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Petroleum Science and Technology - Volume:8 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology
Volume:8 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

  • 102 صفحه،
  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/12/08
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • Abdolhamid Sameni*, Ali Chamkalani Pages 3-15
    The problem of slow drilling in deep shale formations occurs worldwide causing significant expenses to the oil industry. Bit balling which is widely considered as the main cause of poor bit performance in shales, especially deep shales, is being drilled with water-based mud. Therefore, efforts have been made to develop a model to diagnose drilling effectivity. Hence, we arrived at graphical correlations which utilized the rate of penetration, depth of cut, specific energy, and cation exchange capacity in order to provide a tool for the prediction of drilling classes.
    This paper describes a robust support vector regression (SVR) methodology that offers superior performance for important drilling engineering problems. Using the amount of cation exchange capacity of the shaly formations and correlating them to drilling parameters such as the normalized rate of penetration, depth of cut, and specific energy, the model was developed. The method incorporates hybrid least square support vector regression into the coupled simulated annealing (CSA) optimization technique (LSSVM-CSA) for the efficient tuning of SVR hyper parameters. Also, we performed receiver operating characteristic as a performance indicator used for the evaluation of classifiers. The performance analysis shows that LSSVM classifier noticeably performs with high accuracy, and adapting such intelligence system will help petroleum industries deal with the well drilling consciously.
    The problem of slow drilling in deep shale formations occur worldwide causing significant expense to the oil industry. Bit balling is widely considered as the main cause of poor bit performance in shale, especially deep shale are being drilled with water-based mud .Therefore, efforts have been made to develop a model to diagnose drilling ineffectivity/effectivity. Hence we arrived to graphical correlations which utilized rate of penetration, depth of cut, specific energy, and cation exchange capacity in order to provide a tool for prediction of drilling classes.
    This paper describes a robust support vector regression (SVR) methodology that offers superior performance for important drilling engineering problems. Using the amount of cation exchange capacity of the shaly formations and also correlating them
    to drilling parameters, such as normalized rate of penetration, depth of cut, and specific energy, model was developed.The method incorporates hybrid least square support vector regression and Coupled Simulated Annealing (CSA) optimization technique (LSSVM-CSA) for efficient tuning of SVR hyper parameters. Also, we performed Receiver Operating Characteristic as a performance indicator which used for evaluation of classifiers. Performance analysis shows that LSSVM classifier noticeably perform with high accuracy and adapting such intelligence system will help petroleum industry to dealing the well drilling consciously.
    Keywords: Support Vector Regression, Shaly Formations, Coupled Simulated Annealing, Drilling Region
  • Experimental Determination of the Temperature Suppression in Formation of Gas Hydrate in Water Based Drilling Mud
    Ali Bakhtyari, Yasin Fayazi, Feridun Esmaeil Zadeh*, Jamshid Fathikaljahi Pages 16-31
    The aqueous mixtures of light gas molecules under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions are candidates to form gas hydrate clathrates. The formation of gas hydrate may lead to various problems and extra charges in natural gas production and processing. The presence of hydrate crystals forming a stable solid phase can potentially block the wells, pipes, and process facilities. To avoid such problems, hydrate formation must be studied in different conditions. In this regard, this study aims to design an experimental procedure to determine gas hydrate formation in water based drilling mud. In addition to this, the effect of different inhibitors (i.e. NaCl, methanol, and ethylene glycol) on the hydrate temperature suppression is studied. The designed apparatus is capable of determining hydrate formation conditions in both static and dynamic conditions. Based on the obtained results, among the combinations of NaCl with methanol or ethylene glycol at different concentrations, a mixture of 10 wt.% NaCl 10 wt.% methanol shows the best inhibition effects (i.e. higher temperature suppression and longer induction time). Furthermore, the experimentally obtained temperature suppression data were fitted and compared against two different thermodynamic models. Temperature suppression variation with inhibitor concentration is described in an acceptable manner by both models.
