فصلنامه آمایش جغرافیایی فضا
پیاپی 4 (تابستان 1391)

The majority of developing countries are unsatisfied with their spatial development of settlements and regional distribution of population and economic activities (Zebardast: 1383: 3). Urban system is an outcome of the contemporary urbanization whether from spatial concept i.e. the distribution of cities regarding to their size of population or from economic point of view as exchange system among different cities on the base of their basic functions. The urban network of Iran had a reasonable harmony in the past few decades but after socio-economic changes due to capitalism growth in the country and the injection of oil surplus into economy led to a concentration of capital and main infrastructures in the large cities like Tehran which consequently triggered the rapid rural-urban migration and disturbed the urban network and created imbalances in the urban hierarchical system of urban network. The northern cities of the country have specific features due to two geographical elements of mountain and sea. This region experienced a balanced growth due to its suitable climate and water resources. The increase of large number of small and intermediate urban centers especially in the decade of 1375- 1385 gave more importance to the four leading cities of the province which are Sari, Qemshahr, Babol and Amol so that about 52.5 percent of the urban population live in this area and also these four cities kept their position during the past four decades. In fact by concentration of these four regional giant cities the central Mazandaran has absorbed various socio-economic and administrative opportunities which other parts stayed quite behind such growth and development. This research by studying the urban network of the province attempted to investigate the balance of service distribution among the different urban centers and the important role of small and intermediate urban centers in the regional balanced growth of the region.

A significant factor that has always been placed at the forefront of people's attention during various periods of history has been "climatic conditions”. The reason of this seems to be the salient effect of the elements of climate on people's lifestyle, especially on the type of their agricultural productions. Thus, a prerequisite for any agricultural activity to occur in a given area is to be completely aware of how the agricultural activities of that specific area are in conformity with its climatic conditions and the soil factors. Therefore, it is of high importance to know the effects of atmospheric elements (including rain, soil, sun and wind) on the growth of plants and the output of agricultural products. Having a proper understanding about the environmental conditions of each area can help farmers to have a prompt cultivation and to satisfy the needs of the plant during its growth period; hence, performing a suitable assistance to both qualitative and quantitative development of crops. What is important and seems necessary to be mentioned now is that there is a high correlation between the amount of agricultural crops produced, especially dry faming wheat, and appropriateness of climatic conditions, i.e. the amount of rain and snow coming down to the ground.

es in river flow in lake and wetland levels, and climate change depends primarily on changes in the volume and timing of precipitation, falls as snow or rain. Changes in evaporation also affect river flows. Several scientific studies have been done and published in scientific journals for the potential effects of climate change on river flows, and many more studies have been presented in internal reports. Studies are heavily focused towards Europe, North America and Australasia, with a small number of studies from Asia (Bates et al2008).Thus, their water flow regimes have more coincidence with rainfall pattern.In addition discharge of these rivers have some irregular fluctuations in past years duration, but it seems they have regular trend. Usually defined "trend" changes slowly, steady and long-term average values. The aims of this research understand the effect of climate change on discharge of major Iranian river of the Caspian Sea basin. Many studies have been done so far in connection with climate change and water resource in different areas of the world. IPCC reports are one of the most important projects related in climate change and water resources.

Today, development is a process in which the initial conditions of backwardness and underdevelopment of communities through developmental stages, the developed countries will become more or less the same. One of the pillars of development, comprehensiveness and integration in the areas of economic and social imbalances are resolved. Necessary to optimize space allocation of resources and production facilities require that any approach to the development of large programs, regional potentials and capabilities in the production of goods and services should be considered. The share of national production sectors and commodities increases. At present, the urban areas of the country having 71% of the total population of the main centers of economic growth, social and political developments of the country and the most attractive locations for the accumulation of capital, labor, creativity and innovation are considered. The present study aims to investigate the development of Kurdistan province in physical dimensions, infrastructural, cultural and economic development of these areas will have a level of analysis.

