Journal of Research and Rural Planning
Volume:2 Issue: 2, 2014

Social capital has been the key of civil society and its lack of is a fundamental barrier to creation and deployment of Social capital، and has been a major impact on rural development trend، If this investment enhanced and optimized، will have Significant impact on rural development. Thus، the topics of social capital considered as a basic principle for achieving sustainable development and state and government are considered successful that can by adopting need policies and provide appropriate solutions، in connecting to society، achieve to the production and development of social capital. Purpose of this study as a descriptive، correlation and experimental study، is analyzing and studying the social capital and identifying the factors affecting this capital among the villagers in Uramanat region. The statistical population consisted of 22279 households، located in 4 Township of Uramanat regions that by classified sampling method and using Cochran formula 280 households were selected as statistical sample. The research instrument was questionnaire that its reliability and validity by performing pretest and questionnaire data analysis and Coefficient (KMO) and Cronbach''s alpha coefficient was confirmed. For analyzing used from descriptive statistics and inferential statistics، and in this study، all statistical calculations were performed by using the SPSS software. Results showed that the Based on the results of one sample T-test، mean of the social capital of studied villagers is 3. 9 that is Close to the average of social capital of villagers (3). This value indicates that the social capital of villagers of Uramanat region was evaluated moderate to upper than average. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 55. 9 (R2=0. 559) from the variance of the dependent variable could be explained by six independent variables: age، level land، overall satisfaction of life، the percentage of income from main job and the job of driver.

Rural sustainable housing can be one of important indexes in development of rural. Compiling a program in rural sustainable housing district needs identify and analysis of the dimensions and various components of that and this indexes as a plan and essential tool for expression and sustainable of the different dimensions of social، economic and physical housing sustainable have a special place in rural house planning. The quantitative and qualitative status indexes show rural housing and improvement of house planning for a long term horizon. Therefore، identify the most important indexes and the viewing of specify and assessment of indexes and its viewing in rural different centers is an issue this study has raised to answer in its. Housing is something more than an alone physical shelter and all services and necessary public facilities، including for human welfare and must prepared a lien somewhat long and confident for its users. Housing is like physical facilities unit or similar an economic commodity and high durability that also has social role or group and in addition to these، including to resolving of financial needs as status views and also is socio - economic condition of individuals. One of the issues that the attention had shifted to its housing and sustainable development and consistent with its human development. In such the strategy for use of resources and facilities، without destruction are considering. The important that has been consider in the documents of second of meeting human settlements، importance of sustainable settlements and providing adequate housing is for people in the development process. Sustainable housing is housing that is economical appropriate، socially acceptable، Possible in terms of technical and physical and strong and consistent is with environment. The type of housing that the biological needs of current generations based on natural resources، energy efficiency meet and condition attractive neigh borhoods and safe for attention to ecological issues، cultural and economic to require is sustainable housing. The research method in the study is descriptive –analytical and also measurable. The goal of this research is an application research that has been compound. For data collection two methods of library and documentary and also was used the field method and direct observation. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire which its content validity finally has been approved and reform by the university professor and experts of foundation housing. The statistical society of the research is the heads of households housing units in Ravansar township Central district rural area (2351 people)، thus access to the logical volume of the sample of the Cochran،s formula was used that volume of statiscal society in Ravansar township Central district rural area، it was determined 200 the head of households to answer the questions of questionnaire. In the research for sampling in rurals were used class randomly method. Complex issues of sustainable development، requires an integrated set and together of recommender (indexes) is in the form of indexes. The indexes should be integrated in the set are made of recommender. The indexes are designed with the global experiences، internal experiences، and proportional to area conditions (localization indexes). After determining indicators and the primary indicators of rural sustainable housing in the study area، to identify the primary the factors infrastructure of the primary indicators of the research was used factorial model. After determining the nature of the factors، for the sustainability of rural housing for the study area is determined; the primary indicators in each factor were combined and each factor as separate in one sample T test were analyzed. The results from factorial model show that five factors of economic، welfare، the strength of foundation، compatible with the environment and utilization of effective factors are in sustainability of rural housing. The study of five factors show that economic factor، welfare and the strength of foundation are in somewhat stable condition while the compatible with environment and utilization factors are in unstable condition. Suggestions: More attentions to economic dimension of housing by facilitating qualifications for housing loans، reducing missionary payments for all of the villagers and paying grants to needy villagers. - Education and promotion of rural subsistence actualities such as carpet weaving، dairy productions and etc to increase revenue and enhancing inscription of housing in rural livelihoods. - Use of suitable endemic materials for reducing the cost of housing. - Providing conductor design for villages to building new constructions in the framework of this project and causing no destruction in natural resources (jungles، grasslands and …). - Trash placed in proper locations in studied villages as for unstable index of sensation of residential units in not producing waste materials and application of garbage collection machineries.