    The present contribution is aimed to design an experimental procedure to determine gas hydrate formation in water based drilling mud. In addition to this, effect of different inhibitors (i.e. NaCl, methanol, and ethylene glycol) on the hydrate temperature suppression is studied. The designed apparatus is capable to determine hydrate formation conditions in both static and dynamic conditions. Based on the obtained results, among the combinations of NaCl with methanol or ethylene glycol in different concentrations, a mixture of 10 wt. % NaCl 10 wt. % methanol shows the best inhibition effects (i.e. higher temperature suppression and longer induction time). Furthermore, experimentally obtained temperature suppression data were fitted and compared against two different thermodynamic models. Temperature suppression variation with inhibitors concentration is described in an acceptable manner by both models.
    Keywords: Gas Hydrate, Drilling Mud, Inhibitor, Sodium Chloride, Ethylene Alcohol, Methyl Alcohol, Temperature Suppression
  • Wenjie Xu, Pengcheng Bian, Hongze Gang, Jinfeng Liu, Bozhong Mu, Shizhong Yang* Pages 32-44
    Bio-based surfactants have attracted increasing attention due to their renewable resources and excellent surface properties. In this study, a novel bio-based sulfonic zwitterionic surfactant (BSZS) derived from transgenic soybean oil was prepared using a simple reaction route with two steps of the amidation and quaterisation. The bio-based sulfonic zwitterionic surfactant showed a critical micelle concentration (CMC) as low as 33.34 mg/L with a surface tension of 28.50 mN/m. In addition, it also showed good performance in foamability, emulsibility, and wettability. The excellent performances indicated the great potential applications of the bio-based sulfonic surfactant from vegetable oils in both daily life and industrial fields.
    Bio-based surfactants have attracted increasing attention due to their renewable resources and excellent surface properties. In this study a novel biobased sulfonic zwitterionic surfactant (BSZS) derived from genetically modified(GM) soybean oil was prepared using a simple reaction route with two steps of the amidation and quaterisation. The BSZS showed a critical micelle concentration (CMC) as low as 33.3 mg/L with a surface tension of 28.5 mN/m. In addition, it also showed good performance in foamability, emulsibility and wettability. The excellent performances indicated great potential applications of the bio-based sulfonic surfactant from vegetable oil in both daily life and industrial fields.
    Keywords: Bio, based Surfactant, Zwitterionic Surfactant, Transgenic Soybean Oil
  • Tamitha Ramcharan*, Raffie Hosein, Andrew Jupiter Pages 45-68
    Trinidad has tar sand resources of about 2 billion barrels of oil on land in the Parrylands/Guapo and Brighton areas. With an oil price of over USD 25 per barrel, the commercial extraction of oil from Trinidad tar sands is viable, but it requires a careful study. The relatively small extent of this tar sand (about 10,000 acres and with depths varying from surface to less than 500 feet) and with an oil in place of about 1000 times smaller than the Canadian tar sands, large scale surface mining and in situ methods such as SAGD and VAPEX processes or their variants are not practical and environmentally friendly.
    In this study, we explore the viability of oil extraction from unconventional Trinidad tar sands by radio frequency (RF) heating. RF heating does not require an overburden and is cheaper than SAGD and VAPEX; it is also environmentally friendly since no steam, water, and solvents are needed. Studies have also shown that RF heating is uniform and quicker, and it makes a deeper penetration than direct electrical (resistive) heating; thus, an oil recovery between 50 to 80% can be achieved. Preliminary studies have indicated that Trinidad tar sands are wetting, and that permittivity values in the range of 38-100 make it suitable for RF heating.
    The COMSOL Multiphysics® software was used to simulate oil sand samples within a copper chamber, and the RF heating was applied via a dipole antenna. Temperature-time heating plots were generated using an operating frequency of 10 MHz and a current of 50 amperes. These data and the physical properties of the tar sands were then simulated using the CMG software. The results indicated an oil recovery in the range of 30-60%. An energy balance was then conducted, and the results showed that the commercial extraction of oil from Trinidad tar sands by RF heating is viable with an oil price of over USD 25 per barrel.