Stimulate the economy and its impact Developing countries will eventually lead to job creation requires the cooperation of politicians and entrepreneurs. Technology to promote entrepreneurship is through the creation process and the establishment of a new business or organization. New jobs will be created, And labor, will require new skills. Today, in most countries, special attention is entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs. And suitable for the development of entrepreneurship is and economic development of the tool. Entrepreneurial is activity with high efficacy as a result of economic development. Rural entrepreneurship is only meant to create employment for the rural population is not large. But can is be a step towards rural development. One is of the most neglected aspects of social entrepreneurship. Dimensional view of entrepreneurship that is until today. View social entrepreneurship as the engine of development.

Introduction The most commonly used definition of sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (WCED 1987). To be sustainable, a developmental process should integrate three dimensions, namely environmental, economic, and social: environmental sustainability is achieved through the protection and effective management of natural resources; economic sustainability is attained by a mix of occupations that provide long-term and stable incomes; and social sustainability is ensured by means of active community participation and a strong civil society (Goodland 1995). There is a growing consensus that the long-term sustainability of agriculture and production systems can be enhanced through locally-based planning and management at the farm scale, therefore within farming systems analysis it is being widely speculated that some forms of agricultural management are more sustainable than others (Dalsgaard et al., 1995). Identifying causative factors of agricultural sustainability provides a framework for integrating knowledge and perspectives of the social and natural sciences into planning, policy and decision-making at farm scale. Regarding the low knowledge on factors affecting on sustainability of agriculture, the main aim of this research is to analyze factors influencing on sustainability of agriculture among wheat cultivators under rural productions cooperatives of Golestan Province. Methodology This applied research is based on quantitative paradigm, in which the kind of research was descriptive and that survey method was used. Theoretical framework is formulated based on previous literature review related sustainable agricultural. To collect primary data, the questionnaire employed as research tool. Content validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed by comments of sustainable agricultural experts and faculty members. Calculated Coronbach Alpha coefficient as indication of questionnaire’s reliability was equal to 0.74 for main constructs of questionnaire. The statistical population of this study consisted of all wheat cultivators under rural productions cooperatives in Golestan Province. Sample size was determinated by Cochran's formula (n=356) and the sample was selected by multistage random sampling with optimize allocation among cooperatives. Descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations and percent of frequency) and inferential statistic to analyze set of indices and variables including factor, cluster and discriminated analysis techniques were used to accomplish two objectives of the study. Discussion Descriptive results showed framers’ age average is 44.7, average family size is 6.3, and the average farming experience is 27.3 years. The average of ownership land size and cultivated lands in the studied area were 7.4 and 5.8 hectares respectively. The average land plot and size was 3.4 and 2.6 respectively. The average performance of wheat is 4.3 ton per hectare. Regarding technical knowledge 84.1% of farmers were in low situation. The results of factor analysis (Eigenvalue greater than 1 and a factor loading greater than 0.5) showed that, six factors named: production resources management for sustainable agriculture (17.81% variance), supportive and services (17.47% variance), environment and ecosystem (11.94% variance), knowledge and education (10.78% variance), social and economical (6.40% variance) that explain 73.56 percent of variance of sustainability among respondents. The results of cluster analysis showed 73.88 percents of farmers practiced under unsustainable conditions. Result of discriminate analysis showed that two factors named “production resources management for sustainable agriculture” and “knowledge and education management for sustainable agriculture” have more importance to discriminate sustainable and unsustainable farmers. Conclusion In conclusion, in order for sustainability of farming system to become more widespread in province, it is necessary all sub-system linked to sustainable agricultural activity be considered. In the case of Golestan province, Farmer need to be made aware of sustainable agricultural practices, quality, quantity and standards of using production inputs especially chemical fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide, export demand and expectation, as well as the farmer organization and union and its function. At same time it is very important that farmer be provided with financial, credit and complementary services and support in transition to sustainable agriculture and given guarantees regarding marketing of produce. Any government policy that seeks to promote sustainability should offer incentives to farmers, to invest more on farming, and to use natural resources sustainably. Formal and informal education is also necessary to increase public awareness of sustainability. Therefore farmers will ultimately bear the responsibility for implementing the policies and guidelines necessary for sustainable agriculture. Moreover agricultural extension-education services should be strengthened by improving sustainability technical knowledge, skill and idea.