فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1395)

There has been a decade-long focus on rural women empowerment in developmental plans. Given that, the present research is an assessment of empowerment and evaluation of socio-cultural, economic, and supportive factors which affect the empowerment of rural women in the city of Isfahan. The research population consisted of women dwelling in villages of Isfahan. The sample size was calculated as 222 through Kokran formula and the required data was collected through cluster sampling and a structured questionnaire. During the pretest phase, 80 questionnaires were randomly distributed among rural women and Alkire and Foster method was used. Moreover, logistic regression was used for evaluating factors affective rural women disempowerment. The results show that the rate and intensity of disempowerment in rural women was 28% and 45% respectively considering 30% as disability cutoff point. In other words, 28% of women in the statistical population were unable in at least 30% of criteria, and their degree of inability is 45% on average. The results of regression model reveal that education, occupation, use of the mass media, social and occupational relations, personal incomes, health, government support, use of various trainings, belief in gender equality, and credit funds have positive and meaningful effects on women empowerment.

At present time, body has become significantly important due to growth of consumption culture and the mass media. One of the raised issues in the field of body sociology is body management; an issue which has received considerable attention by girls and women. By changing their physical appearance, individuals make social construction of body. The present research studies social and cultural factors affecting the emergence of this phenomenon considering theories of Bourdieu, Giddens, Featherstone, Turner, and Goffman. The study is a survey-based one and the data was collected through a questionnaire made by the researcher. The population sample consisted of 530 girls and women in Tabriz ranging from 15 to 45 in age, in the year 1391. Multistage sampling method was used, and the results indicate that there are direct relationships between the variables of social acceptance, feeling social pressures, cultural capital, occupation status, marriage status, social class, use of the foreign mass media and body management. There are indirect relationships between religiosity and use of the foreign mass media variables and body management. The mentioned variables could explicate 41% of body management changes.

Following the ever increasing spread of cities, human being has found no way for controlling and managing the cities except through democratic development. For achieving that, he has reacheda new form of governance. Somehave considered this as a new creation and invention in constructing modern social structure. The present paper aims to study the elements of proper urban governance from viewpoints of women in the city of Zabol. The study was conducted through descriptive-analytic method, library studies, and field studies and through deployment of AHP method. For selecting urban governance indices—from among 24 indices of the United Nations—five general and important criteria (namely, cooperation, equality, effectiveness, answerability, and security) were selected; which form the core of these indices and are accepted by all organizations. The results show the necessity and priority of good governance indices from the viewpoints of women in the city of Zabol asfollow: First, security index; second, equality; third, cooperation; fourth, answerability; and fifth, effectiveness

The purpose of this study is to explore the distinct and concurrentimpacts of social and cultural capitals onwomen and girls encountering unethical behaviors. The main hypothesis was that the more women possess these two capitals, the lesser their encounter with immortal behaviors would be. The research population consisted of all female university students in five general academic groups in Roudehen and Tehran universities. At the time of data collection, the participants had spent at least two semesters at the due universities. For testing the research hypothesis, around 420 students of Roudehen and Tehran Universities were selected through stratifiedsampling. A "structured researcher-made" questionnaire was used for eliciting the student's responses concerning the rate of "encountering ethical crimes" and their possession of social and cultural capitals during"a certain period of time". The results of the research hypothesis show that despite the direct relationship between possession of social capitals and cultural capitals, there exists a mysterious relationship between cultural capital and encountering unethical behaviors in a way that more possession of social capitals prevents women from encountering unethical behaviors, and more possession of cultural capitals facilitates the encounter of university girls and women with unethical behaviors.

The present study aims at exploring howagents would make sense of, perceive, and interpret social humiliation, via a gender-related approach. Qualitative grounded theory was employed for analyzing the issue and forty citizens of Tehran were requested to attend a semi-structured interview. Through data analysis, three main categories of quality of social comparison, re-consideration of gender-related roles, and awareness of institutionalized sexuality were extracted; which eventually led to the emergence of the core category. The findings are indicative of a gender-related discursive context which has dominated the relations and is a driving force in intragroup and intergroup humiliation. Contrary to common beliefs, men, like women—yet in a dissimilar way—endure challenges related to their own sexuality which results in their humiliation. However, given the ideological function of patriarchic discourse, femininity is a potential threat for women humiliation and makes it difficult for them to cope with it.

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the relation between general health and occupational burnout and social efficiency of primary school female teachers in the city of Tehran. In this research, the 28-item General Health Questionnaire(GHQ) was used for assessing the general health. Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) which consists of 25 items and four scales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment, and tensionwas utilized. Flener four-dimensional model questionnaire, which consists of 47 items, was administered for assessing social competences. Raw data, collected through descriptive statistics (mean, deviation) and inferential statistics, was then analyzed. Simple linear regression was used for inferential analyses. The results indicate that there is indirect and significant relationship between general health and occupational burnout, in a sense that when general health increases, occupational burnout decreases, and when general health decreases, occupational burnout increases. However, there was no significant relationship between general health and social efficiency.

Throughout the history, women have played an outstanding role in social, political, and economic transformations. Today, despite widespread developments in humanities and natural sciences, women contribution in economic and occupational activities is still low. In developmental plans, a question that is often posed is whether or not women limited contribution is due to traditional and religious beliefs. In this research, 16 developed and developing countries (bothMuslim and non-Muslim) were selected and the status of women in Muslim and non-Muslim countries was compared through statistical analyses of women contribution in the labor market of these countries. Ultimately, through numerical taxonomy it was shown that the countries that have provided better occupational conditions for women enjoy better economic indices, and religious differences have played no role in women rate of contribution.