    Keywords: Radio Frequency Heating, Tar Sand, Oil Sand, Oil Extraction, Simulation Study, Unconventional
  • A Study on Structure and Property of Special Sulfonated Petroleum as a Complicated Anionic Surfactant
    Fang Yu* Pages 69-81
    Alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding has been extensively applied to enhancing oil recovery. As an oil displacement agent, pe1troleum sulfonate (PS) is widely used in ASP pilot experiments. It is very important to find a petroleum sulfonate with a high interfacial activity and low adsorption loss. Anionic surfactant petroleum sulfonate is synthesized in a single-tube film sulfonation reactor. PS is separated into fractions with different average molecular weights, and the structure of the fractions is characterized. It has been found out that the interfacial chemistry property of PS is closely related to the molecular structure. The adsorption reaches the maximum value near the critical micellar concentration. Furthermore, there are significantly different interfacial activity and adsorptive property for each fraction. As the lab test result shows, the oil-displacement efficiency for each fraction is changed. The interfacial tension between crude oil and water is declined, and the oil-displacement efficiency of the system is greatly increased as PS or its fraction is used with electrolytes.
    Anionic surfactant petroleum sulfonate (PS) is synthesized in single-tube film sulfonation reactor. PS is separated into fractions with different average molecular weight and the structure of fractions is characterized. It has been found that interfacial chemistry property of PS is closely related to molecular structure. The adsorption reaches the maximum value near the concentration of CMC. Furthermore, there is significantly different interfacial activity and the adsorptive property for each fraction. As the lab test result is shown, the oil-displacement efficiency for each fraction is changed. The interfacial tension between crude oil and water decline and the oil-displacement efficiency of the system is greatly increased as PS or its fraction is used with electrolytes.
    Keywords: Petroleum Sulfonate, Interfacial Activity, Molecular Structure, Adsorption, Average Molecular Weight
  • An Estimation of Required Rotational Torque to Operate Horizontal Directional Drilling Using Rock Engineering Systems
    Hadi Fattahi* Pages 82-96
    Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is widely used in soil and rock engineering. In a variety of conditions, it is necessary to estimate the torque required for performing the reaming operation. Nevertheless, there is not presently a convenient method to accomplish this task. In this paper, to overcome this difficulty based on the basic concepts of rock engineering systems (RES), a model for the estimation of rotational torque to operate horizontal directional drilling is presented. The newly proposed model involves seven parameters (axial force on the cutter/bit (P), rotational speed (revolutions per minute) of the bit (N), the length of drill string in the borehole (L), the total angular change of the borehole (KL), the radius for the ith reaming operation (Di), the mud flow rate (W), and the mud viscosity (V)) effective on required rotational torque to operate horizontal directional drilling while keeping simplicity as well. The performance of the RES model is compared with multiple regression models. The estimation abilities offered using RES and multiple regression models were presented by using field data given from nine projects. The results indicate that the RES-based model predictor with a higher coefficient of determination (R2), a smaller mean square error (MSE), a lower root mean square error (RMSE), and a lower mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) performs better than the other models.
    Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is widely used in soil and rock engineering. In a variety of conditions it is necessary to estimate the torque required for performing the reaming operation. Nevertheless, there is presently not a convenient method to accomplish this task. To overcome this difficult, in this paper, based on the basic concepts of a rock engineering systems (RES), a model for the estimation of rotational torque to operate horizontal directional drilling is presented. The newly proposed model involves 7 effective parameters (axial force on the cutter/bit (P), rotational speed (revolutions per minute) of the bit (N), the length of drill string in the borehole (L), the total angular change of the borehole (KL), the radius for the ith reaming operation (Di), the mud flow rate (W) and the mud viscosity (V)) on required rotational torque to operate horizontal directional drilling with keeping simplicity as well. The performance of the RES model is compared with multiple regression models. The estimation abilities offered using RES and multiple regression models were presented by using field data given from nine projects. The results indicate that the RES based model predictor with higher coefficient of determination (R2) and less mean square error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) performs better than the other models.
    Keywords: Rock Engineering Systems, Rotational Torque, Horizontal Directional Drilling, Multiple Regression Models