فصلنامه برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا
سال بیستم شماره 4 (پیاپی 94، زمستان 1395)

The role And place of rural development in Economic, social and political processes in local, regional, national , international and the consequences of undeveloped in rural areas such as widespread poverty, rising inequalities, rapid population growth, unemployment, immigration and urban margins the cause is attention to rural development and even its priority to urban development. In this regard, the present study is to Future approach, to offer influential propellants in the development of rural areas of Iran. The research method is based on the Delphi technique. At first, by using Porter's five forces analysis for micro environment and analysis STEEP (social, technological, economic, environmental and political) for the macro environment, Events and effective propellants in the rural development were selected by experts of Delphi Group. Then, for determining the main drivers of the importance, the impact and the lack of certainty of cross-impact analysis propellants and hierarchical analysis model is used. According to the Finding results, the most important key factors regarding to degree of importance importance; respectively are partnership, investment and entrepreneurship, training skilled manpower, natural resources, income generation, the rural guide plan, ownership of resources, technology, services and tourism. According to the opinion of experts the first five factors are very important in rural development. That certainty and uncertainty of propellants is discussed to planning appropriate actions for controlling and directing them towards Iran rural development.

This paper aims to analysis the effects of information and communication technology on social and economic life style in the rural Areas of the Meshkinshar County. This study is developmental in based on objective, descriptive and survey in based on nature and causal-comparative and analytical in based on method. The Statistical society includes all villages that have had ICT office and the sample size was estimated 377 people based on the Cochran formula which were distributed relatively in proportion to the population of villages. On the basis of review of the literature, a questionnaire was developed to collect the necessary data. The tool used in measuring the questionnaire was made by the researcher. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.76-0.82). For data analysis, SPSS software was used. For data analysis, SPSS software was used. The results of research showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between all variables of research (except of religion changes and nutrition pattern) and using of ICT services. Finally, based on the results analysis, some applied recommendations have been provided.

Nowadays, transport corridors are considered as significant elements of national economy. On the other hand, due to their role in concentration and distribution of population, they have an undeniable role in the formation of spatial structure of regions. Hence, the aim of this paper is to study the impact of the transport corridors on spatial distribution of population and activity in Khorasan-e Razavi province.
The method of the research is quantitative and its approach is descriptive-analytical. Data have mainly been collected by Statistical Center of Iran through the second sources and spatial analysis of data have been carried out using ArcGIS tools, e.g. GWR, and Geo Da software. The results show that there is a direct and positive relationship between density of transport corridors and spatial distribution of population and industrial activity in the area under the study. In addition, the results indicate that despite various potentials in its development process, Khorasan-e Razavi still follows a polarized and centralized spatial pattern and is clearly seen an excessive concentration of activity and population in the center of the province. Thus, despite a direct relationship between the transport network and population and activity centers, the impact intensity of development corridors on the spatial organization of the area is negligible. However, because of the capabilities of the province at regional and trans-regional levels, the strengthening of axes and growth of centers distant from the provincial capital can result in a decrease in the intensity of concentration and enhancing spatial balance.

Developing context-based spatial planning theories and criticizing their key components are an essential requirement in the development of people and places. Along this perspective, Structural-Functional Dynamics approach (SFD) has taken the first step toward formulating an alternative approach to spatial planning in relation to the Iranian context of social geography. As another step forward, this article focuses, through a critical engagement, on how two key concepts of man and space are conceptualized by SFD approach. As this paper argues, space and man are separately conceptualized in SFD approach. In fact, the concept of space has been formulated in a manner that its methodological consequences to the concept of man are explicitly neglected. As a result, SFD approach inevitably reproduces the same assumptions that it criticizes through the lens of Humanism, assumptions such as objectivism, elitist planning, top-down approach, threshold concept of neoclassical economies, rapid urbanization, and universal principles of human behavior, which underlay positivist geography and neoclassical economies. To overcome such conceptual mismatch within SFD approach requires interactional redefinition of concepts of space and man. Yet before redefining these concepts, geographers and planners’ identity should be rearticulated with regards to past and future experiments of spatial planning in Iran.

