فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 14، زمستان 1394)

The present study is aimedat exploring the obstacles to employee women promoting to high managerial levels in governmental banks، and recognizing the differences in viewpoints of men and women employees. It is a survey-based study، and the data was collected through questionnaires. The statistical population consisted of all men and women employees working at governmental banks; holding Bachelor''s degrees and higher and with at least five years of experience. 400 subjects were drawn as the research sample through multistage cluster sampling. T-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for data analysis and hypothesis testing. The findings of the study show that in all the hypotheses there were significant differences between viewpoints of men and women staff concerning obstacles to women promoting to high managerial levels in governmental banks. Moreover، the results of the study indicate that the variables of dominant organizational culture، women lack of tendency for promotions، and gender stereotypes of the society were seen as the most important obstacles، and women physical and mental features were considered as the least important obstacles.

Typology of emotional divorce in the city of Mashhad is the aim of this study. It was done through survey method and cluster sampling. Three semi-structured questionnaires were distributed among 30 couples that had been selected via purposive sampling. Based on the above-mentioned technique, the scores were categorized in five-dimensional categories of emotional divorce, namely I-we balance, shared activities, proximity, independency-dependency, and faithfulness. The results show that 35% of the sample members were out of balance and were at the two endpoints of the continuum, and other members of the sample fell into the two categories of "more connected" and "more integrated". The women scores were higher in all five-dimensional categories of emotional divorce.

Considering the fact that women commitment to marital life plays a significant role in family stability, the present study is aimed at comparing identity styles of committed and non-committed women. With that in view, 10 unfaithful women who had been suspended in Fardis Prison, and 10 faithful women who had referred to Arvin Counseling Center were purposively selected. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection, and the data was analyzed through content analysis of the taken notes. Based on the findings of the study, there were differences between the two groups of faithful and unfaithful women with regard to determining indices of identity style, i.e., religious, political, and occupational attitudes as well as description of self, decision-making method, goals and future plans, future outlook, emotions in making major decisions, selection of friends, and attitudes towards gender. Considering the mentioned features and their distribution, we can conclude that the dominant identity style of non-committed women of this study is avoidant/diffuse identity style and for committed women it is informative identity style.

The movements aimed at defending Muslim women rights, which had been formed in the Islamic world under the influence of western feminist movement, led to emergence of feminist readings of the Quran by the end of the twentieth century. This approach proposes the ideology that, based on the verses of the holy Quran, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) had set particular value and personality to women; however, after the Prophet, predisposed masculine exegeses of the Quran have dominated. The feminist reading of the Quran advocates the equality between men and women by considering the equality of their creation. As its methodology, this kind of reading draws upon hermeneutics and content-based approach in interpreting the Quranic verses. It necessitates focusing on gender-specific nature and syntax of Arabic language in interpreting the Quran. The proponents of this approach believe that a good number of women-related Quranic instructions and decrees like polygamy, Hijab, and other legal issues could be construed differently.

In this research, factors affecting Iranian women political indifference and passivity have been studied using Robert Dahl and Martin Lipset theories. For data collection and analysis a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods as well as purposive sampling were employed. Subjects were selected from among men and women who had academic degrees and jobs and resided in Tehran. Based on the findings of the study, feelings of political ineffectiveness and economic problems were the main reasons for political passivity of the individuals. Furthermore, women political passivity outperformed that of men. Regardless of psychological and economic factors, this might be due to gender-related stereotypes and attitudes towards women's roles. In addition, the findings of the study indicate the low rate of political awareness and self-confidence of the women in comparison to men, and their lesser degree of utilization of modern technological means of information and communication. The political participation of the youth was also lower than middle-aged individuals; however, education level was not seen to be at work in the subject's political activity or passivity.

Pistachio is one of the main exported products which severely requires workforce in all its procedures of production and processing. Accordingly, women can play a significant role as human resources in pistachio process of production. Thus, recognizing factors that affect the development of women participation is of great importance. With that purpose, 52 experts were randomly selected via simple sampling. The data was collected through questionnaires during the year 1392, and was then analyzed by SWOT method and SPSS software. The results revealed that the main strong point of women participation is motivation for earning income and supporting the family financially, and the main weak point was women lack of self-confidence. Moreover, the main opportunity which was indicated was the availability of more than 110000hectares of pistachio gardens in Rafsanjan, and the most important threat to women participation was the severe need to workforce and prejudices against women. Some strategies have been offered for increasing the rate of women participation, namely improving human resource management, offering financial and non-financial rewards for enhancing women motivation, changing existing attitudes towards women, providing proper conditions for their business activities, providing financial and ethical security in agriculture, controlling rural poverty, and enhancing women financial capability.

The current culture trains the individuals particularly the women that their value depends on their appearance. Some people feel social physiqueanxiety knowing that they do not enjoy a pleasing appearance. The role of the mass media that present unreachable beauty criteria and social networking sites that reinforce such criteria cannot be denied. The present study attempts to assess the rate of social physiqueanxiety of girls with the aim of determining the relation between this type of anxiety and the mass media and peers. The statistical population consists of all 4514 female undergraduates of Tabriz University in the academic year of 1391-92. The sample size was calculated as 376 people with the aid of Kukran Formula. Survey method and questionnaires were used for data collection, and the data was then analyzed by SPSS-20 software. The results show that the independent variables determine 10% of social physiqueanxiety variable. The peer variable (Beta=0/274) determined the highest variance value of social physique anxiety.

One of the main issues in feminism is feminist theology. Feminist theology poses questions with regard to women rights in religion and church. The Bible as the Jewish-Christian script has been the target of attention of feminist theologians. They attempt to confront the Scripture with serious questions about women rights. Presupposing that the Scripture has been written within a masculine culture, some feminist theologians have attempted for re-reading and reinterpreting the text. Their approach is critical and skeptical, rather than trustful. The present study attempts to re-read the sixteenth chapter of the Scripture which narrates the story of marriage of the Prophet Abraham and his second wife Hagar. Feminist theologians have attempted to interpret this section anew by adopting a critical approach. They confront the Scripture with gender-related queries. However, they have disregarded the social role of the Prophet Abraham as a messenger and society leader, and have failed to consider the complementary role of Sarah and Hagar in assisting him. Sarah and Hagar, like other faithful women in the history, played a vital role in the Prophet Abraham's divine mission.