Identification of existed potentials and facilities in every area and subsequently determining development levels on rural areas، is the first step in planning and developing rural areas. In this article، using 30 variable and 6 underlying indices such as educational، cultural، institutional، agricultural and medical، development situation on Marvdasht: rural district level، have been determined. In order to determine development levels from Moris model and method of difference coefficient، difference rate and distribution of facilities and services in villages have been determined. At last، the results of level determination of villages on the basis of total indices and dividing them in the form of map، have been adjusted and presented. The method of research is analytical -،quantitative and required information from viable statistics resources، census and …، have been accumulated. Results of this research show that rural district Ramgerd two with 60. 67 and southern kamfirooz district with 14. 48 respectively are the most developed district rural with 14. 48 availing index are the most developed and the most deprived districts among the ones in county Marvdasht.

This study aims at evaluation of the effects of instructional and promoting programs on the rate of rural women participations in agricultural activities (in northern Astarabad villages of Gorgan). Method of this study is descriptive – analytical and the data are collected based on library and field study and are statistically analyzed and described. From the general population the sample of 206 rural women aged over 20 is selected by use of Cochran formula. The number is randomly distributed among villages in six districts of Northern Astarabad. To describe the data analysis the statistical software SPSS t-test are used. According to Cronbach''s alpha Durability of the study has been approved by 76%. This study discusses the average rate of women participation in different agricultural activities and the effects of instructional and promoting plans on their participations. Results were analyzed using SPSS software and show the participation of women in animal husbandry with an average of (3. 29) and in horticulture with a mean of (2. 52) and the average of (2. 37) in agriculture، which represents the maximum participation of rural women in animal husbandry activities; Anova test based on such factors as age، education، marital thenfamily overall participation rate of women has a significant relationship. Promoting -educational programs with 3. 02 show more effective training and promoting programs the greater participation of women in various agricultural activities. and 63. 6 percent of the women under studies claim that instructional plans have been effective on their participation in agricultural activities.

For the last four decades in Iran، the rural development issue in general and the strategy or strategies of rural development in particular has been the subject of discussion among scholars and experts from various related fields on the one hand، and the policy makers and programmers on the other hand. In the study at hand، this issue is examined through the exploration of the published viewpoints of scholars within the framework of the defined concepts and time periods. In the belief of the article writers، in this time that we yet – and maybe more than ever – need to develop and execute a coherent and efficient rural strategy، these viewpoints، as the most important authorities in defining the rural development strategy، could be the guidelines and the solvers of the problems that are growing more complex and more important day by day. As for the methodology، this research project is based on the content analysis method. It is worth noting that in the exploration of the scholars and experts’ viewpoints، there has been no bias، preconception، or even an effort to introduce and define any specific strategy. Through the examination of the defined set of rural development resources، this study has scrutinized 613 suggested (case) viewpoints regarding the rural development strategy in Iran. Based on the content analysis، these viewpoints، which have initially been divided into 5 approaches، including managerial-institutional، economic، socio-cultural، environmental، and spatial-physical provide 18 macro-strategies and 76 strategic categories for rural development in Iran. According to the analysis of the strategic problems in rural development، the managerial-institutional approach from approaches، the strategy of “capacity-making for rural economic improvement” from strategies، and the issue of “poverty and deprivation removal and modification of the treasure distribution pattern” from categories have attracted the most attention from the rural development.

Present study was conducted to identify and analysis the important factors affecting on underdevelopment of agricultural processing and complementary industries in Marvadasht Township. The research method is descriptive- analytical and its outcomes are applied. Statistic Population of research was consist of all managers and owners of two groups of industries i. e. Tomato paste and salt pickles. A combination of document studies and surveys (questionnaires) were used to collect the data and information، also to analyze the data، statistical analysis، inference and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been used. The results showed that factors such as financial and facilitate barriers، mechanization، lack of production factors، legal and administrative barriers and market barriers with effect coefficient 0. 498، 0. 211، 0. 120،0. 114 and 0. 057 respectively، have the most effective factors in under development of these industries. The intensity of effect of these factors on tomato paste industry is a little more than salt pickles industry.

