فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیستم شماره 3 (پیاپی 93، پاییز 1395)

Nowadays, development is one of issues that have been important among geographers recently. Whereas public services stablish economic, social, cultural, physical and spatial form and nature of regions, thus inequity in their distribution and dispersion manner creates irreparable effect for regions structure and form, and appearance cause of types of development levels, and creates advantages for some regions. This reaearch aims analyzing development level of Alborz provinces counties. Thus, research method is comparative- analytical method, research type is practical, and data gathering is library way. Therefore Alborz counties have been categorized in having services aspect after nominating indicators (43 indicators) in 4 dimensions using TOPSIS, SAW, WASPAS, and Combinatorial (scores median) models, then plans priorities have been characterized according to public services dispersion for every county. Research findings show that Karaj, Sawojbolagh and Nazar Abad counties have the least development level, and Eshtehard and Taleghan have the highest development level (by scores 1 and 2) in public services distribution aspect. Result of pearson correlation analysis shows that there is a logical relationship between population (as the most important factor in developing sercices) and sercices dispersion. Therefore, system of services distribution in Alborz province needs to create rational and harmonic relationship between population and services distribution.

Recently, environmental change is a main concern in sustainable science. That can be affected human society in the global, national, regional and local scale. According to the sustainability paradigm, the relationship between human and environmental system is a global discourse. Global environmental change research has seen increased attention to the concept of vulnerability. In this sense, environmental change as a characteristic of social-ecological systems linked to resilience. In the recent years Urmia Lake ecosystem has been effected by many drivers (climate change, dam construction, irrigated farm land expanse and irregular utilization of groundwater). Therefore, the main aim of this paper is identification of vulnerable spheres and nods on the Urmia Lake eastern spatial organization. In this paper we used social, economic and physical index for identification and determination of vulnerability ecosystem change. We used multi attribute decision making GIS- based for ordering the vulnerability spheres. Moreover, the chosen model of multi attribute decision making was TOPSIS. According to the result, the most vulnerable spheres are in Azarshar, Ajabshir and Bonab counties. This paper also indicates the most rural population density is in Bonab, Malekan and Ajabshir counties which main activity of these regions is agriculture. Hence, rural settlements of aforementioned counties are in the serious threat with minimum distance of Urmia Lake.

Current management pattern of the rural development plan, has caused to the different challenges (environmental, socio, economic, and physical) in the case study region (villages of Tehran Province) because of the Up-down and sector approach dominance. Thus, this study seeks to answer this strategic question that “how much management of the rural development plan has considered to the principles, framework and process of spatial planning in various stages of preparation ,implementation and evaluation of development plans in the study area,? " To answer that strategic question, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The required data have been collected by documentary and field methods. The study population is 129 village with more than 20 households in Shemiranat, Tehran and Rey Towns, that 12 villages were selected.The number of 12 questionnaires at the level of village's administrators (The Council /Rural manager) and 120 questionnaires at the level of heads of households have been distributed and filled. The statistical t-test is used to analyze. results showed that, with the exception of a few cases (like Chaleh-Tarkhan village that was average), generally, there is no meaningful differences between case study villages in terms of the amount of attention to the framework, principles and process of spatial planning in the preparation, implementation and monitoring and evaluation stages of the rural development plan and actually, most of the villages have undesirable situation in discussed indicators.

Establishment of mainly residential new towns in Tehran metropolitan region has led to expand Tehran’s functional area beyond its political borders. This new functional area, is created by and creates job-targeted travels. These commutes, in fact, represent the spatial relationships created by the distribution of employment and housing opportunities, which indicate the concentration of employment and jobs in Tehran metropolitan region. Meanwhile, Jobs-Housing Balancing is the forgotten aim of new towns including Pardis new town.
The research method is descriptive-analytical including both documentary and empirical analysis. The sample is the residence of Pardis new town including 382 of workers residing in this town. In this study, the process of balancing and integration of jobs-housing in Pardis new town are assessed based on two indicators: alteration process of time and distance in business trips and also the comparison between alteration process of employment-related urban land-use changes and alteration process of residential land-use changes.
The results show that Pardis new town is leading to a resonant lack of integration between jobs-housing balance and divergence in the jobs-housing system. Therefore, jobs-housing crisis exit strategies are proposed. Divergence and convergence monitoring of job-housing system will lead to improve and adjust spatial development management approaches.

The human need to energy is increasing constantly and fossil energy sources is decreasing. The indiscriminate use of fossil fuels pollute the environment and threaten life on Earth. Today in addition to modifying consumption, use of renewable energy is one of the ways to solve the energy crisis. The Solar energy is one of the renewable energies. In this study the application of GIS in the Assessment of using solar energy to supply lighting systems of Highway Zanjan - Tabriz by function of Solar Analyst has been studied. In this article, the DEM ASTER satellite’s data of the study area in the Arc GIS software were used to calculate the solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface for six months (May and October).The results of this investigation showed that the study area due to variation of topography has different surface radiation and confirmed the possibility of using solar photovoltaic systems to supply lighting systems of Highway Zanjan - Tabriz. In the matter of the most important factor which affects the received radiation to surface, function of Solar Analyst has the most correlation with the height and the lowest correlation with the slope aspect.

