فصلنامه مطالعات حسابداری و حسابرسی
پیاپی 29 (بهار 1398)

Off-balance sheet accounting is one of the most important challenges facing the accounting profession today. Management are involved with off-balance sheet accounting because of some reasons such as increasing cash flow, improving financial leverage ratios, reducing borrowing costs and tax management. Offbalance sheet accounting methods could divided into four groups: the equity method, accounting for leases, accounting for retirement benefits and special purpose entity. To off-balance sheet financing, also some tools such as operating leases, factoring, specific projects financing, outsourcing and securitization has been used. Off-balance sheet accounting have damaging consequences such as reducing the utility of financial reporting, threatening the integrity of the accounting profession itself, weakening the capital market and happening financial crisis. To cope with these consequences, revising and expanding the definitions of assets and liabilities, concentrating further on the content preference on shape of accounting standards and business operations, increasing the scope of financial statement’s consolidation and extending of disclosure scope are proposed.

The result of empirical research in the capital market indicates that the pricing of securities is such that those who are more risk-takers will gain more returns in the long run. So far, various models have been proposed to explain the relationship between risk and returns. In line with these models, the modified capital asset pricing model (MCAPM) as other pricing models and It is also proposed as one of the CAPM asset pricing models. Therefore, the present study attempts to examine the empirical test of this model in Tehran Stock Exchange, which shows that the MCAPM model has more explanatory power than traditional CAPM in relation to stock returns. In other words, adding a variable in the traditional model has improved.

The purpose of this paper is to philosophically address the issue of managerial opportunism and to describe the paradox of the opportunistic executive, particularly when the CEO could be considered as a “criminal-to-be”. Also, It will be seen to what extent governance mechanisms really contribute to prevent managerial opportunism, particularly through compensation packages (“financial carrots”). Then, Oliver Williamson’s viewpoint will be analyzed on opportunism, as his theory has largely influenced the way agency theories actually define managerial opportunism. The gap in exploring three basic types of opportunism (the Smithian egoist, the Hobbesian egoist and the Machiavellian egoist) will be filled. The results indicate that The Smithian egoist tries to reach equilibrium between self-interest and compassion, while the Hobbesian egoist is motivated by self-interest, desire of power and the attitude of prudence. The Machiavellian egoist is always searching for power and makes followers’ fear arising. The way governance mechanisms and structures should be designed and implemented could be quite different if the CEO actually behaves as a Smithian, Hobbesian or Machiavellian egoist. CEO’s propensity to commit financial crime could largely vary from one type to another: low risk (Smithian egoist), medium risk (Hobbesian egoist) or high risk (Machiavellian egoist). Smith’s, Hobbes’ and Machiavelli’s philosophy was chosen because the agency theory sometimes refers to it, when defining the notion of opportunism. Other philosophies could also be analyzed to see to what extent they are opening the door to opportunism (for example, Spinoza).

The reported Profit include important financial data That's when Decisions are taken by individuals. Financial analysts generally consider reported earnings as a prominent factor in their own judgments and judgments. The purpose of this study was to investigate The relationship between risk management and corporate governance is based on the fluctuation of earnings of companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has three hypotheses. The research done in terms of target type is a part of applied research and the research method is correlated in terms of content and content. The research has been conducted within the framework of deductive-inductive arguments And for analyzing the hypotheses, panel analysis has been used Based on information gathered from 157 accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange the years 2009 to 2015 , The hypotheses were tested. At the end of the test, the hypotheses 1 showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between environmental uncertainty and volatility, and tested the hypotheses of the two markers The indicator showed that corporate governance has no effect on the fluctuation of returns. On the other hand, considering the third hypothesis, in the presence of uncertainty, corporate governance will have a significant effect on the fluctuation of returns.

The aim of this study is the effect of the product market competition on Investment efficiency in the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose Four hypotheses are developed and data on the 118 companies in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period between the years 2008 to 2015 were analyzed. This regression model using Pooled Data, reviews and tests. The results showed that the measures considered in this study included the Herfindahl index and Hirschman, Lerner index, the index entry barriers to the industry and Tobin's Q index has a negative impact on investment efficiency. In addition, the indicators expressed as an inverse measure for the competition can be claimed, competition in the product market Regarding the effect of which has to create transparency in information and decision-making, Causing a significant positive impact on the Investment efficiency in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of employing founders and trustees of business unitsas supervisors and decision makers ofthe economic unit on the pricing of stocks at the time of entry into Tehran Stock Exchange. In other words, the present studyaims to examine the impact of governing elements on stock price. The research sample includes 127 state and private companies publicly offered in Tehran Stock Exchange from 1382 to 1395. Findings indicate that lower pricing of shares in the stock companies in Tehran Stock Exchange is not affected by the presence of founders in the board of directors, the presence of founders in as governing elements and the size of the board of directors. The results of the research show the proper functioning of the stock exchange's regulatory position in valuing and protecting the owners' rights.

While results of some studies indicating dysfunctional outcomes of audit checklists, other research confirm the benefits of checklists in auditing. Regarding the contrast between some of the negative views of checklists expressed in the extant audit literature and a considerable body of evidence on the successful use of checklists in many other fields, identifying the affecting factors on audit checklists effectiveness is important. Literature review of checklist research in auditing and other fields suggests that improvements to checklist design and to checklist application methods can make checklists more effective. Regarding the importance of audit checklists effectiveness, in this article based on a review and synthesis of the literature on the use of checklists in auditing and other fields, a framework for effective use of checklists that incorporates the nature of the audit task, checklist design, checklist application, and contextual factors were offered. This article, first present concepts of red flags, checklists, their benefits and drawbacks and the types of checklists. The effectiveness of checklists is then considered. Finally, conclusion and several ways to enhance effectiveness of checklists are given.