Potential environmental factors such as topography، slope، temperature، precipitation، water and land capacity can have a significant impact on the volume of migration and evacuated villages. Society’s disability due to various structural reasons، the lack of ability to deal with natural factors such as drought، floods and earthquakes، and finally، overcome natural conditions and unfavorable factors have been forced to relocate and to leave their settlements. Research methods are descriptive - analytical and field data collection including a library and we tried to deal with the effects of drought on the rural economy and immigration. The study population comprised 35 villages Abarkouh township. For data analysis، we used inferential statistics (Pearson correlation، regression analysis، one-sample T-test and factor analysis) also to monitoring drought valid Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). SPI results of the study show that the city faced many years of drought. In addition، the Kendall correlation and factor analysis indicated that the drought could crop yield loss، caused instability of the rural economy in this township. Single-sample T-test results of the regression analysis also suggests that the variable had impact of drought on Rural – Urban migration in this township. Single-sample T-test results of the regression analysis also suggests that the variable had impact of drought on Rural – Urban migration in this township.

Changing the rural spaces is undertaken the both of internal (local) forces and external factors and events such as policies and development plans in local (rural settlements transfer projects) regional and national scales. By operating the Safi Abad transfer project – a village in Minoodasht Township in north Iran- due to landslide risk، it consequences some changes in its special and formation aspects which affected seriously the socio-economic and formation system of the village. Hence، this research aimed to study these changes. The methodology used to is composed descriptive and analytical methods. The necessary data were collected by means of both library and field methods such as observation، interviews and completing questionnaires. The impacts of this resettlement plan performed in three main aspects including physical-environmental، social and economic components. The statistical population in this study consists of total 338 households that resettlement to the new site allocated for the village and among them 117 samples were selected based on Cochran Formula. The data-analysis was held with correlation analysis using the Wilcocson W-test in SPSS software. The results show that the main goal of the Safi Abad resettlement plan was the elimination of the landslide risk. After performing this، the positive consequences of the project mainly focused on formation and environmental aspects. Among them، these can be considered: the firmness of the houses; the physical and visual quality of the houses and other buildings; changes in land use towards the preparing the public services; improving the streets and pavements; reducing the environmental pollutions. But the negative consequences have appeared on economic and social aspects، among them it can be considered as: indisposing the structure of the employment specially reducing the livestock activities; increasing the unemployment; changing the traditional society and increasing the insecurity scene.

One of the most important factors that affect physical – spatial dimension of rural settlement is the implementation of development projects that have been implemented by government in rural area. Optimal effectiveness of these projects has always been one of the main concern. Evaluation has shown that the role of public participation in the preparation، approval and implementation of projects is highly important. Further، the projects that have emphasized the role of people in development projects had more effectiveness in physical – spatial stability and people satisfaction، in contrast where the people role has not been considered in projects، have resulted to unsustainable impact and even have established more issues. Accordingly، this study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of villagers'' participation in physical - spatial projects (physical) in rural areas. The present research method is descriptive – analytical and methods for data collection is library - survey. Geographical scope of this study، the population of the 47 villages and the rural South Kouhdasht. This study was carried out in south Kouhdasht 47 villages. The study samples included 10 villages and 324 households. The Cochran formula was used to determine the study samples. The sampling method was stratified-Rabdom sampling. Also for the analysis of data (T-TEST) and hierarchical analysis model (AHP) has been used. The result of the analysis showed that projects in some villages have favorable effects. The present study results imply that the participation of villagers in such projects is the key reason of projects favorable effectiveness.

