Health and Development Journal
Volume:8 Issue: 1, 2019

Adjustment to heart disease, as a stressful experience, is a complicated process and causes serious problems for a heart patient. The present study aimed to find the relation between adjustment to heart disease and resilience, spiritual well-being, and social support. In this cross-sectional study a total of 327 patients with coronary artery disease (138 women and 189 men) were selected through convenient sampling. Participants completed the Adjustment to Illness Scale (AIS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and stepwise regression, through SPSS 18 software. Results showed that adjustment to heart disease had a significant direct relation with resiliency, spiritual well-being, perceived social support, and economic situation; and a significant inverse relation with the duration of the disease. Regression analysis revealed that resilience and resilience with spiritual well-being respectively predicted 39% and 42% of the variance of adjustment to heart disease. Focusing on resilience, spiritual well-being, perceived social support, duration of the disease and the economic situation is necssary in prevention programs. At an interventional level, along with the routine medical treatments, psychological interventions based on these variables are important.

RPE scale can be used for self-assessing worker’s abilities in the workplace. When participants perform a task which transcends their ability, or the grip strength is not appropriate, they experience muscular tension and fatigue. Hand grip is a factor used for preventing muscular skeletal disorders in the upper limb. This study aimed to evaluate the relation between RPE and handgrip strength in female students. This cross-sectional study was performed among 82 young female students enrolled using simple random sampling.  The Borg Scale, a dynamometer, pinch gauge, and treadmill were used to assess the RPE, grip strength, pinch strength, and workload, respectively. Participant’s grip endurance was specified through determining the maximum time (in seconds) that she could continue applying one-third of the maximum voluntary contraction. Data analysis was carried out by SPSS 20, and using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. The findings indicated that there was an inverse relation between RPE with grip (P = 0.011), pinch strength (P= 0.020) and age (P=0.005). Moreover, there was a direct relation between the RPE and heart rate (P=0.048). But, no significant relation was observed between the RPE with grip and pinch endurance, height, or BMI. Based on the results, in jobs that require high grip and pinch strength, people with low RPE should be employed to reduce fatigue and muscular discomfort and improve health.

Identifying the factors effective on the tendency to substance use from the viewpoint of high-risk groups such as prisoners is essential for planning to control and prevent substance use. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to substance use tendency from the prisoners' point of view. This descriptive and analytic cross-sectional study was performed in the winter of 2015 on male prisoners in one of the southeastern prisons of Iran. Subjects were enrolled by simple random sampling based on the list of prisoners. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, substance use, factors effective on substance abuse tendency in the individual, interpersonal and social domains. Finally, Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 software with two sample t-test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. The social (mean score 3.67) and individual (mean score 3.56) domains had the highest, and interpersonal domains (mean score 3.48) had the lowest mean scores for the factors affecting substance use tendency. The mean scores of each three domains were significantly different (P<0.001). In the individual domain, a positive attitude towards substance use (3.84), in the social domain, lack of access to counseling services (3.72) and in the interpersonal domain, the friends' component (3.64) had the highest mean scores. Providing supportive and counseling services, limiting access to drugs, changing attitudes about drug use and treatment, and preventing depression should be considered as a basis for substance use prevention programs

Antibiotics and their metabolites are known as dangerous non-degradable substances that potentially remain after the wastewater treatment process. Therefore, it is necessary to remove these compounds from aqueous solutions. This study aimed to use layered double nano-hydroxides to remove carbamazepine, cephalexin, and ciprofloxacin. In this experimental study the characteristics of double aluminum-magnesium layered nano-hydroxide were investigated by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DLS. In order to determine the removal efficacy of this adsorbent; the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentration of antibiotics was investigated and the isotherms and kinetics of absorption were determined. According to the SEM and TEM analysis, the synthesized adsorbent had a hexagonal shape and its size ranged from 200 to 1000 nm. The analysis of XRD and FTIR showed that the adsorbent is a layered double hydroxide. The highest removal rate of antibiotics was observed at the contact time of 120 min, pH of 9, the adsorbent dose of 8 g/L and concentration of 30 mg/L for all three types of antibiotics which was 94%, 91% and 97% for carbamazepine, cefalexin, and ciprofloxacin respectively.  The study of isotherm and kinetics showed that absorption data were more consistent with the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The results of this study showed that layered double hydroxide that was synthesized by urea hydrolysis, had high efficacy in the treatment of carbamazepine, cephalexin, and ciprofloxacin.

