فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 92، تابستان 1395)

In recent years, due to inefficiency of tradition tools and methods of urban management, the importance of models of transition from centralized and hierarchical government to good, decentralized and democratic governance models have increased. Growth, abundance and variety of published scientific researches in this field is another indication of the need for further research in this field. Therefore, this research reviews scientific researches in the field of good urban governance using meta-analysis method and revisal approach in order to emphasis on their strengths and overcome their weaknesses. The domain of the current research spans researches published in Iranian scientific journals on good urban governance. Results show that researches on good urban governance using descriptive methodology are developmental and applied, thus these researches have been steered to theory-testing. Moreover, the abundance of qualitative and descriptive-analytical methods has increased the use of deductive methods in the analysis process. In conclusion, the evolution of research in urban governance was initiated by descriptive methodology and in a limited scale, have experienced a period of quantitative analysis in metropolises of Iran. Thus, in spite of some applicable and creative proposals in published papers, it is necessary to use local approaches along with emphasizing on social and philosophic theories, and explanative and providential models, if we want these researches to be effective for cities and their management.

The aim of this study is zoning Iran according to degree-hours of heating and cooling need for next decades. To analyze the effect of global warming on heating and cooling degree-hours of Iran, simulated hour temperature data are required. The primary data were drawn from EH5OM, the website of the Abdus Salam International Theoretical Physics Center (Italy). These data were run from 2015 to 2050 under A1 B scenario by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. For downscaling purposes, the fourth version of RegCM4 was used. Hourly temperature-data (for every 3 hours) are downscaled with the geographical dimensions of 0.27*0.27 the length and width of which would approximately cover points with dimensions of 30*30 km area of Iran in a 36- year (2015-2050) period of time. Heating and cooling degree-hours with 18.3°C and 23.9°C temperature thresholds were calculated and then sum of monthly means of degree-hours were obtained on a matrix with 96*2140 dimensions, in which rows are the mean degree-hours of each octoploid hours during the aforementioned period, and the columns are the cells. Finally, the sum of monthly-means of heating and cooling degree-hours of Iran were calculated and their maps were drawn. The results show that the highest needed heating degreehours belongs to January and February in northwest mountainous parts and Central Zagros with 5000-6000 degree-hours in the next decades. With regards to the cooling need in June, January, and August, northwest mountainous parts and country heights have the lowest cooling degree-hours of 0-500, and the highest cooling degree-hour belongs to southern coasts, especially Khuzestan plain. According to heating and cooling degree-hours, Iran can be divided into five climatic zones of mountain, interior foothills, pits, external foothills, Caspian coasts, and southern coasts and plains.

As a result of excellence and evolution of human knowledge, the concept of efficiency has developed and its evaluation has become possible according to different theories. Utilities is a tool in management of urban development and a major factor in the continuity of urban life without which lives of citizens lose activeness and reduction in its efficiency causes reduced welfare of citizens. In fact, following the extension of cities and the growth of urban population, demand to use utilities also increases which makes the observation of the consistency among efficient components of urban development and utilities inevitable. The present study aims to assess the consistency among present utilities and important spatial and socio-economic components in towns of Ardabil Province in the form of relative efficiency. For the analysis purpose, Data Envelopment Analysis (classic) based on goal programming (for a goal-seeking view and more separation of efficiencies) are employed. Results show that the (relative) efficiency of 11 cities are based on CCR-O Model and the efficiency of 15 cities follow BCC-O Model. Among towns of Ardabil Province, only Germi Town suffers from intense scale efficiency that indicates that this town does not operate in its optimal scale. Finally, it can be inferred that according to the conducted analyses and goal seeking view of DEA, Sarein and Jafarabad have the highest (relative) efficiency among towns of Ardabil Province.

While desertification is the negative effect of nature on the environment, land degradation is the results of the negative impact of human activity. Karoon watershed erosion and sediment yield are 20 ton/ha and 25 million ton per year, respectively. This issue has led to desertification and land degradation. Hence, identification of degradation indicators, prioritization and evaluation of their effects are important in the study of land degradation. In this study, natural, climatic and socio-economic factors (27 factors) were collected in Karoon watershed. The Factors converted to raster and the pixel data converted to text data (ASCII format). The relationship between variables was analyzed using factor analysis. Factor analysis can distinguish and classify internal relationships of variables. The eigenvalues and variance of the data showed that the first seven components cover 83.27% of the changes. Soilerosion, land use, and soil depth account for the highest amount of variation. Topography, climate change, socio-economic components are the next in the list in components analysis. Water quality layer has the lowest effect in the land degradation. Therefore, the results showed that in the issue of soil erosion, land use in land degradation is more important than geology information.

As the recognition of phenomena in the surrounding world, expression of natural-humanistic realities, and spatial systems are based on a strong theoretical foundation, the use of quantitative methods and models is regarded as an essential and powerful tool for the better identification of them. Today, the use of numerical and statistical techniques has become customary in the research domain of these sciences. This study is an attempt to explain the advantages of using Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment integrated decision-making technique. WASPAS is a very precise technique whose decision matrix is based on objective data and has applications in decision-making on critical issues. Therefore, this study has put its emphasis on prioritization of tourism-targeted villages by means of WASPAS technique. For this reason, selection criteria are based on spatial indexes. A descriptiveanalytic method is employed for the conduct of this research. To this end, studies pertinent to the specialized field of tourism were used in order to identify the indexes of tourism-targeted villages. Accordingly, 13 criteria and48 sub-criteria were identified and were used as a foundation for data collection on rural tourism. The centrality index was used to calculate the score of each criterion each of which consists of a number of sub-criteria. In fact, the score of each criterion was calculated according to its sub-criteria. Thereafter, the evaluation model of WASPAS was used to prioritize tourist villages. The results of this study show that Darb Gonad, Bisheh, and Valiasr are the villages with the highest capability for the development of and investment in tourism activities. In contrast, Scholl Abad, Heshmat Abad, and Vanaii are equipped with a relatively lower potential for development in this regard. In fact, the output of the model matches the existing reality well.