Spatial planning traditions and systems, development processes in cities and regions, and planning and decision-making concepts have always been influenced by contexts and cultural background of the involved actors in the planning processes and systems. Despite the cultural turn and increased recognition of culture and emphasis of scholars on its importance, planning theories rarely mention culture as a critical factor in the analysis and comparison of principles, systems and planning processes. Hence, through a critical review of the latest approaches and using actor-centered institutionalism approach, this paper introduces a theoretical model based on culturized planning model to investigate important cultural dimensions of spatial planning. In other words, this paper aims to explore the role of culture in spatial planning and analyze this role by the actor-centered institutionalism approach. This research has delineated the relation between planning and societal culture by introducing the culturized planning model. The explanatory aspect of this model, however, needs a more comprehensive analysis of cognitive frames in spatial planning. This conceptual framework, which demonstrates a new theoretical approach, includes dimensions that affect planning such as cognitive framework of planners and planning institutions, institutional context, planning system, cultural codes and beliefs, and societal values. Such a consistent collection of criteria enhances the explanation of culture and its effects on spatial planning practices.

Rural housing is naturally regarded as the manifestation of biological and socio-economic rural methods and its model and performance acts as a window towards the identification of prospects and trends dominant over rural life and activities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the spatial-physical zoning of sustainable rural housing in Lorestan Province. To this end, a descriptive-analytic research method was employed. In this regard, factor analysis was used to select the sample size and identify homogeneous areas according to the scope of the study. The results of factor analysis showed that the climate of the obtained area is the result of the interaction of three different components, i.e. thermal domain, humidity, and raining components. These factors with eigenvalues higher than one account for about 73.35 percent of the total variance. Thereafter, cities were clustered using Ward’s cluster analysis. Based on cluster analysis, the Province’s cities were placed in 3 climatic zones. After the specification of homogeneous regions, the data pertaining to the number of households, natural position and distance of every village to the city center were categorized and inserted into the GIS environment. In each zone, a number of queries, equal to the number of states created in GIS, were taken based on these three factors and the frequency of villages in each category was determined in homogeneous zones. Finally, a total of 50 villages were selected as the sample. The studies pertaining to areas of expertise were utilized to identify measurement indicators of sustainable housing and the parameters associated with them with special emphasis on the rural areas of studies. Accordingly, 4 domains, 13 variables, and 73 items in this area were identified and were placed as the foundation of the questionnaire development as the main instrument of the research in field studies. The rural households in Lorestan Province consisted the statistical population of this research. From this population, 500 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula and the same number of questionnaires was filled in. For the analysis of the data obtained from field studies, both descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA) were employed. The results derived from descriptive statistics show that there are some differences in housing spaces and specifications in various clusters in economic, social, biological, environmental, and physical domains. The results of one-tail t-tests indicate that there is generally a low level of sustainability regarding housing dimensions in different zones. Moreover, ANOVA results show that the semi-humid zone with hot summers and mild winters as well as the semi-arid zone with extremely hot summers and relatively cold winters are placed in the same category in term of physical dimension. These zones enjoy a better status than the semi-humid zone with mild summers and cold winters. Similarly, the villages of the province are categorized into two classes, that is, semi-humid zones with mild summers and cold winters are of a more desirable situation in comparison with other zones in terms of economic status. In terms of social dimension, the villages under study are grouped into two categories. It is also shown that the semi-arid zone with extremely hot summers and relatively cold winters suffer from a more unsuitable situation than other zones. Finally, it is concluded that all the three zones share the same situation in terms of the environmental dimension, as all three zones are placed in the same category.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges in the present century. Natural forces resulting from climate change, such as droughts, storms, heavy floods, temperature rise, untimely chill, rise in sea levels, increasing plant pests and diseases, and deforestation, have caused irreparable damages to earth. Drought is a slow but growing and complicated phenomenon caused by shortage of rain and rise in temperature. Unlike other natural phenomena, it is difficult to anticipate its beginning, duration and end. South Khorasan Province has been experiencing drought since 1998. The present study aims initially to analyze the meteorological data in order to determine the time and length of drought, identify places with high risk of drought according to Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), rating percentage index and decile indices and statistical features of monthly precipitation of synoptic weather stations in South Khorasan and Birjand from 1989 to 2016, and then tries to analyze the reasons and socio-economic and bioenvironmental consequences of drought in order to propose plausible solutions. The findings show that the most severe period of drought was from 1999 to 2001. Moreover, this province had the highest amount of precipitation from 1990 to 1991 and since 1998 the precipitation has been near normal or drought in this province. Among the cities of this province, Qaen, Khusf, Boshrooyeh, Tabas and Ferdows have suffered the most severe droughts, respectively.

