    The research method is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose it is application oriented and in terms of method, it is a combination. Data collection has been done in both "library" and "field". The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of farmers in Malavi village in Poldokhtar city, Lorestan province, Iran (N = 1636). Using Cochran formula, 310 farmers were selected as the sample by simple random sampling. To prove the existence of climate change, data from the Poldokhtar Meteorological Station is used. To identify the most important methods of adaptation to climate change, exploratory factor analysis (FA) is used, and to identify the economic and social factors affecting farmer's adaptation to climate change Logistic regression model is used.
    4.
    Discussion
    Investigating farmer's adaptation with climate change has shown that the use of crop time adjustment method, soil and agricultural crop management method has been the most widely used among farmers. Farmers, using their experience, choose the right time to cultivate the crops. Soil management is also one of the most widely used methods for adapting to climate change. Farmers adapt themselves to climate change using this method, which involves strengthening and increasing the productivity of land by use of various types of green, animal and other types of fertilizers. Another widely used method for adapting to climate change which use by farmers is the management of crop production. This method, given that farmers cultivate different products, and the potential effects of climate change, such as product diseases, may occur on a product type and do not affect other product. Therefore, the remaining product can replace the damaged product. In this way, farmers adapt to these changes. In the context of socioeconomic factors influencing on adaptation of farmers, the results show that among the social factors, four variables, the age of the head of the family, the level of education, the experience of the farmer and the size of the family, and among the economic factors, four variables, size of Farm, farmer's capital, property ownership and household retention rate have the most relationship with the level of adaptation of farmers to climate change in the study area.
    5.
    Conclusion
    Smallholder farmers are more vulnerable to climate change because of their low adaptability capacity. They can adapt themselves to climate change by using adaptive methods. Use of these adaptation methods has a great deal to do with farmer's socioeconomic factors. among the socioeconomic factors influencing on adaptation of smallholder farmers, the age of the head of the family, the level of education, the experience of the farmer and the size of the family, size of Farm, farmer's capital, property ownership and household retention rate have the most relationship with the level of adaptation of farmers to climate change in the study area.
    Concerning the findings of this study, the following points are recommending and suggest to increase the adaptation of smallholder farmers to climate change: Providing support services by the government and relevant organizations.
     Providing government subsidies for agricultural production to increase farmer's adaptability.
     Government investment in irrigation and water systems for large rivers such as Seymareh and Kashkan for water supply.
     Providing information to farmers on appropriate agricultural practices at different times.
    Keywords: Climate changes, adaptability, socio-economic factors, smallholder farmers, Logistic model
  • Sadegh Salehi, Amir Moradi Asl, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Abdoli Pages 185-201
    Purpose
    Janat Rudbar is one of the important tourist destinations in rural areas of Ramsar in Mazandaran. The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude of the local community towards the development of ecotourism, its effects and consequences, their level of support, and the factors affecting it.
    Method
    The method is survey and cross-sectional. The sample of the study consists of households of Janat Rudbar in Ramsar, Mazandaran. Research data was collected by applying census method.
    Findings: The results of the research showed that, firstly, the attitude of the local community towards ecotourism is positive; secondly, the local community is aware of the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental impacts of the rural development projects; and, finally, the level of support of the local community of ecotourism development is relatively high. Moreover, the results of the research have shown that there is a relationship between local community supports from ecotourism development projects and socioeconomic components.
    Practical Solutions: The approach towards ecotourism is effective in its success in terms of improving the quality of life both for local people and their environment. For this reason, alternative ecotourism, which aims to empower (e.g., economic, psychological, social, and political empowerment) people is utilized. The process of local augmentation is a gradual process starting from small experiences.
    Keywords: Ecotourism, Resident's attitudes, Impacts, consequences of ecotourism development, Supporting ecotourism, Jannat Rudbar
  • Houri Hadipour, Mohammad Kavousi Kelashomi, Arsalan Salari, Mohammad Karim Motamed Pages 203-216
    Objective
    This study was conducted to examine the efficiency of rural healthcare centers (Health Houses) including output-oriented efficiency, input-oriented efficiency, optimistic efficiency, pessimistic efficiency and efficiency range in Langerud County in Guilan province.
    Method
    This study is a descriptive-analytical one whose data is cross-sectional collected through field works in 2016 from 45 rural healthcare centers in Langerud County. The required data were obtained from available documents and statistics, and were analyzed using Windeap and GAMS software packages. In this paper, to evaluate the performance of rural healthcare centers from March 2015 to March 2016, two inputs and three outputs were determined. The input included the costs and the number of health workers, and the outputs included family health clients, outpatients, and the clients who needed wound dressings.