Plants’ lives as well as all of their biological activities in various phases depend on environmental conditions, especially weather conditions. It is possible to maximize the efficiency of plants’ biological activities and improve the quality and quantity of product yield per unit as much as possible by means of data and techniques of weather forecasting and agro-climatology in agriculture. The goal of the present study is to determine thermal units required for Kuhdasht dry land wheat in its growing season and all phenological phases. Furthermore, the study aims at estimating the longitude of the phases within various years in order to provide an agricultural calendar. Therefore, having collected relevant data, an experimental field was established in the Kuhdasht’s Agricultural Studies Center and weather mapping and phenological monitoring were carried out simultaneously in a 4- year period. Afterwards, the data were analyzed by Excel, SPSS and GIS software packages and the results were extracted. It was found that the length of growing season and the average performance of the product within the studied period were 183 days and 3116.5 Kgs, respectively. The most interesting result of this study was the higher significance of the total sunny hours to the total thermal units or the amount of water accessible to the plant.

In addition to physical dimensions, place has spiritual and emotional aspects, too, and encourages emotional sense in its residents. Due to these feelings, a kind of attachment to place leads people to form a local identity. The main purpose of this research is to explain the place attachment of teenagers in selected neighborhoods of Tehran. This sense of attachment to place affects social inclusion, with a focus on social capital, and capacity of the place, with emphasis on the quality of the living environment. The analysis of these effects are the purpose of this article, and aims to introduce use of structured models (because of multi-dimensional nature of the research and the presence of latent variables) in the field of urban studies. In this correlation analysis study, a sample of size 475 of the teenagers from the communities of districts 17, 10, 8 and 1 of Tehran were selected through stratified systematic sampling, and each of the five research variables,including social inclusion, capacity, location, social security, access to services and socio-economic origin, were examined by means of “structural equation modeling” techniques and “path analysis”. Three different models of the relationships between variables were produced. The results of the models show that the sense of attachment to place among adolescents are better expressed by “spatial capacity” and “better access to services” variables. These two variables have the most causal effect on place attachment and account for 73% of variance. Based on the research findings, the four main variables: “place capacity”, “social capacity” “access to services”, “social security” and the subsidiary variable “socio-economic origin” have significant 1. This paper is derived from the first Editor’s Ph.D. thesis with the title of “explaining the community capacities (social and physical) in the view of teenagers in Tehran” and is guided by the second, and the third editors of original thesis. The entire current research is happening at the School of Art and Architecture at the University of Tarbiat Modares in the city of Tehran. relationship (p

In recent decade, development right having in economic, social, and environmental aspects is right of citizen everybody. In reality, sustainable development paradigm attempt with new approach at the citizenship Rights (systematic, integrated & holistic approach), priority putting target groups rights (females, children, poor and so on) in parallel integrated & holistic rights for place and humans. Citizen called people in the developmental and legal resources that have residency and nationality (temporary & permanent) a country and have rights and benefits that approved in the fundamental law and other usual laws. In this research, the key question is that “how much take rural citizenship rights into consideration in the five years development plans of IR of Iran? The method of this research is descriptive - analytical and content analyze with systematic, integrated & holistic view to the citizenship rights in the five years development plans of IR of Iran. The result indicated that rural citizenship rights there is direct and indirect (very few) in the plans and from first plan until fifth plan (with the exception of two plan that take not rights into consideration) from a frequency of purposes, political, and actions have a evolutionary process, but have structural weakness from a thought, planning and management.

Ecology as a theory and a methodology has a holistic approach and provides an appropriate space for analyzing the interaction of human and nature. Geography as a science of studying the interaction of man and nature has a great identity with ecology in terms of semantic, structure and function. Post-structuralism theory’s emphasis on concepts such as rationality, diversity, difference, the “other”, importance of “nature” and “power-politics” has a lot in common with the concept of ecology to the extent that ecology should be considered as the kernel of post-structuralism. Based on the post-structuralism concepts of ecology, one can find many identities between political ecology and geopolitics. This research, which is a fundamental research by nature and uses library documents, attempts to explain the correlation of ecology and democracy in post-structuralism theory and its function in geography. The results show that ecology can be classified into three categories: intellectual, environmental and political, and “political ecology” is the link of all ecological structures. Moreover, according to post-structuralism, “political ecology” or “Eco-Politics” can improve conditions for a form of democracy known as “Geo-democracy” or “Eco-democracy”. Therefore, human from the perspective of geography is “an ecological entity that recognizes and manages the territory of human-nature based on eco-democracy.”

Methodology is often defined as a normative or prescriptive process for doing research by the scientific community. Yet, if a methodology couldn’t relate to practical realities, it would be considered as a non-scientific and worthless subject. In this research, which is based on documentary and library sources, different takes of methodology in geomorphology and their relationship with techniques or research methods are discussed, surveyed, compared, criticized and analyzed. We also try to describe effective factors in a successful, suitable explanation. Research methods that are described in papers and viewpoints of geomorphologists and philosophers are also presented. Finally, these methods are categorized in a framework. Due to the fact that there exist many branches of research in geomorphology, we emphasize on fluvial geomorphology. Findings of the research shows that methods and viewpoints of geomorphology elites are predominant in this field. Moreover, diversity in the application of scientific logic, convolution of philosophical ideas, lack of attention to domain knowledge and methods oflogical thinking, and misunderstanding philosophical ideas are common among Iranian and foreign geomorphologists.