Globalization of the economy has caused the development of industries and advanced services in active metropolises in the world cities network. The increase of occupation, advanced services sector rather than industrial activities, centralization and replacement of these activities in central and low population density regions and along with it transfer of heavy industries to surrounding regions are the most important spatial consequences of globalization of the economy process in metropolises. This study -based on this assumption- investigates the type of service activities and the method of their site selection in 22 regions of Tehran metropolis during a period of 8 years using workshop census (1381-1373). The results show that 20 percent or one-fifth of the workshops established in Tehran in this period is advanced services and 80 percent is activities of industrial sector. On the other hand during this 8 years, the site selection of more than 50 percent of advanced services workshops are just in four regions including 6,7,11 and 12 and there is a gradual tendency towards site selection in low density northern regions, namely 1 and 5 because of suitable access to advanced services and facilities in these regions. Therefore, as for continuation of industrial era activities attraction and low tendency to advanced services activities, prevailing spatial economy in Tehran metropolis has been industrial economy.

Between 2010 and 2015, a new wave of information and knowledge based economy, leads to the formation of knowledge intensive firms in geography of Tehran metropolis. In most cases, these firms selected sites which are not in compliance with spatial planning frameworks, norms and rules and they were located following the market-driven factors. Therefore, reviewing and analyzing this new geographic phenomenon is important for recommending spatial planning policies in Tehran. The main objective of this research is to understand the spatial distribution patterns of these knowledge intensive firms and their spatial relationships with environmental, social, economic, educational, research and infrastructure factors in Tehran metropolis. In this study, the data of more than 930 registered companies till 2015 have been pinpointed in GIS, using spatial statistics methods to be analyzed. The findings show that spatial distribution pattern of knowledge intensive firms is cluster type which is highly related to basic infrastructures such as public transport network and also, with research and educational institutions. At the end, suggestions based on the results of the research have provided. At the end, suggestions based on the results of the research have provided.

Globalization process through consolidation of many national economies has shaped global economy and led to a network of world cities. In this context, metropolitan for surviving in such competitive environment will require appropriate infrastructures, capacities, and powers. Accordingly, the measuring position of metropolitan areas is necessary to determine the role of them in the global economy. This paper identifies the impacts of economic globalization on the spatial structure of Tehran and Istanbul metropolitans and also compare the function of these cities in the globalization process. The research method was descriptive-analytical and analyzes were based on secondary data. Findings revealed that in term of economic dimension and foreign investment, Istanbul has favorable condition compared to Tehran. However, the lowest difference was related to Internet penetration. Investigation of spatial structure based on polycentricity and investments in meta-projects indicators showed that there are transformations in the Tehran metropolitan. These changes are higher than and more multidimensional in the Istanbul. Finally, it can be argued that the position of Istanbul in the global economy is better than Tehran. Istanbul metropolitan based on necessities of the global economy, inevitably, experiences spatial restructuring.

In the recent decades the spatial reflection of post Fordist economic transition in advanced societies has created new forms of urbanization which revealed the inefficiency of hierarchical paradigm. Thus by passing from the logic of territorial organization into logic of network organization, economics of scale to external economics of network, hierarchical links and one sided to the synergistic relationships and cross of many traditional concepts; not only in terms of analytical and descriptive but even more with a normative approach placed in a new form and nature which require re-definition and re-framing. The purpose of this paper is to explain the transition from planning concepts based on hierarchy to planning on the base of polycentric- network of regional structures. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive approach by reviewing the existing literatures regarding to these two main paradigms to analysis the relevant statements. The results showed that hierarchical theory does not offer specific strategy but network theories suggest a coherent framework of cooperation among the towns in different spatial scales which can lead to competitive position of cities and regions by increasing importance in international competitions

Synoptic analysis of the structure of heat waves in Khuzestan province is the main purpose of the present study. Statistical and synoptic analysis and dynamic downscaling technique were used to identify the atmospheric circulation structure in the time of the emergence of a heat wave in the area. To this end, daily maximum temperature during the warm period (June to September) for 13 synoptic stations in the southwest of Iran with different statistical length were taken from the Iran Meteorological Organization.
Based on the statistical analysis results, 1 July 2000 was identified as the hottest day in the selected hottest heat wave in the period of study, and therefore this day was selected for exact investigation and dynamic downscaling.
The results of synoptic analysis showed that the intense subsidence heating that occurred in the selected day had two causes: At the surface of the earth, a low pressure situation with the origin in thermal low pressures of the Gange, Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf and West Asians independent subtropical high pressure at 500 hpa level; and warm air advection fluxes to the study area, both in low latitudes and Iran dry areas. The RegCM4 dynamic downscaling results indicated that at the earth surface, there is a strong low pressure on the Zagros and there exists a strong typical ridge at upper levels. This strong typical ridge caused dry adiabatic subsidence and created intense heating. This study revealed that the Zagros high Pressure (ridge) has obvious role in the emergence of heat waves and intensification in Khuzestan.