The main aim of the present study is an establishment impacts assessment of the industrial units on rural economy in two rural zones at central district of Firouzabad township، Fars province. On this basis are applied the methodology of Environmental Impacts Assessment and the technique of Leopold Matrix. Implemented variables of this study include twelve economical dependent variables and six independent variables related to industrial units. Then the spatial alternatives in this study include two rural zones of Ahmadabad and Jaydasht. Ahmadabad rural zone in the present conditions is the location and concentration center of the agriculture-related industrial units، while Jaydasht rural zone is the established host of non-agriculture productive industrial units without direct relation to agricultural progresses. In the present conditions for establishment of agriculture-related and non-agriculture productive industries in Ahmadabad and Jaydasht alternatives respectively، the results of Leopold matrix indicated the values of the economical impacts equal to 83 and 67، respectively. Whereas changing the established pattern of industrial units in to alternatives، the predictive impact values will have decreased to 38 and 58 in Ahmadabad and Jaydasht rural zones، respectively. This decreasing trend from 83 to 38 (more than two time levels) will have had more importance and intensity in Ahmadabad rural zone. Therefore to strength of economical fundaments has been proposed the preservation of the present established pattern of industrial units and the perfection of the major useful impacts of economical indicators including employment ratio and per capita stored capital in the study area

This study was conducted to analysis the attitude of rural women in divandarreh county at Kurdistan-Iran toward handicrafts sector Employment. The population of this study consisted of all rural women above 15 years old in the study area (N=17101). By using Cochran''s sampling formula، 120 women were selected and then this sample distributed with applying proportionally stratified random sampling method. The instrument of the study was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was established by calculating Chronbach''s Alfa Coefficient (α>0. 7). Results showed that attitudes of most rural women towards employment in the handicrafts sector were not positive. Also، results of means comparison showed that there were significant differences between their attitudes towards Employment in the handicrafts sector based on variables include family members، media communication using، handicraft employment Knowledge level، level of Interesting toward handicrafts، level of training in handcraft، family income level، Education level and Participate in training –extension classes. In addition، results of factor analysis showed that to improve women attitude to employment in this sector، categorized in three factors، (1) Supporting، (2) training – exhortative، and (3) creation Association Handicrafts.

In rural areas، women often have low access to job opportunities، lower social support، inadequate care of children due to cooperating with the spouse or family in production processes، difficulties in getting services and transportation، etc. and these issues will cause privation، inequality، insecurity، and thus psychical distress. Regarding this، social، economic، and ecological stability will be held if in addition to improve social and economic conditions of rural accommodations by supplying facilities، services and infrastructures and providing people with their basic needs، they reach health and psychical tranquility. In this research، has been discussed relationship between rural women’s stress and social-economic and ecological instability in the villages of Maneh district. The methodology used in this study by geographical approach is descriptive–analytic methodology. Also in this study، the sampling of 240 women survey was selected among the 16 rural communities in Maneh district. The results indicate that the sampled women in the studied villages suffer from higher levels of social stress. In fact awareness and feeling inequality on one side and involving in more complicated relations due to development، suffering from shortage and modern needs on the other، also lack of good employment، children confronted to unemployment and worrying about their future occupation in these communities، has highlighted the role of stress therein. Also after classification of villages into categories of stability، it was inferred that despite the reverse correlation between women’s stress and rural instability، there is not reasonable relationship statistically. Nowadays urban influences، has changed rural life in a way that feeling inequality and low self-confidence has led to suffer from the feeling of lack of urban facilities and welfare services and consequently in order to get welfare and more development، get exposed to more stress.

The quality of development and its infrastructures have brought about major problems to the development process of the country’s villages due to unfavorable and concentrated planning. Its various dimensions and structural complexity forms a basic limitation to the presentation of an appropriate model for the distribution of budgets. Therefore، awareness of distribution of development in rural regions is essential for planning and presenting rural development programs. This research aims at determine levels of development in the Central district of Boyer-Ahmad county. The recent study is a functional one due to the aim، and it is a quantity study، due to data analysis. Statistical population of the study was the villages in the county with 20 or more households (89 villages). The sample size of the rural people was determined using the sampling size table given by Lin. The final sample included 566 rural households were randomly selected as a sample of the study from the population. To collect the data، a questionnaire was used. The Cronbach''s alpha coefficient (0. 561-0. 955) indicated the optimality of the questionnaire. In order to zoning development of rural areas، organism approach (structured) to select criteria was used. In order to determine the zoning rural development، descriptive analysis and K-means algorithm in combination with imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) were used. Data processing was performed using MATLAB 7. 10 software. Findings of study indicate the answer of optimum of K-MICA algorithm is better than k-means algorithm. Also the worst answer of K-MICA algorithm is better than the best answer of k-means algorithm. The findings also indicated the undesirable rural development in the region. Also، approximately half of villages with 49. 43 percent of the rural region were undeveloped villages. In developed level، 28. 08 percent of villages and in developing level، 22. 47 percent of villages.