فصلنامه پژوهش نامه زنان
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 8، پاییز و زمستان 1392)

The present research is a sociological study on why women tend to undergo cosmetic surgeries. The study also aims to perform a typology of the motives، attitudes towards body، and methods of creating meaning for such conditions by people in order to justify the manipulation of the body. The statistical population included all women who had undergone cosmetic surgery between 2011 and 2013 in Tehran، as well as those who intended to do so. The research method was a qualitative one، and the data was collected using semi-structural interviews. Using the snowball and purposeful- theoretical sampling method، 30 subjects between the ages of 20 to 34 visiting cosmetic surgery clinics were interviewed. The results showed that women’s motivation to do cosmetic surgeries are classifiable under two general categories of personal reasons (motivations fastened to the self) and transpersonal reasons (motivations fastened to trans-self). Personal reasons are categorized at the analytical level of common sense. Transpersonal reasons are classifiable to middle and large analytical level based on the conditions and circumstances where individuals are surrounded by. At the middle level، family and family conditions، and at the large scale، social conditions are effective as the source of creating motivation for cosmetic surgeries that are different based on the circumstances. According to the mentioned analytical model، mentalities of the individuals towards self، and the actors’ transpersonal factors effective in cosmetic surgery are analyzed.

Since very ancient times of human life، man has respected and praised existence of women as a holy symbol، owing to many similarities of ‘women’ with ‘the nature’ and ‘environment’. The similarities manifest themselves not only in myths relating to man’s birth، nourishment، and survival، but also in death myths. It is obvious that these fundamental mythological notions unconsciously approximated women to nature، as if the earth was a sister to be protected and guarded with all the love and affection. This viewpoint can be tracked in many ancient and contemporary rituals where women play the main role of performance، as well as in many secret-revealing rituals. Despite all the changes such viewpoint has made in various aspects of human life during different eras، it has survived to the extent that today women’s deep sense of responsibility towards environment can be observed in different forms and frameworks from national and international NGOs to activities of independent women and well-known international websites and global gatherings. The present study aims to study the trend of mythological relationship of women with the environment، as well as the role of women as testators of the spiritual heritage of the environment for future generations، and ways of maintenance and transmission of this heritage using the methods and approaches that have been pointed out.

Thanks to the industry of simultaneous communication، today society is experiencing a new type of network orientation and networking. Coincidence of wirelessness of communication and information technology has created a new sort of network society. Under such circumstances، it is obvious that individuals’ dependence on using internet and internet social networks has led to Web 2. 0 achievements، resulting in improving the position of usage of internet and internet social networks in people’s consumption baskets. Given the growing trend of internet usage، new capabilities are constantly added up to this phenomenon، and man seeks new applications for it. Therefore، it can be predicted that social networks، as a function of the internet، will be very important for human life in the future، since online databases will be expanded to the extent that computer applications will include mobility، presence، and awareness in and of place in order to facilitate people’s physical lives. Functional، interactive، and structural features of social networks will make users have dynamic and active roles in the process of communication. Today، social networks are the most powerful tools for promotion of thoughts as well as the most effective means of the influence of cultures and attitude on the hearts of societies. That is why they have become the subject matter of many social debates، whereby the subject of ‘women and the media’ is among the core matters focused by thinkers، sociologists، and especially those involved in women issues. In other words، the unique communicative functions of social networks compared to traditional media are discussed in most of the works، and using such functions by women as well as the fundamental values dominant in this area has become an important topic in the literature and research plans of social networks and modern media. Given the importance and position of women in different arenas and also the growing trend of using social networks، the present research aims to study the case of the CaféMom social network، as a network for mothers and children، and investigate its role and function. It is noteworthy that the said network was selected due to its winning different awards and stands and being ranked as the top website of years 2008، 2007، 2010، and 2011.

The present study aims at identifying and comparing Early Maladaptive Schemas of healthy female students and those addicted to the Internet. The method of this study is that of scientific-comparative type، and the sample consists of 200 female students of Tehran University، Allameh Tabataba’i University، and Shahid Beheshti University (100 addicted to the Internet and 100 healthy). The instrument used for the research was Young’s Internet Addiction Scale and Young’s Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire -Short Form. T-test analysis showed that Early Maladaptive Schemas of the Internet addicts have a significant difference with that of the normal people. Maladaptive schemas of abandonment، instability، emotional deprivation، fault and embarrassment، social isolation، alienation and continence، and insufficient self-discipline may play an important role in the identification of differences between healthy females and those addicted to the Internet.

During the early years of Egypt’s contemporary history، women not only did not have the power to be equal to men in social، cultural، economic، and political areas، but also were deprived of their primary rights، such as elementary education. Therefore، adopting a new viewpoint towards women’s issues consistent with their situation in the modern world، the Egyptian modern-thinking belletrists tried to find solutions in defending women’s rights in areas like divorce، dressing، employment، education، and social participation. The present paper aims to explore the role of modern-thinking belletrists in setting women free from slavery and ignorance. This library study leads us to the fact that their endeavor، though encountered extremist reactions of traditional Islamists، ultimately resulted in ratification of fair laws for women، and through this، other grounds were provided for growth and development of the Egyptian society and taking advantage of women’s capabilities.

The importance of fertility and reproduction has been discussed since ancient times in all civilized human societies. Such discussions، being prevalent among different social classes، have natural consequences that affect the performance of societies regarding the attitude towards reproduction in different historical periods. Therefore، it is important to study and evaluate the intellections governing the legal system of any country and their defined penalties related to this issue. The present research aims to compare the Islamic penal law of Iran with the Federal penal law of Russia regarding abortion. This is a library study using a descriptive research method. The final objective is to recognize quantitative and qualitative differences of penal law of the two countries.

Gender inequality in accessing different economic، social، and political opportunities is an important challenge for the Middle East countries. Empirical interstate evidences show that gender inequality disturbs economic performance of the states، reduces their capability in taking advantage of their capacities، and ultimately decelerates their economic growth and mileage. This study which has been conducted in a documentary and secondary analysis method، aims at describing and analyzing gender inequality among 13 selected states in the Middle East، specifically Iran’s position in this respect، using data from “Global Gender Gap Report” of years 2006 to 2011. Furthermore، data obtained from “Gender Gap Index” attached to Human Development Report (2011) and “Global Competitiveness Index” report were used to examine the relationship between gender inequality and human development as well as the rate of economic competitiveness of the states. Results indicate that gender inequality in our country is not satisfactory altogether، among selected Middle Eastern states between 2006 and 2011، despite proportional improvements in some other areas; so that in 2011، our country has been placed seventh in economic participation، ninth in educational achievements، sixth in health and survival، and tenth in political empowerment in the area of gender equality. Further analyses show that among the selected Middle Eastern states، gender equality has a positive relationship with the human development index and the rate of the economic competitiveness of the states. Finally، a number of suggestions have been proposed in order to enhance gender equality in relation with each one of the above mentioned indices.