    Findings: The results showed that nine out of 45 rural healthcare centers, with an efficiency score of 1, have efficient performance. Rural healthcare centers in villages of Garask, Koru Roud Khaneh, and Malat are respectively the first three villages with the highest efficiency score. The study results showed that the average optimistic efficiency at output-oriented and input-oriented efficiencies are 1.645 and 0.688, respectively, and 15.5% of rural healthcare centers are pessimistically inefficient. Besides, 64% of the units are between the efficient and inefficient frontiers, and are not pessimistically inefficient; meanwhile, those units are not on pessimistic lines of efficiency which demonstrates indulgence in input consumption or a potential ability in increased offered services or decreased input consumption. According to the results, maximum optimistic efficiency is 3.87 and its minimum is one. Maximum pessimistic efficiency is one and its minimum is 0.29.
    Practical Implications: As the results show, it is suggested that efficient healthcare units be used as paragons and that assessing educational requirements of inefficient rural healthcare centers would provide useful information for planners and policy makers.
    Keywords: Optimistic efficiency, Pessimistic efficiency, Efficiency range, Health
  • Majid Yasouri, Nader Ofoghi, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Emami Pages 217-234
    1.
    Introduction
    The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between rural partnership and poverty condition with regard to different social, economic and political aspects in the rural district of Saravan, located in Rasht in Gilan province. Predictor variables in this sturdy include partnership, which has different social, political and physical service aspects, attitude towards partnership, and the approach to partnership while the criterion variable is poverty from social, economic and political aspects. This research is an applied-developmental one, and the study method is documentary and analytical. In order to gather data, a questionnaire was used. In an analytical method, each desired component is introduced according to the proposed theory. Accordingly, each component with multi-reagents identify the degree of partnership and its role in rural development; then, components of poverty in political, economic and social aspects and the relationship between the two variables of partnership and poverty is investigated using multiple regression model in SPSS software. The statistical population of the study is all rural households in Saravan. 370 samples were chosen using Morgan table. The results indicate that there is a relationship between the issue of poverty in different dimensions and levels of partnership. It means that as each unit increases in partnership, 649.0, 756.0, and 728.0 units reduce in social, economic, and political dimensions of poverty, respectively. In other words, by increasing each of the partnership indexes, the partnership approach and attitude towards partnership in social, political and economic dimensions of poverty is reduced.
    2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Partnership is multi-lateral and vague concept as conceptual development is; thus, there can be different commentaries about this issue. But generally, we can define partnership as a process of involving people in determining their fate and being responsible for it. Partnership refers to a group of attitudes, methods, and behaviors that enable people to check and discuss the fact of life and their life conditions. This helps them to plan and know what to do and to evaluate and observe its results. Saravan village, located in Sangar in Rasht, has seven villages. This study aims to check the development level of this area using Morris Model. It has been done using 20 indexes and a questionnaire which was distributed among rural families in this rural district. Its relationship with development will be checked. In fact, based on the aims of the study, the following hypothesis is presented: H: There is a relationship between partnership and development in Saravan Villages.
    The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between rural partnership and poverty condition with regard to different social, economic and political aspects in the rural district of Saravan, located in city of Rasht in Gilan province. Predictor variables in this sturdy include partnership that has different social, political and physical aspects, attitude towards partnership, and the approach to partnership while the criterion variable is poverty from social, economic and political aspects. This research is an applied-developmental one and the study method is documentary and analytical. In order to gather data, a questionnaire was used. In an analytical method, each desired component is introduced according to the proposed theory.
    3.
    Methodology
    This study is an applied-developmental one and the method used is documentary and analytical. In order to gather data a questionnaire was used. The households living in rural areas of Saravan constitute the units for analysis in this research. Hence, our sample includes all of rural households of Saravan. According to 2011 census, there are seven villages and 4283 households in this region. To analyze the data, the SPSS Software was used, to determine the number of headmen in each household, the Morgan Table was used that eventually, at first, 351 questionnaires, and then in order to get better results 370 questionnaires were used to determine the number of headmen
    4.
    Discussion
    The results showed that the stability, effectiveness, and coverage of participatory projects targeting rural poverty is more than a top-down project and that projects aimed at reducing rural poverty gradually get away from the firm's non-cooperative; even if in appearance or in early steps go faster than collaborative projects. Show and take steps to develop the area. Political and economic life in rural poverty reduction stems and approved the screw.
    5.
    Conclusion
    In fact, with increased participation of villagers in the district can be of educational facilities and proper extension, good schools, good teachers, good health care for rural health. Projects could also participate in the waste separation at home to improve your village and be diligent environmental health. Also, with increasing political participation in villages of the district poverty reduction stems. In fact, this poverty to factors such as increased security due to the police station, a high level of security, lack of conflict with neighbors, would like to participate in elections and participate in determining their own destiny, and so it comes down.
    Keywords: Rural partnership, poverty, Saravan Dehestan, Gilan province, multiple regression