This study assessed the possibility of establishing petrochemical industries in Lorestan province by using a combination of PROMETHEE II and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process methods in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. Using 10 information layers including height, slope, distance from the protected areas, land use, distance from rivers, distance from faults, distance from rural areas, distance from urban areas, distance from available industries and distance from roads. PROMETHEE II method was used to rank alternatives. The weights of the criteria were determined using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and the overlaying process was done on GIS. The results showed that about 16 % of the area of Lorestan province is most suitable for establishment of petrochemical industries. Sensitivity analysis shows that significant portions of these most suitable zones coincide with suitable divisions of the input layers. The sensitivity analysis, map classification, and factor weights showed satisfactory results for the model in petrochemical industry site selection.

Investigating the effect of climate change on agricultural crop yield in a geographical area is an important approach in climatologic studies. Our study aims to predict the maize yield under the impact of climate change in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, CGCM3 model under A1B scenario and Change Factor downscaling method as well as WOFOST agricultural model were employed using daily data of four weather stations in the province, including the minimum and maximum temperatures, precipitation, relative humidity and sunshine hours at a 28-year period (1982-2009). The base (1982-2009) and future (2023-2050) data were taken from Canadian Climate Data and Scenarios (CCDS). After downscaling, changes of any of the climatologic parameters were analyzed, and consequently the results were entered into the WOFOST agricultural model. The results showed that the minimum and maximum temperatures in the stations in the upcoming 28-year period will increase on average 1.3 and 1.7°C, respectively. However, precipitation will be faced with both increasing and decreasing situations. Despite the increase of growth period of maize in the region due to rising temperatures, crop’s potential yield in the future will be considerably reduced on average by 22 percent due to reduced rainfall in some parts of the region and also reduced relative humidity in all stations. The highest yield reduction will occur in low-lying and warm area of Sarpol-e-zahab in the west of province by 28.7 percent.

The aim of this research Evaluating and prioritizing areas Based on parameters creative city of Sanandaj. Type of research is Practical and method used in this study is Analytical-descriptive. For analysis of data was used from the model of network analysis, TOPSIS, multivariate regression analysis questionnaire.Statistical.The statistical population Consists of the five regions in Sanandaj and The criteria research includes 21 sub-indices creative cities is in the context Including 4 overall indexes. The results of the ANP model Show innovation criteria with 0.063 the greatest impact in the region to the Creative region in Sanandaj. The index of the number of researchers at 0.116 and number of inventions with 0.088 Have the most important role in the realization of their creative city of Sanandaj. Checking status of cultural services, the region three with the topsis 0.9596 in the First place and Region four with the topsis 0.2851 were the last rank about level of creativity a level of creativity between the regions of Sanandaj. The calculation of the relationship between the creative city and the current status of these components shows 63.7 percent of the realization that the creative regions of Sanandaj city Improve and increase the application of creative city components on statistical analysis of the questionnaire, Human Capital Index with the (4.24) percent and the quality of life with a (3.82) Have greatest and less less less less impact on Movement of a Region to creative region in Sanandaj.