فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، تابستان 1395)

One of the concepts in the history of Islam and Iran which requires more examination,particularly in Safavid era, is Siyadat (an honorific conception denoting individuals accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet). Although this concept experienced a contraction from its outset until the Safavid era (Hashemi, Talebi, Alavi and Fatemi), new perspectiveshave also appeared concerning Siyadat appointment. The authors of this article attempted to examine two treatises named Understanding Siyadat written by Seyyed Hussein ibn Mojtahed Korki in 1001 (AH) and ATreatise on Siyadat of Female Descendantscompiledby Seyyed Ahamad Ibn Zeinolabedin Alavi Ameliin 1060(AH). In both treatises, authors proposed a different approach to the appointment of Siyadat in comparison to their dominant contemporary discourse. In this research, we aimed at investigating and introducing these two manuscripts by means of content analysis and the analysis of the historical concepts in these treatises and examining the opinions of their authors concerning the concept of Siyadat.

Women employment, in its new conception, is defined as their economic activities throughout certain period of time while they are away from home. However, this concept has been expanded in different dimensions. The issue is that occupation is influenced by gender features and accordingly jobs are categorized as masculine or feminine ones. As a result of this categorization and division,women face legal or social impediments if they wish to enter certain occupations in our society. Since this issue has its own impact on the society, it has attracted the attention of authorities in charge and social affairs experts and specialists. Ultimately, what can be observed in the society are vague policies and paradoxical decisions concerning this problem. This research examines the horizontal gender-based division of professions in case of lived experiences and perceptions of womenwho experiencedmasculine professions. The research is qualitative and data was gathered by in-depth interviewing. The data was coded and the findings were then categorized under several themes. In the same vein, the causes of women choosing toperform in manly occupations, and their problems in these jobs, as well as the implications of their presence in these positions were deduced. After all, it seems that the essence of women lived experience in this case variesbased on the typology of various jobs.

Today, manly and masculine urbanism and unfavourable urban environments have made women have less access to public urban spaces which consequently leads to a sort of injustice in society regarding this issue. This research sheds light on the function of Mother Garden in Azadegan Park situated in district 15 of Tehran. The results of this urban-applied research, devised by evaluation and correlation, reveal that accessibility, freedom of presence, and security from women perspective are of the most important indices of achievement of gender-based justice and fairness. There is also ameaningful relationship between these indices and the function of this garden in achieving gender-based justice. Therefore,construction and development of women gardens can set the ground for the creation of an appropriate context for women leisure activities. Simultaneously, fresh and active environments can pave the way for the optional presence of women in urban spaces along with their social interactions.Consequently, increasingwomen share of urban spaces is a practical solution for the problem of gender-based justice in the Islamic countries

During various jurisprudentialeras,certain common qualities have been specified for the ones being appointed as judges; however,different theories have beenproposed concerning the particular prerequisite of masculinity. Some jurists have considered masculinity to be one of the required prerequisites for judges. This article focuses on ideas of Islamicjurists, from Minor Occultation age to contemporary era, and the issue of women judgeship before and after the Islamic Revolution. The results of this study illustrate that the masculinity condition was not among judgeship prerequisites prior to the time of Sheikh Tusi (one of jurists of early Imamiyeh jurisprudence) and it was Sheikh Tusi himself who started these controversial debates. In other words, there was no condition of masculinity during the first era of jurisprudence, yet it was during the second and third eras when the number of masculinity proponents increased, in a way that even in the fourth era we can observe quitedifferent views in this regard in comparison to other eras. From legal point of view, there was no masculine condition for judgeship prior to the Islamic Revolution, but it was in 1361 when this condition was appended to the qualifications of judges; nevertheless, while ijtehad (superior canonical scholarship) condition was neglected.

Not utilizing urban spaces on account of their insecurity not only decreases the quality of the environment but also is in open violation of citizenship rights. In this piece of research, attempts are made to shed light on the relationship between women individual characteristicsplus the social features of the local community and their fear of crime within specific neighbourhoods and health. Data was collected through field study, focused-group discussion sessions, in-depth interview, and questioners. The results display a meaningful positive relationship between previous experience of being a victim and overall anxiety score, social disorders, variety of subcultures, and a negative and meaningful relationship between the trust in police patrol, clothing style, social capital, social supervision, judicial and social justice and women fear of being acrime victim in urban environments and spaces. Additionally, variables of age, education, ethnicity, social satisfaction, and participation showed no meaningful correlation with the fear of crime

The criminal law is basically an impersonal law. This means that it embraces all individuals and subjects equally. However, advocacy of feminine gender on account of her different creation is regarded as an exception to this principlein the criminal systems of most of the countries. It seems that judicial authorities consider female gender as a criterion for penalty reduction in case of female accusers; in other words, this is a kind of positive and supportive discriminationfor women. In addition, besides biological factors such as the age of the victims—which make children and the elderly more vulnerable—women sexuality plays a role as an intensifying criterion in determiningfemale accusers’penalty due to their vulnerability. This issue is also raised about accusers who choose their victims from among women due to their physical weakness and condition. In most of the countries, criminal law systems pay special attention to these issues that the crime penalties of female accusers can be reduced on account of their gender while the crime penalty of accusers who victimize women is intensified at the same time due to the feminine gender of the victims. Considering these hypotheses, in this field study, we aimed at exploring judicial doctrines advocating this idea in the Iranianlegal system. The examination of the views of Iranian criminal jurists did not yield evidence in support of the abovementioned hypotheses; the reasons for which are doubtlessly unsound.

The present research surveys the relationship between styles of devotion and espousal satisfaction by the index of sexual functioning of women. The research method devised here is correlational.Two hundred women referring to a health centre in Tehran in 1393 and 1394 were selected via random-cluster sampling. The data was gathered from the questioners on the styles of devotion and attachment (AAI), espousal satisfaction questioners (ENRICH), and the questioner of the index of sexual functioning of women(FSFI). The data was analysed by Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressionsstep by step analysis. The findings of this study show that there is a positive meaningful relationship between the safe devotion and attachment style and espousal satisfaction and women sexual functioning (r=0/245). Also there is a reverse and meaningful relationship between the unsafe avoidableattachment styles and unsafe and ambivalent styles and women sexual functioning (r=-285, r=-247). Furthermore, espousal satisfaction has a direct meaningful relationship with the index of sexual index (r=/222). As a consequence, safe and ambivalent attachments have the most predictive power regarding the index of sexual functioning. However, women who have the safe attachment style and high espousal satisfactionenjoy an appropriate sexual functioning in their relationship with their husbands.