Teenage girls are one of the high-risk groups for vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the health belief model on the use of vitamin D supplements among female high school students. In this quasi-experimental study, 140 girl high school students (n=70 in each group) in Mashhad in the academic year 2015-2016 participated. The research tools included a demographic information questionnaire and a researcher made questionnaire of knowledge and the HBM constructs regarding the use of vitamin D supplements. After collecting pre-test data, the educational intervention was implemented for students in the test group and the post-tests were carried out immediately and three months after intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software v19 and applying appropriate statistical tests. Before the study there were no significant differences in all variables and constructs. But after the educational intervntion a significant difference was reported between the intervntion and control group concerning knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit (P<0.001), perceived barrier (P=0.001), self-efficacy and use of vitamin D supplements (P<0.001). The results in the test group showed that the average scores of knowledge, all health belief models’ components and use of vitamin D supplements before, immediately and three months after the intervention were significantly different (P<0.001). Health education programs based on the health belief model can be useful in promoting health awareness and use of vitamin D supplements.

Milk is considered as one of the most complete foods, consumption of raw milk contained with aflatoxin M1 and antibiotics has raised consumer concerns. The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxin and antibiotic residues in raw milk in Bojnurd, Khorasan province, Iran. In this study, 40 samples of raw milk from their distribution centers in the city of Bojnourd, were taken randomly in summer and fall of 2016. Samples were evaluated for aflatoxin and antibiotic residues by ELISA method and Coupons kit respectively. Descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations were used to summarize the data. Data was analyzed with SPSS 19. According to the results, no residues of antibiotics were found in raw milk and the aflatoxin concentrations were between 5.1 and 65 ng per ml and the levels were lower than the Iran standards in all samples. According to the results, antibiotics residues and aflatoxin M1 levels in raw milk of Bojnoord city are within the acceptable level. However, it is recommended to evaluate these parameters in all seasons.

Today, school health educators teach health problems based on their views and beliefs, in schools. The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of school health educators toward the orientation of school health education programs. This research was carried out qualitatively using content analysis. Ten Dehloran health educators were selected through purposeful sampling and were deeply interviewed with semi-structured questions. Then the content of the interviews was analyzed using conventional content analysis. The results reveal that school health educators have eighteen sub-categories in the format of six curriculum orientation themes which are Culture makers, Cooperative, Analysists, Administrative – Task oriented, Assignment oriented, and Trans-school. Curriculum planners and educators have to consider instructors orientation types, before designing and developing a curriculum for school health.

Excessive nitrate entry into the human body, can increase the risk of non-cancerous diseases. This research was done to determine the content and evaluate the non-cancerous risk of nitrate absorption due to consumption of vegetables distributed in the Central Fruit and Vegetable Square of Isfahan in 2016. In this cross-sectional study, in summer and winter, a total of 300 samples were taken randomly from cucumber, tomato, lettuce and spinach distributed at the Central Fruit and Vegetable Square of Isfahan and the nitrate concentration was determined according to the Haftbaradaran et al method. Non-cancerous risk of nitrate absorption in vegetables was evaluated using the EPA method for adult men and women, and the results were analyzed by t-test method. The highest and lowest concentrations of nitrate were observed in spinach and tomato with the amount of 1009.2 and 57.8 in summer and 1405.5 and 121.9 mg/kg in winter respectively. Also, the highest and lowest non-cancer risk was related to the consumption of spinach and tomato; and the highest and lowest non-cancerous risk in summer was 0.285 and 0.027 for men and 0.342 and 0.030 for women respectively and in most cases was below one. The results of this study showed that the nitrate concentration in the vegetables was significantly below the standards, and the daily consumption of each of the studied vegetables (58 g/day) does not have any non-cancerous risk.